Holistic Scheme Research Articles

Critical condition for initiation of dynamic recrystallisation in electron beam powder bed fused Ti-6Al-4 V Alloy

Despite the unique capabilities of Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes for producing Ti components with complex geometries, the desired properties are only achievable if a holistic scheme is devised, considering the synergistic role of post-processing steps. This work aimed to enhance the applicability of metal AM products by improving the process chain in the manufacturing industry. For this purpose, the current work demonstrates a comprehensive investigation into the hot deformation of Ti-6Al-4 V (Ti64) pre-forms produced via the Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion (EB-PBF) process focusing on the determination of critical conditions for initiating Dynamic Recrystallization (DRX) in these components. Following a sequential evaluation procedure, hot deformation experiments were carried out at temperatures ranging from 1000 to 1200 °C and strain rates of 0.001–1 s−1 to determine the critical stress and strain required for initiating DRX in Ti64 pre-forms and compare them to their wrought counterparts. In addition, a specific Finite Element Model (FEM) was coupled with DRX kinetics equations to predict the volume percentage of DRX grains during the hot deformation of the pre-forms. The analysis of flow stress curves showed a significant peak stress at low strains, which is then followed by a period of flow softening and eventually transitions into a nearly steady-state flow at higher strains. In addition, compared to their wrought counterparts, the EB-PBF samples exhibited a significantly superior flow softening behavior, as evidenced by a more significant volume fraction of DRX and faster recrystallisation rates. It was also revealed that the normalised strain for DRX initiation in the EB-PBF Ti64 and wrought one was 0.55 and 0.67, respectively. FEM results closely matched the experimental finding, confirming its reliability in providing valuable insights into microstructural evolution and offering a time-efficient alternative for process design and property optimisation, lowering dependence on trial-and-error approaches. Through a combination of experiments, numerical analysis, and finite element simulations, this study sheds light on the macroscopic deformation and microstructural transformations occurring during hot working processes.

Deciding how to decide: A conceptual model for consensually fostering urban infrastructure maintenance

Infrastructure owners face challenges in effective maintenance decision-making due to the process's multidisciplinary nature, spanning mathematics to cognitive science. This study delves into enhancing maintenance for complex infrastructure systems, specifically in scenarios where a single primary owner must consider the preferences and requisites of multiple stakeholders. In such unstructured problems characterised by diverse perspectives and potentially conflicting interests in uncertain environments, systematic decision analysis is paramount. In response, this paper proposes a generic conceptual model to outline the primary critical consideration of decision-making through a holistic scheme of the decision problem; it facilitates discovering shared views when defining the decision problem, eliciting objectives early in the decision-making process, and ensuring that selected agendas align with desired outcomes and core values. It provides valuable guidance for decision-modellers in infrastructure rehabilitation. These claims are reinforced with the application of the proposed model to case studies, illustrating its practicality in real-world settings.

A circular economy approach to residential solar thermal systems

The purpose of this paper is to examine whether circular economy principles are applied in existing residential solar thermal systems, and to propose a pathway that will combine existing tools and methods for assessing life cycle data under proper design modifications and labelling options, to reach circular economy targets. The proposed holistic scheme covers various aspects (i.e., energy saving potential, environmental impacts, expected lifetime, recycling-reusing capabilities, use of advanced materials, and purchase cost) and comprises the implementation of eco-design principles based on life cycle assessment results and categorization of the final outcome via a circular economy modified label. Thus redesigned solar thermal systems will exhibit optimized characteristics being more lightweight and durable with minimized use of resources/waste and providing ease of disassembly of selected parts aiming for reuse options.

A Review of the Vehicle Routing Problem and the Current Routing Services in Smart Cities

In this survey, the issues of urban routing are analyzed, and critical considerations for smart and cost-effective delivery services are highlighted. Smart cities require intelligent services and solutions to address their routing issues. This article gives a brief description of current services that either apply classical methods or services that employ machine learning approaches. Furthermore, a comparison of the most promising research options in regard to VRP is provided. Finally, an initial design of a holistic scheme that would optimally combine several tools and approaches to serve the needs of different users with regard to the VRP is presented.

Conceptualizing an individual full-trip tradable credit scheme for multi-modal demand and supply management: The MobilityCoin System

Economic instruments are considered promising to achieve the urgently needed reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector. In this context, tradable credit schemes have received more and more attention in recent years. These cap-and-trade systems have the primary goal of limiting congestion, but they can also incorporate emission reduction goals. In this paper, we present the conceptual extension of a tradable credit scheme from a congestion and emission-oriented to a holistic, full-trip, multi-modal mobility traffic management system. In addition to the demand it also includes the management of the supply side. The integration of all existing modes into one holistic scheme ensures that the overall system goals are reached as all behavioral responses remain within the system boundaries. The system comprises two key innovations. First, a central agency has the possibility to provide full-trip incentives across modes to support the overall system’s goal. Second, users of the system can spend parts of their allocated mobility budget for transport infrastructure upgrades as an addition to paying for mobility or monetizing it on the market. Those innovations are a distinct extension to the idea of tradable credits. Commonly used smartphones would serve as the enabling technology of the proposed system. They offer all technical requirements and almost every citizen has access to one. Smartphones are affordable compared to dedicated traffic management infrastructure and they are flexible to accommodate system changes, e.g., new modes, through software updates. Besides the potential technical implementation, overall design questions, social aspects as well as general implications of the concept are covered.

Melding Fog Computing and IoT for Deploying Secure, Response-Capable Healthcare Services in 5G and Beyond

The fifth generation (5G) of mobile networks is designed to mark the beginning of the hyper-connected society through a broad set of novel features and disruptive characteristics, delivering massive connectivity, coverage and availability paired with unprecedented speed, throughput and capacity. Such a highly capable networking paradigm, facilitated by its integrated segments and available subsystems, will propel numerous cutting-edge, innovative and versatile services, spanning every possible business vertical. Augmented, response-capable healthcare services have already been identified as one of the prime objectives of both vendors and customers; therefore, addressing controversies and shortcomings related to the specific field is considered a priority for all stakeholders. The scope of this paper is to present the architectural elements of 5G which enable efficient, remote healthcare services along with emergency health monitoring and response capability. In addition, we propose a holistic scheme based on technical enablers such as Internet-of-Things (IoT) and Fog Computing, for mitigating common issues and current limitations which may compromise the proclaimed service delivery.

The dynamic coupling nexus among inclusive green growth: a case study in Anhui province, China.

Inclusive green growth (IGG) offers an effective alternative to pursue sustainable development. The core of the IGG system lies in the coordination of inclusive, green, and growth subsystems. However, there is little quantitative assessment on IGG based on subsystem collaboration. This study proposes a holistic scheme of inclusive-green-growth nexus in Anhui province from 2009 to 2018 by using an integrated approach, namely, the entropy weight approach (EWA), coupling coordination degree model (CCDM), grey prediction model (GPM), and obstacle factor diagnostic model (OFDM). The results show that: (1) The proposed integrated approach could be viable to measure the synergistic interactions among internal IGG subsystems; (2) At the provincial level, a relatively high IGG performance but a low coupling coordination degree (CCD) of the IGG nexus are seen. Although the predicted value of CCD will show an upward trend, it will not be able to cross the start stage. The obstacle factors on the coordinated development of IGG can be divided into two stages: (3) At the prefectural level, the cities in which CCD is rising outnumber those it is falling. However, the CCD is also low, and the gap between cities is getting wider. The obstacles that affect the CCD of cities see a dynamic evolution trend from “inclusive obstacle type” to “inclusive and growth obstacle type” then to “green obstacle type” over the decade.

The “A2UFood Training Kit”: Participatory Workshops to Minimize Food Loss and Waste

The A2UFood project aspires to design and implement a holistic scheme for the management of food loss and waste, covering all aspects of the ‘reduce–reuse–recycle’ philosophy. An integral part of an efficient strategy to combat food wastage is raising awareness and informing the public. For this reason, among the designed direct, in person, communication activities of the A2UFood project, the ‘A2Food training kit’ has a key role. The kit includes a short theoretical background and nine sets of participatory activities, and it is the first of its kind implemented in Greece. After their evaluation through workshops, all proposed activities were included in an e-book for further use. Activities are based on the Education for Sustainable Development framework and the Sustainable Development Goals. The dissemination model employed draws on adult education theory, in the form of participatory workshops and also follows the ‘train the trainers’ principle. All the workshops are based on the principles of active learning, related to real life experience and cooperative learning. Following these principles, the activities designed for the workshops aimed to bring participants’ pre-existing experience, values, and beliefs into confrontation with a new context. Responding to COVID-19 pandemic limitations, necessary adjustments to distant training requirements were also implemented. Through the training kit, we have trained 270 trainers and, by the end of June 2021, 19 of them had implemented selected workshops for about 600 students, all over Greece. In conclusion, the multiplicative power of the kit is considered satisfactory under the given pandemic-induced social-distancing conditions, and it will have a lasting footprint alongside the informative campaign, since it will be available for use in the future, either as a tool for the training of trainers, or as material to be used by the trainers.

Аксиология техники – на пути к человекоразмерности сложных технических систем

The article considers the axiology of technology as a promising direction of the philosophy of science – the direction that is able to form a new vector of re­search in the field of complex human-sized systems generated by modern technogenic civilization. The consideration of these systems was started in the­works of V.S. Stepin and continued by V.E. Lepskiy and V.I. Arshinov, who connected this problem with the concept of subjectness. The human dimension of technical systems is understood as their conformity to the values of humans and society as individual and collective subjects. The author makes an assump­tion that this kind of conformity is possible only when technical systems reach a level of complexity that will allow them to be included in the scheme of rela­tions of subjects. Modern technical systems based on artificial intelligence are able to demonstrate a resemblance of some of the properties of subjectness, which makes it possible to regard them as pseudo-subjects and include them in subjects’ relations. This work suggests a way to further develop a subject-ori­ented approach based on post-non-classical scientific rationality through the crea­tion of a three-part scheme of the following types of subjects of value relations: human as an individual subject, society as a collective subject, complex techni­cal systems based on artificial intelligence as a pseudo-subject. Each type of subjects corresponds to its own level of value attitude, which consists in di­rect dependence on whether the subject appears to be the ultimate reality or de­pends in its existence on another subject. The presence of a direct relationship between these levels ensures the human dimension of complex technical sys­tems by including them in a holistic scheme of value-colored interaction of sub­jects. The article also points out the danger of anthropomorphization of pseudo-subjects.

Autosuggestion Phonological Ways of Teaching English Senior Pupils

The objectives of our article are: to show the essence of communicative learning techniques, according to which the learning process is a model of communication process; to achieve communicative activity of pupils by the way of providing some laws; to describe the definition of the term «communicative competence»; to describe four components that make up the communicative competence (grammatical competence, sociolinguistic competence, the competence of the statement, the competence of a speech strategy); to show the methods of studying foreign languages according to the Communicative Approach in Contemporary English Language Methodology; to describe some important auto-suggestive methods of teaching English which are Phonetic teaching strategies and auto-suggestive phonological ways of teaching English senior pupils. The following theoretical methods of the research were used to solve the tasks formulated in the article: a categorical method, structural and functional methods, the methods of the analysis, systematization, modeling, generalization. The results of the research. In the senior classes there is an actualization (accentuation) of pupils’ knowledge in determining their choice of their own educational path. A reflexive component of schoolchildren’s facilitative interaction is of great importance. In this case, the principle of dialogic reflection, based on the analysis of things, objects or phenomena from different points of view, sometimes is opposite and completely incompatible, becomes especially important. This principle is considered by us as a principle of additionality, and therefore strengthening (intensification) of auto-suggestive interaction of pupils at school should be based not on antagonism of internal and external dialogues, but on their combination, which emphasizes the importance of modeling dialogue, dialogic interaction, dialogic influence and dialogic culture. Conclusions. Thus, we’d like to analyze the psychoanalytic and cultural-historical determinants of the organization of the educational process in secondary education through auto-suggestive interaction. We believe that auto-suggestive interaction is based on the principles of unconscious content, when the frames or scripts that are updated, are not actually realized by the individual. According to this, all the experience is concentrated in the collective unconscious items. This experience is accumulated by mankind throughout the history of its existence, and this experience can not be leveled, but it can only be pushed into the realm of the unconscious. It is in the unconscious content of ancient peoples – the myths – you can see a large number of plots that give the Child a special purpose: he/she plays the role of the Messiah, for him/her there are subjects with the most secret knowledge. Thus, it becomes largely understandable such amazing knowledge that the child in a young age and does not try to master. Thus, we’ve to note that children’s speech is characterized by a large degree of egocentrism, when the child does not care about the partners of communication, that is does not try to be understood by others and only speaks for himself/ herself – his/her speech is purely monologue. In addition, the child’s speech is not fully socialized, self-directed, and it is based not only on the syncretism of reasoning, which is closely related to the syncretism of understanding. The child, given some clear words of the partner of communication, creates some image of the topic, sometimes it is wrong, because the words are not always logically related, and on the basis of this holistic scheme for himself/herself masters new material, trying to explain it by analogy with certain, well-known things. As a result, the child, becoming an adult, increasingly becomes involved into the public life, his/her speech becomes universal that is it loses its internal orientation, moving to a form of purely external speech.

Narratology of videogames (Case study: God of war)

Full dependency on human interaction, has made video game different from other narrative media. Two major viewpoints on narratology of video game are: Narratological and Ludological; The first one emphasizes the importance of narration and the necessity of its existence in video games, and the latter puts a fundamental distinction between video game and the literary narrative. The main purpose of this research is to review and compare the most important challenges and perspectives on the issue of narratology in video games and also to dissect the narrative of the game “God of War 2018” based on the examined perspectives. The research was enforced by a comparative-analytical method, whose qualitative data were compiled in a documentary manner with theoretical framework of narratology as its basis. In order to achieve the goal of the research two main points of view on video game narrative were deliberated and thereafter three categorizations of video game narrative were scrutinized and God of War’s narrative was reconciled with each of them. With all that the article shows a holistic scheme of video game narrative, plus using it on a specific game.

Rank-Based Report Filtering Scheme (RRFS) for Verifying Phoney Reports in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are open to false data injection attack when they are deployed in hostile scenarios. Attackers can easily deceive the sink by compromising sensing nodes or by injecting phoney data into the network. Such attacks can deplete the energy resources of the network by providing wrong information which in turn can affect the proper network functioning or sometimes can shut the network from further functioning. The existing schemes that deal with this problem focus on only a few aspects of the false data injection attack. To resolve this problem, we propose a Rank-based Report Filtering Scheme (RRFS), a holistic and group verification scheme for the identification of compromised nodes and the filtering of false data injected into the network. The proposed scheme verifies report among clusters, en-routers, and sink. Hence, the RRFS, a holistic scheme that is composed of three-tier verifications, successfully rejects the false data before the attackers falsify the whole environment, and this makes the system unique. Reliability Index (RI) is calculated by the nodes for fellow cluster members, and the cluster head (CH) provides the score for a node based on its RI. This, in turn, strengthens the scheme by assisting the en-routers to detect the compromised nodes. The RRFS scheme has been verified and validated by extensive simulation and meticulous performance evaluation of filtering efficiency and energy consumption against various schemes. The scheme gives high filtering efficiency against the multiple compromised nodes and also improves the network’s lifespan. The sustainability of RRFS against numerous attacks that are launched in the sensor environment is thoroughly investigated.

Mathematical generalization from the articulation of advanced mathematical thinking and knot theory

Background: The professors of Topology and modern algebra expressed interest in the need to create a space that allows deepening the process of Mathematical Generalization from the articulation of some concepts of Theory of Knots with the development of Advanced Mathematical Thinking (PMA) skills. Objective: To offer students an additional space for disciplinary training that allows them to deepen the process of Mathematical Generalization. Design: The methodology used has a qualitative approach, as a strategy we take action research from the Whitehead (1991) proposal from three phases. Setting and participants: students of the Bachelor of Mathematics program who take the third to sixth semester. Data collection and analysis: we emphasized in the second phase (intervention), since it allowed us to articulate the holistic scheme of knot theory with the PMA as shown in Tables 2, 3 and 4 (results section). Results: The result was the creation of a syllabus and subject guide for an elective seminar, which is offered to undergraduate students. Conclusion: since 2019 this elective seminar is offered to students, which awards 3 credits.

3D tomography reconstruction improved by integrating view registration.

Tomographic measurements involve two steps: view registration (VR) to determine the orientation of the projections and the subsequent tomography reconstruction. Therefore, the practical error in both steps impacts the overall accuracy of the final tomographic measurements. Past work treated these two steps separately. This work shows that the overall tomography accuracy can be enhanced substantially if these two steps are considered holistically because there is an opportunity for each step to leverage the information in the other step to improve the overall accuracy if they are considered holistically. Based on this recognition, this work has developed a new method called the reconstruction integration view registration (RIVR) method to implement such a holistic scheme. The key of this implementation involved the use of the Metropolis criterion to adjust the initial orientation provided by the traditional VR process dynamically. Both controlled experiments and accompanying numerical analyses were conducted to validate the RIVR method. Two sets of controlled experiments were conducted and analyzed, including a static uniform dye solution and turbulent flows, where the RIVR technique was demonstrated to significantly reduce the overall reconstruction error (by ∼37% and ∼35%, respectively) compared to past methods that treated VR and tomography separately.

Ichthyofauna of Okpara Stream, a Tributary of Oueme River, Benin, West-Africa

In tropical Africa, and particularly in Benin, running waters dwell a high and valuable fish fauna that are almost unknown, but under severe degradation. The current study inventoried the fish biodiversity of the Okpara stream, the main tributary of the Oueme River (the largest in Benin), in order to fill the gap of ichthyological data and to improve habitat protection, species conservation and valorization. During 18 months, fish samplings were made monthly with various fishing gears on five (5) locations. A total of 53 fish species belonging to 30 genera, 14 families and 7 orders were recorded among a total of 9552 individual fish collected. The most representative families were Mormyridae with 9 species and Cichlidae with 8 species, then follow Mockokidae, Clariidae, Cyprinidae and Alestidae with 6, 6, 6, 4 species, respectively. Families such as Anabantidae, Bagridae, Claroteidae, Malapteruridae, Polypteridae and Schilbeidae were less represented and individually included 2 species. The Hepsetidae and Aplocheilidae were represented by one (1) species, respectively the African pike, Hepsetus odoe and Epiplatys bifasciatus. A holistic scheme of ecosystem management and species conservation requires a complete knowledge on the fish community structure, eco-toxicology and species ecological status.

Holistic Diesel Engine and Exhaust After-Treatment Model Predictive Control

Abstract Today’s and future more stringent Diesel on-road emission regulations requires low emissions during normal operation with fewer exceptions. This together with the demand for low fuel consumption resulting that the control strategy must be able to fulfill both objectives simultaneously. In this work we present a holistic engine and Exhaust After-Treatment System (EATS) control which robustly fulfill the emission legislation together with optimal fuel consumption. With traditional PID control schemes it is typically non intuitive how to create a holistic controller that obtain both these objectives. The proposed holistic scheme is based on Model Predictive Control (MPC) framework in an intuitive straight forward way. The EATS system used in this paper does not include any external heating device and the SCR system was setup to always target NH3 storage levels to secure high NOx conversion efficiency. The holistic MPC controller is therefore setup to control the engine out NOx and temperature to meet the EATS demands. The holistic MPC controls the gas exchange actuators, while the injection strategy is controlled with a traditional map-based structure. The designed controller is integrated in a production Engine Electrical Control Unit (EECU) and tests are performed in engine test bench. The engine used in this work is a Heavy Duty 13L Diesel engine with turbo compound as a waste heat recovery device. The results show that using the proposed holistic MPC scheme the controller can be on a high level intuitively tuned to fulfill the emissions robustness while maintaining low fuel consumption in on-road cycles.

Gaussian Mixture Modeling for Detecting Integrity Attacks in Smart Grids

The thematics focusing on inserting intelligence in cyber-physical critical infrastructures (CI) have been receiving a lot of attention in the recent years. This paper presents a methodology able to differentiate between the normal state of a system composed of interdependent infrastructures and states that appear to be normal but the system (or parts of it) has been compromised. The system under attack seems to operate properly since the associated measurements are simply a variation of the normal ones created by the attacker, and intended to mislead the operator while the consequences may be of catastrophic nature. Here, we propose a holistic modeling scheme based on Gaussian mixture models estimating the probability density function of the parameters coming from linear time invariant (LTI) models. LTI models are approximating the relationships between the datastreams coming from the CI. The experimental platform includes a power grid simulator of the IEEE 30 bus model controlled by a cyber network platform. Subsequently, we implemented a wide range of integrity attacks (replay, ramp, pulse, scaling, and random) with different intensity levels. An extensive experimental campaign was designed and we report satisfying detection results.

Minimum Delay Query in Low-duty-cycle Sensor Networks

Data query is a common communication pattern in sensor networks. However, due to the introduction of sleep latency, it is challenging to perform efficient query in low-dutycycle sensor networks. In particular, the round-trip delay from the sink to source nodes and vice versa over the same forwarding path could be extremely long. In this work, westudy the delay optimization problem by jointly considering routing and sleep scheduling, then propose a holistic scheme to find the asymmetric routing paths for data query and response so that the round-trip delay could be minimized. We compared ourMinimum Delay Query (MDQ) deign with the state-of-the-art schemes. The evaluation results verify that our design can greatly reduce the query delay in low-duty-cycle sensor networks.

A Summative Translation Quality Assessment Model for Undergraduate Student Translations: Objectivity Versus Manageability

Various scholars from different schools of thought have proposed criteria and/ or models or translation assessment. Surprisingly, almost none of them are tailor-made for a manageable summative evaluation of student translation. That is why most translation teachers still draw on holistic and traditional methods of translation evaluation in their exams. These methods are either too holistic or too detailed (and complex) for translation evaluation purposes in educational settings. The holistic approaches that verge on subjectivity are quite manageable for a teacher who is to evaluate of a score of students, whereas the detailed and quantitative models, which are highly demanding on the limited resources of a classroom teacher, are considered highly objective. Feeling the need for a model, which is both manageable and objective, this study aims at reaching a compromise between the subjectivity and the complexity of these approaches to translation evaluation. Our proposed model draws on and combines the five linguistic equivalences introduced by Koller (1979) and the five-leveled holistic scheme for translation evaluation proposed by Waddington (2001). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.0.26.12421

“What is dear to you?” Survey of beliefs regarding protection of critical infrastructure against terrorism

Up to the present, there is only very little research on how the population perceives terrorism and its threats, even though support from the population is crucial for effective counterterrorism. By eliciting beliefs and subjecting them to content analyses, six factors were found that determine the protection worthiness of a target in the people's view: the potential damage to “people,” “symbolism,” “economy,” “politics,” “nature,” and “image/publicity.” These empirically found factors are in line with factors specified by terrorist target selection models. They differ in the strength of their cognitive representation among participants and, thus, their subjective importance to the people. The first three factors are shared among all participants, whereas the latter ones could only be found in a part of the participant sample. People's judgments of the targets' protection worthiness differ substantially from their judgments of the targets' attractiveness to terrorists, even though the same factors seem to be involved. This study offers an insight into the people's mental model about protection worthiness of targets. Together with classical risk analysis and knowledge about terrorists, these results can form a basis for setting up a holistic scheme for critical infrastructure protection.