Holes In Membrane Research Articles

Vitreomacular traction - a review.

Vitreomacular traction (VMT) is characterised by abnormal adhesion of the posterior cortical vitreous with the macula causing distortion of the foveal contour and associated with symptoms of reduction in visual acuity and/or metamorphopsia. This review article explores the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic and treatment options for VMT. Advances in imaging modalities such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) have revolutionized the understanding of the vitreoretinal interface abnormalities and helps in monitoring the disease progression. The natural history of VMT is variable and either there can be a spontaneous resolution or can present with cystoid oedema or can progress to epiretinal membrane (ERM) or macular hole. In the current manuscript, we perform a major review of the existing literature on VMT and adding the details about the current investigative modalities and surgical techniques.

BIOM-14. TRANSMEMBRANE WATER EFFLUX RATE (KIO) IS AN MRI-DETECTABLE BIOMARKER TO EVALUATE THE EFFICIENCY OF TTFIELDS TREATMENT ON GLIOBLASTOMA

Abstract BACKGROUND Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) has emerged as an effective treatment modality for Glioblastoma, shown to improve both OS and PFS. Yet how to monitor response to TTFields remains unclear. In this study, we proposed using transmembrane water efflux rate (kio), a non-invasive biomarker detectable in conventional MRI and reflecting cell membrane permeability, to assess the treatment efficiency of TTFields. METHODS U-87 MG human glioblastoma cell line were treated with TTFields at frequency of 200 kHz and varying field strengths of 0 V/cm, 0.8 V/cm, 1.2 V/cm and 1.6 V/cm using the inovitro system from Novocure. The measurement of kio was performed on a 0.5 T benchtop MRI system (Pure Devices GmbH) using a home-developed filter-exchange imaging (FEXI) sequence. Cell membrane morphology were quantitatively analysed using scanning electron microscopy. Patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma (ndGBM) who underwent DCE-MRI before and after TTFields treatment were identified and the change of FEXI-kio value were analysed. RESULTS In the same frequency, the effect of TTFields on cancer cell proliferation is dependent on intensity, manifested a decrease in cell growth rate under high electric field intensity. As the TTFields electric field intensity increased, the cell membrane permeability (kio) also increased, exhibits a significant negative correlation with glioblastoma cell growth rate (p=0.031). Scanning electron microscopy reveals that TTFields can induce significant cell membrane pores, and the total surface area of membrane pores correlates significantly positively with FEXSY-kio index. DCE-MRI data obtained from 4 ndGBM before and after TTFields therapy showed that the FEXI-kio value is increased after TTFields treatment. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that TTFields increases membrane permeability by inducing cell membrane holes, and kio is a promising non-invasive MRI biomarker to evaluate the efficiency of TTFields treatment.

Evaluating ChatGPT's Diagnostic Accuracy in Detecting Fundus Images.

Introduction Artificial intelligence is rapidly advancing in healthcare. Ophthalmology, with its reliance on imaging for diagnosis and management, has the potential to benefit from this technology. Deep learning models are currently used in image analysis in ophthalmology. ChatGPT (OpenAI, San Francisco, CA), a large language model, has recently expanded to include image analysis, creating new opportunities for diagnostic applications. While prior research shows potential in text-based diagnostics for ophthalmology, there is limited literature on AI's diagnostic accuracy in interpreting retinal images. Methods We selected 12 fundus images from key diseases identified by the Royal College of Ophthalmology curricula for medical students, foundation doctors, and trainees. Each image was presented to ChatGPT 4.0 using a standardised prompt to identify the most likely diagnosis. Responses were recorded, and the model's accuracy was assessed by comparing its diagnoses to the confirmed conditions. Results ChatGPT accurately diagnosed four out of 12 diseases (papilloedema, dry age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), glaucoma and vitreous haemorrhage) and provided one partially correct diagnosis (diabetic retinopathy). However, the model struggled with seven cases, including central retinal artery occlusion, central retinal vein occlusion, dry ARMD, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, tractional retinal detachment, epiretinal membrane and macular hole. Conclusion ChatGPT demonstrates the potential for diagnosis of retinal conditions from fundus photography. However, it currently lacks the accuracy required for clinical application; the model often hallucinates when unsure, which has diagnostic implications. Further work is required to refine these models and expand their diagnostic potential.

The effect of inner limiting membrane peeling on visual fields: Unravelling a source of bias in glaucoma management

Abstract: Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with inner limiting membrane (ILM) peeling aims to improve visual function. Previous studies have focused on visual acuity, often neglecting visual field (VF) changes. This systematic review examines VF changes after PPV with ILM peeling in patients with epiretinal membrane (ERM) or macular hole (MH), including those with glaucoma, who have preexisting VF damage, to identify potential biases in glaucoma management. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (A) Patients undergoing ILM peeling for ERM or MH and (B) VF outcomes assessed through standard automated perimetry (SAP) or Goldmann kinetic perimetry. Exclusions were non-English studies and those with fewer than 30 subjects. Data included retinal disease, demographics, VF outcomes (mean deviation [MD], pattern standard deviation, and central VF sensitivity [CVFS]), study design, and use of stains. Out of 612 studies, 23 met our criteria. Of these, four included glaucoma patients and seven involved concomitant phacoemulsification. In glaucoma patients, two studies showed MD improvement in the central 24°, while one showed deterioration in the central 10°, linked to worse preoperative MD and older age. Among studies without glaucoma patients, three of eight using SAP reported increased VF defects (VFDs); two showed lower outer nasal CVFS postoperatively. Indocyanine green staining was linked to higher VFD incidence while triamcinolone acetonide or tryptane blue staining led to no significant VFDs. The nasal half of the central VF was more affected, possibly due to retinal ganglion cell distribution. Further prospective studies, including randomized controlled trials, are needed to better understand ILM-peeling effects.

An Association between HTRA1 and TGF-β2 in the Vitreous Humor of Patients with Chorioretinal Vascular Diseases.

Background: The aim of this paper was to investigate the protein concentrations of high-temperature requirement A 1 (HTRA1) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in the vitreous humor of patients with chorioretinal vascular diseases. Methods: This study measured protein concentrations of HTRA1, TGF-β1-3, and vascular endothelial growth factor A (hereinafter called VEGF) in the vitreous humor from seven eyes of patients with chorioretinal vascular diseases (age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, and retinal vein occlusion) and six control eyes (idiopathic epiretinal membrane and macular hole). We analyzed the mutual relationship among the protein levels. Results: The protein levels of HTRA1 and VEGF were significantly increased in the chorioretinal vascular disease group compared with the control group (1.57 ± 0.79 ×10-9 mol/mL vs. 0.68 ± 0.79 ×10-9 mol/mL, p = 0.039; 3447.00 ± 3423.47 pg/mL vs. 35.33 ± 79.01 pg/mL, p = 0.046, respectively). TGF-β2 levels were not significantly different between groups (2222.71 ± 1151.25 pg/mL for the chorioretinal vascular disease group vs. 1918.83 ± 744.01 pg/mL for the control group, p = 0.62). The concentration of HTRA1 was strongly associated with TGF-β2 levels in the vitreous humor, independent of VEGF (r = 0.80, p = 0.0010). Conclusions: We revealed that vitreous HTRA1 was increased in patients with chorioretinal vascular diseases and strongly correlated with TGF-β2.

Evaluation of Anticancer and Antibacterial Activities for Pluronic F-127 Encapsulated Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles Using Alstoniayunnanensis Leaf Extract

Primary brain tumors caused by gliomas are most frequently found in the neurons of the central nervous system. The present study explores the effects of Pluronic F-127 coated magnesium oxide nanoparticles (PF-127 MgO NPs) using Alstonia yunnanensis leaf extract (A. yunnanensis) on C6 glioma cells (C6 cells). The vital part of nanotechnology is the formulation of environmentally friendly methods for making NPs. Because of their small size, NPs can pass easily through the holes in intracellular cell membranes and into living tissue. Numerous integrated protein therapies have shown enhanced medicinal qualities and thermo stability owing to PF-127. MgO is employed in cell therapy, tissue repair and the creation of cancer medicines. In this research, we synthesized PF-127 MgO NPs using A. yunnanensis leaf extract to study the activity of their anti-bacterial and anti-cancer activities on C6 cells. We examined the synthesized NPs by the UV-Vis, FT-IR, PL, TEM, SAED, FE-SEM, EDAX, XRD, and DLS techniques. The anti-bacterial effectiveness and anti-cancer activity C6 cells on MTT assay, AO/EtBr, DAPI, DCFH-DA and Rh-123 staining methods of synthesized PF-127 MgO NPs. Moreover, the synthesized NPs characterization studies can be used high activity anti-bacterial and significant anti-cancer activity were noticed. The study finds that the NPs increased ROS accumulation and resulting in apoptotic cell death. Overall, our findings show that synthesized PF-127 coated MgO NPs using A. yunnanensis leaf extract possess anti-bacterial and anti-cancer properties in C6 cells.

Exploring Gene Polymorphisms Associated with Otitis Media through Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTR) Region

Background: Otitis is an inflammation and infection of the inner lining of the middle ear. The problem known as suppurative otitis media if there are droplets and holes in the tympanic membrane due to this inflammation and infection of the mucous membrane. The present study focused on specific genes suspected to be associated with otitis media in 60 subjects clinically diagnosed with OM The study focuses on two genes, MUC5B and IL-1RN, whose genes mutations by variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) regionsMethods: Variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTR) regions were used to genotype 60 patients with otitis media and 30 healthy individuals for genotypic polymorphisms for the MUC5B and IL-1RN genes by number of tandem repeats (VNTR) regions on a variable basis Blood samples were collected from participants, and three milliliters were placed directly into EDTA tubes. Subsequently, PCR products were detected by agarose gel electrophoresis and visualized by ethidium bromide staining. The size of amplified DNA fragments was determined by comparison with a 100-bp DNA ladder molecule size markerResults: About the same, the paper represents the association of gene polymorphisms with otitis media by genotyping a total of 60 patients as OM, and, on the other hand, 30 individuals were noted to be healthy. This was to determine genotypic polymorphisms for the two genes, that is, MUC5B and IL1RN, within the VNTR region. The results showed that the carriers of allele 2 in the genotypic position had a risk of nearly twofold getting otitis media.Conclusion: Polymorphism of the MUC5B and IL-1RN genes can be responsible for the severity of the inflammatory process in the middle ear, complicated by otitis media or hearing loss.Keywords: Otitis media; Gene polymorphism; MUC5B; IL-1RN; VNTR

Relationships between causative genes and epiretinal membrane formation in Japanese patients with retinitis pigmentosa.

To investigate the relationships between macular complications and causative genes frequently found in Japanese patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). In the retrospective and observational study, we analyzed the data of 75 patients with RP (EYS-RP: 42 patients; USH2A-RP: 19 patients; RHO-RP: 14 patients) who were followed-up at Kyushu University Hospital and whose causative genes had been identified. Macular complications including epiretinal membrane (ERM), macular edema (ME), and macular hole (MH) were evaluated using optical coherence tomography and fundus photography. Main outcome was the proportion of macular complications. The proportion of ERM was 35.7% in the EYS group, 10.5% in the USH2A group and 14.3% in the RHO group. The proportion of ME was 7.1% in the EYS group, 5.3% in the USH2A group and 14.3% in the RHO group, and that of MH was 2.4% in the EYS group, 5.3% in the USH2A group and 0% in the RHO group. In the EYS group, the proportion of ERM was relatively higher (p = 0.06), and the presence of EYS was significantly associated with a higher age- and sex-adjusted OR for ERM (OR = 5.67, 95% CI = 1.59-25.20). There was no significant difference in the proportion of MH or ME among causative genes. EYS causative gene may be associated with higher rate of ERM complication in RP.

Shape of the membrane neck around a hole during plasma membrane repair

Plasma membrane damage and rupture occurs frequently in cells, and holes must be sealed rapidly to ensure homeostasis and cell survival. The membrane repair machinery is known to involve recruitment of curvature-inducing annexin proteins, but the connection between membrane remodeling and hole closure is poorly described. The induction of curvature by repair proteins leads to the possible formation of a membrane neck around the hole as a key intermediate structure before sealing. We formulate a theoretical model of equilibrium neck shapes to examine the potential connection to a repair mechanism. Using variational calculus, the shape equations for the membrane near a hole are formulated and solved numerically. The system is described under a condition of fixed area, and a shooting approach is applied to fulfill the boundary conditions at the free membrane edge. A state diagram of neck shapes is produced describing the variation in neck morphology with respect to the membrane area. Two distinct types of necks are predicted, one with conformations curved beyond π existing at positive excess area, whereas flat neck conformations (curved below π) have negative excess area. The results indicate that in cells, the supply of additional membrane area and a change in edge tension is linked to the formation of narrow and curved necks. Such necks may be susceptible to passive or actively induced membrane fission as a possible mechanism for hole sealing during membrane repair in cells.

Relationship between Image Quality and Reproducibility of Surgical Images in 3D Digital Surgery.

Objectives: Ophthalmic three-dimensional (3D) digital surgery can reproduce high-definition surgical images; however, 3D digital surgery is limited by recording capacities. We examined the relationship between the minimum image quality required to reproduce surgical images and recording capacity. Methods: Patients who underwent simultaneous vitrectomy and cataract surgery by the same surgeon using a 3D digital surgery system at Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital between February and October 2021 were evaluated. Various quality (Q) and frame rate (FR) settings were used for each case. Four vitreous surgeons evaluated the reproducibility of recorded images of macular manipulation for epiretinal membrane (ERM) and macular hole (MH) cases and those of peripheral retinal manipulation for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) cases. The video bitrate and minimum settings required to reproduce surgical images and factors affecting surgical image reproducibility were examined. Results: A total of 129 eyes of 129 patients were observed. The minimum image quality required to reproduce surgical images was 11.67 Mbps. The Q and FR for periretinal processing and Q for macular manipulation affected surgical image reproducibility (p = 0.025, p = 0.019, and p = 0.07, respectively). The minimum recording settings required to obtain highly reproducible images were Q = 3 and FR = 40. The total file size for vitrectomy video recordings with these settings was as compact as 3.17 GB for 28 min. Conclusions: During 3D digital surgery, highly reproducible surgical images can be obtained with a small storage capacity using settings of at least Q = 3 and FR = 40.

In Situ Formation of Suspended Graphene Windows for Lab‐Based XPS in Liquid and Gas Environments

Environmental cells sealed with photoelectron‐transparent graphene windows are promising for extending X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to liquid and high‐pressure gas environments for in situ and operando studies. However, the reliable production of graphene windows that are sufficiently leak‐tight for extended measurements remains a challenge. Here we demonstrate a PDMS/Au(100 nm)‐supported transfer method that reliably produces suspended graphene on perforated silicon nitride membranes without significant contamination. A yield of ~95% is achieved based on single‐layer graphene covering >98% of the holes in the silicon nitride membrane. Even higher coverages are achieved for stacked bilayer graphene, allowing wet etching (aqueous KI/I2) of the Au support to be observed in a conventional lab‐based XPS system, thereby demonstrating the in situ formation of leak‐tight, suspended graphene windows. Furthermore, these windows allow gas‐phase measurements at close to atmospheric pressure, showing future promise for XPS under higher‐pressure gas environments in conventional lab‐based systems.

Bending of a lipid membrane edge by annexin A5 trimers

Plasma membrane damage occurs in healthy cells and more frequently in cancer cells where high growth rates and metastasis result in frequent membrane damage. The annexin family of proteins plays a key role in membrane repair. Annexins are recruited at the membrane injury site by Ca+2 and repair the damaged membrane in concert with several other proteins. Annexin A4 (ANXA4) and ANXA5 form trimers at the bilayer surface, and previous simulations show that the trimers induce high local negative membrane curvature on a flat bilayer. The membrane-curvature-inducing property of ANXA5 is presumed to be vital to the membrane repair mechanism. A previously proposed descriptive model hypothesizes that ANXA5-mediated curvature force is utilized at the free edge of the membrane at a wound site to pull the wound edges together, resulting in the formation of a “neck”-shaped structure, which, when combined with a constriction force exerted by ANXA6, leads to membrane repair. The molecular details and mechanisms of repair remain unknown, in part because the membrane edge is a transient structure that is difficult to investigate both experimentally and computationally. For the first time, we investigate the impact of ANXA5 near a membrane edge, which is modeled by a bicelle under periodic boundary conditions. ANXA5 trimers induce local curvature on the membrane leading to global bending of the bicelle. The global curvature depends on the density of annexins on the bicelle, and the curvature increases with the ANXA5 concentration until it reaches a plateau. The simulations suggest that not only do annexins induce local membrane curvature, but they can change the overall shape of a free-standing membrane. We also demonstrate that ANXA5 trimers reduce the rate of phosphatidylserine lipid diffusion from the cytoplasmic to the exoplasmic leaflet along the edge of the bicelle. In this way, membrane-bound annexins can potentially delay the apoptotic signal triggered by the presence of phosphatidylserine lipids in the outer leaflet, thus biding time for repair of the membrane hole. Our findings provide new insights into the role of ANXA5 at the edges of the membrane (the injury site) and support the curvature-constriction model of membrane repair.

Pre- and postoperative microperimetry in patients with epiretinal membrane and macular hole

Pre- and postoperative microperimetry in patients with epiretinal membrane and macular hole

CircRNA expression profiles and regulatory networks in the vitreous humor of people with high myopia

Myopia is a global health and economic issue. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of many ocular diseases. We first evaluated the circRNA profiles and possible roles in vitreous humor samples of individuals with high myopia by a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) array. Vitreous humor samples were collected from 15 high myopic (5 for ceRNA array, and 10 for qPCR) and 15 control eyes (5 for ceRNA array, and 10 for qPCR) with idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM) and macular hole (MH). 486 circRNAs (339 upregulated and 147 downregulated) and 264 mRNAs (202 upregulated and 62 downregulated) were differentially expressed between the high myopia and control groups. The expression of hsa_circ_0033079 (hsa-circDicer1), hsa_circ_0029989 (hsa-circNbea), hsa_circ_0019072 (hsa-circPank1) and hsa_circ_0089716 (hsa-circEhmt1) were validated by qPCR. Pearson analysis and multivariate regression analysis showed positive and significant correlations for axial length with hsa-circNbea and hsa-circPank1. KEGG analysis showed that the target genes of circRNAs were enriched in the mTOR, insulin, cAMP, and VEGF signaling pathways. GO analysis indicated that circRNAs mainly targeted transcription, cytoplasm, and protein binding. CircRNA-associated ceRNA network analysis and PPI network analysis identified several critical genes for myopia. The expression of circNbea, circPank1, miR-145-5p, miR-204-5p, Nras, Itpr1 were validated by qPCR in the sclera of form-deprivation myopia (FDM) mice model. CircPank1/miR-145-5p/NRAS and circNbea/miR-204-5p/ITPR1 were identified and may be important in the progression of myopia. Our findings suggest that circRNAs may contribute to the pathogenesis of myopia and may serve as potential biomarkers.

The current landscape of the antimicrobial peptide melittin and its therapeutic potential.

Melittin, a main component of bee venom, is a cationic amphiphilic peptide with a linear α-helix structure. It has been reported that melittin can exert pharmacological effects, such as antitumor, antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo. In particular, melittin may be beneficial for the treatment of diseases for which no specific clinical therapeutic agents exist. Melittin can effectively enhance the therapeutic properties of some first-line drugs. Elucidating the mechanism underlying melittin-mediated biological function can provide valuable insights for the application of melittin in disease intervention. However, in melittin, the positively charged amino acids enables it to directly punching holes in cell membranes. The hemolysis in red cells and the cytotoxicity triggered by melittin limit its applications. Melittin-based nanomodification, immuno-conjugation, structural regulation and gene technology strategies have been demonstrated to enhance the specificity, reduce the cytotoxicity and limit the off-target cytolysis of melittin, which suggests the potential of melittin to be used clinically. This article summarizes research progress on antiviral, antitumor and anti-inflammatory properties of melittin, and discusses the strategies of melittin-modification for its future potential clinical applications in preventing drug resistance, enhancing the selectivity to target cells and alleviating cytotoxic effects to normal cells.

25-GAUGE VERSUS 27-GAUGE VITRECTOMY FOR MANAGEMENT OF VITREORETINAL DISEASES: A Large Prospective Randomized Trial.

To compare the safety and performance clinical outcomes of the 27-gauge (G) two-dimensional cutting vitrectomy probe versus a standard 25-G probe for retinal procedures. In this large randomized prospective study, all candidates for epiretinal membrane or macular hole surgery were randomized to the 27-G group or 25-G group. Outcome measures included surgery time, changes in best-corrected distance visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and central macular thickness between baseline and 1-month and 3-month follow-up time points. Moreover, intraoperative and postoperative complications were evaluated as well as the rate of sutureless vitrectomy. A total of 463 patients were included in this study, 227 patients in the 27-G group and 236 patients in the 25-G group. A similar total surgery time was found between both groups ( P = 0.0911). Similar best-corrected distance visual acuity and central macular thickness changes were observed between baseline and the 1-month and 3-month follow-up visits. No significant differences were reported in intraoperative and postoperative complications rates. The rate of sutureless vitrectomy was 96.5% for the 27-G group and 91.1% for the 25-G group ( P = 0.0170). These results suggest that 27-G vitrectomy probe is similar to 25-G probe in surgery time and complications, while decreasing the need for vitrectomy sutures.

Vitreous Humor Proteomic Profile in Patients With Vitreoretinal Lymphoma.

Vitreoretinal lymphoma is a high-grade malignant non-Hodgkin lymphoma with poor prognosis. The objective of this study was to elucidate the proteome profile of the vitreous in patients with vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL), aiming to advance understanding of the pathophysiology of VRL. Comprehensive proteomic analyses of vitreous humor using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry were performed for 10 patients with VRL, 10 control patients with idiopathic epiretinal membrane or macular hole, and 10 patients with ocular sarcoidosis. Differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified by comparing VRL with controls and sarcoidosis, and functional pathway analysis was performed. Finally, vitreous concentrations of representative DEPs that were significantly upregulated in proteomics study were measured by ELISA using a separate cohort. In total, 1594 proteins were identified in the vitreous humor of VRL, control, and sarcoidosis samples. Also, 282 DEPs were detected in VRL, 249 upregulated and 33 downregulated, compared with controls. Enrichment pathway analysis showed alterations in proteasome-related pathways. Compared to controls and sarcoidosis, 14 DEPs in VRL showed significant upregulation. In the validation study, ELISA confirmed significantly higher vitreous concentrations of PSAT1, YWHAG, and 20S/26S proteasome complex in VRL compared with controls and sarcoidosis. Among the upregulated DEPs, vitreous PITHD1 and NCSTN concentrations correlated positively with vitreous IL-10 concentrations. This study highlights aberrations in protein expression pattern in the vitreous of patients with VRL. The DEPs identified in this study may play pivotal roles in VRL pathogenesis, providing insights to enhance understanding of VRL pathophysiology and contribute to the development of VRL biomarkers.

Phospholipid membrane-protected photoelectrochemical chip: A specific test-to-treat platform for bacteria secreting pore-forming toxins with phosphatidylcholine receptor

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged as a frequent cause of purulent skin and soft tissue infections. In this study, a test-to-treat chip was developed as an integrated platform for the highly sensitive detection and treatment of MRSA infections. By integrating arginine (Arg) ligand-doped FeMOFs onto TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNT), the resulting Arg-FeMOF-TNT chips exhibited excellent photoelectrochemical (PEC) activity under visible-light irradiation. As phosphatidylcholine (PC) specific pore-forming toxins (PC-PFTs) secreted by MRSA can specifically generate small holes in the phospholipid membrane (PM), the PM covered Arg-FeMOF-TNT photoactive surface can be re-exposed to the electrolyte in the presence of PC-PFTs and then reacted with electron donors in the electrolyte. On the basis of switch-on PEC signals, a detection limit as low as 6 CFU mL−1 was achieved for MRSA. Furthermore, benefitting from its intrinsic photocatalytic activity, the Fenton-like catalytic activity of FeMOFs, and the loaded Arg on the chip, abundant reactive oxygen species (ROSs) and nitric oxide (NO, arginine decomposition product) were generated in the bacterial microenvironment, resulting in the effective sterilization of MRSA. Importantly, the PM modification endow the chip to process good biosafety and remarkable antibacterial specificity towards MRSA. Animal experiment results further demonstrated that the chip can rapidly kill MRSA in wounds and promote wound healing under 532-nm-laser irradiation. This all-in-one chip offers a new method for the diagnosing bacteria and also provides new insight into the design of test-to-treat platforms for PC-PFTs bacteria.

Distribution of Neurofilament in Peeled Internal Limiting Membrane.

The aim was to study the distribution of neurofilament in peeled internal limiting membrane (ILM). Prospective case study. Vitrectomy and ILM peeling were performed in patients with epiretinal membrane and macular hole. ILM flap specimens were obtained as one disc area size from five locations. Immunofluorescent staining was performed with an antineurofilament heavy antibody. Using a confocal microscope, retinal cell debris density was studied using the ImageJ program. Percent of stained neurofilament was 1.58 ± 1.14% in total (2.45 ± 1.37% in extranasal, 1.97 ± 0.75% in extratemporal, 1.93 ± 1.26% in juxta-nasal, 0.89 ± 0.69% in fovea, and 0.63 ± 0.46% in juxtatemporal). The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed significant differences among groups (P < 0.05). Bonferroni post hoc analysis only confirmed significant difference between juxtatemporal and extranasal groups (P < 0.05). In peeled ILM flap, neurofilaments are rarely detected in the juxtatemporal area. However, they are frequently detected in the extranasal area. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2023;54:643-648.].

Does vitreous galactin-3, copeptin and retina binding protein-4 concentrations change in diabetic retinopathy?

Aims: This study aimed to investigate whether the concentrations of Galactin-3 (G-3), Copeptin (CP) and Retina Binding Protein-4 (RBP-4) are affected in the vitreous humor of patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR).&#x0D; Methods: Thirty-six patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) were included in the study, consisting of 10 patients without DR and 26 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). The control group comprised 15 patients who underwent vitrectomy for epiretinal membrane and macular hole surgeries. Vitreous CP, G-3, and RBP-4 concentrations were examined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The groups were compared internally&#x0D; Results: We did not observe any significant differences in the concentrations of G-3, CP and RBP-4 in the vitreous humor between diabetic patients and the control group (p=0.56, p=0.65 and p=0.11, respectively). When comparing vitreous samples of diabetic subgroups with and without DR findings to the control group, no significant differences were detected (p=0.51, p=0.66, and p=0.19, respectively).&#x0D; Conclusion: Our results indicate that the concentrations of G-3, CP, and RBP-4 in the vitreous humor remain unchanged in both diabetic patients and those with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (DRP).