Structural Holes Research Articles

Beyond the Quantum Membrane Paradigm: A Philosophical Analysis of the Structure of Black Holes in Full QG

This paper presents a philosophical analysis of the structure of black holes, focusing on the event horizon and its fundamental status. While black holes have been at the centre of countless paradoxes arising from the attempt to merge quantum mechanics and general relativity, recent experimental discoveries have emphasised their importance as objects for the development of Quantum Gravity. In particular, the statistical mechanical underpinning of black hole thermodynamics has been a central research topic. The Quantum Membrane Paradigm, proposed by Wallace (Stud Hist Philos Sci Part B 66:103-117, 2019), posits a real membrane made of black hole microstates at the black hole horizon to provide a statistical mechanical understanding of black hole thermodynamics from an exterior observer’s point of view. However, we argue that the Quantum Membrane Paradigm is limited to low-energy Quantum Gravity and needs to be modified to avoid reference to geometric notions, such as the event horizon, which presumably do not make sense in the non-spatiotemporal context of full Quantum Gravity. Our proposal relies on the central dogma of black hole physics. It considers recent developments, such as replica wormholes and entanglement wedge reconstruction, to provide a new framework for understanding the nature of black hole horizons in full Quantum Gravity.

An analysis of the impact of nanofluids on the cooling effectiveness of pin and perforated heat sinks

In the presented numerical study, the effect of the use of mono and hybrid (CuO/Water at 2% volume concentration and CuO + Fe/Water (1% CuO + 1% Fe)) type nanofluid in heat sinks designed in new geometric structures used to increase the processor cooling performance was investigated. The geometries used are circular, triangular, square, hexagonal, square, and hexagonal, and their perforated structures and their effects on a total of eight geometries were analyzed. In addition to these, the rate of improving the temperature distribution and heat transfer in the heat sink, i.e., the Performance Evaluation Criterion (PEC), was also examined. According to the results obtained, the lowest thermal resistance value is seen in the circular cross-section with Rth = 0.289 K/W, while the highest thermal, i.e., cooling performance is seen in the triangular perforated structure with Rth = 0.63 K/W and at the lowest pressure inlet condition. In terms of temperature distribution, the most uniform distribution was obtained between 311.82 and 308.98 K in the circular section. The most interesting result in terms of the results was the PEC = 1.4 for the triangular hole structure in the heat transfer improvement performance. The main reason for this is that the range of the temperature distribution shown is very high (319–311.5K).

Formation of structural holes in R&D context: the effect of inventors’ knowledge abilities and patenting output

Purpose This study aims to investigate the influence of inventors’ abilities to acquire external knowledge, provide broad and professional knowledge and patenting output (i.e. different types of inventors) on the formation of structural holes. Design/methodology/approach The authors collected 59,798 patents applied for and granted in the USA by 33 of the largest firms worldwide in the pharmaceutical industry between 1975 and 2014. A random-effects tobit model was used to test the hypotheses. Findings The inventors’ ability to acquire external knowledge contributes to the formation of structural holes. While inventors’ ability to provide broad knowledge positively affects the formation of structural holes, their ability to provide professional knowledge works otherwise. In addition, key inventors and industrious inventors are more likely to form structural holes than talents. Originality/value The results identify individual factors that affect the formation of structural holes and improve the understanding of structural hole theory. This study is unique in that most scholars have studied the consequences of structural hole formation rather than their antecedents. Studies on the origin of structural holes neglect the effect of inventors’ knowledge abilities and patenting output. By addressing this gap, this study contributes to a more comprehensive theoretical understanding of structural holes. The results can guide managers in managing structural holes in accordance with inventors’ knowledge abilities and patenting outputs, which optimize the allocation of network resources.

Incorporation of self-heating effect into a thermo-mechanical coupled constitutive modelling for elastomeric polyurethane

Elastomeric polyurethane (EPU) is characterised by distinctive mechanical properties, including high toughness, low glass transition temperature, and high impact resistance, that render it indispensable in diverse engineering applications from soft robotics to anti-collision devices. This study presents a thermo-mechanically coupled constitutive model for EPU, systematically incorporating hyperelasticity, viscoelasticity, thermal expansion, and self-heating effect in a thermodynamically consistent manner. Experimental data, obtained from previous studies, are then used for parameter identification and model validation, including iterative updates for temperature parameters considering the self-heating effect. Subsequently, the validated model is integrated into finite element codes, i.e., user subroutine to define a material’s mechanical behaviour (UMAT) based on the commercial finite element software ABAQUS, for the computation of three-dimensional stress-strain states, facilitating the analysis of the structural response to various mechanical loads and boundary conditions. The results obtained from simulations are compared with analytical solutions to confirm the precision of Finite Element Method (FEM) implementation. The self-heating effect is further analysed under different strain rates and temperatures. To validate the engineering significance of the FEM implementation, a plate with a hole structure is also simulated. In conclusion, this research provides a robust tool for engineers and researchers working with soft materials, enhancing their understanding and predictive capabilities, notably addressing the self-heating effect in thermo-mechanical behaviours.

Superior Heat and Mass Transfer Performance of Bionic Wick with Finger-like Pores Inspired by the Stomatal Array of Natural Leaf.

The thermal management of electronics has gained significant attention, with loop heat pipes (LHPs) emerging as an attractive solution for heat dissipation. The heat transfer performance of LHPs is influenced by the heat and mass transfer processes within the wick. However, designing the pore diameter of the wick is challenging due to the different requirements of flow resistance and capillary force. Specifically, the working fluid needs large pores to reduce resistance, while the liquid suction requires small pores to provide a large capillary force. To address this issue, we drew inspiration from the stomatal array of natural leaves used for transpiration and developed an alumina ceramic bionic wick with finger-like pores using the phase-inversion tape casting method. The finger-like pores in the wick resemble the straight hole structure of stomata, which increases the gas-liquid interface area within the wick. This design allows for timely discharge of water vapor generated by boiling, thereby reducing mass transfer resistance. Additionally, numerous micrometer-sized small pores surrounding the finger-like pores provide sufficient capillary force to replenish liquid for the gas-liquid evaporation interface. Experimental results demonstrate that the introduction of finger-like pores in the wick increases gas and water permeabilities by 2.4 and 5.2 times, respectively. Furthermore, the superior heat and mass transfer performance of the bionic wick was demonstrated with an LHP. This work effectively addresses the conflicting demands of capillary force and flow resistance, enhancing the heat transfer performance of LHPs, which holds great promise for addressing heat dissipation challenges in high power density electronic chips and has potential applications in aviation, aerospace, and microelectronics for efficient thermal management.

Geodesic structure, shadow and optical appearance of black hole immersed in Chaplygin-like dark fluid

In this study, we focus on a black hole immersed in a cosmological Chaplygin-like dark fluid (CDF), characterized by the equation of state p = -B/ρ and an additional parameter q influencing the energy density of the fluid. We investigate the geodesic structure, shadow, and optical appearance of such a black hole. Through analysis on the effective potential and the epicyclic frequencies, it is found that the existence of innermost/outermost stable circular orbits for a timelike particle is governed by the CDF parameters. The behaviors of the orbital conserved quantities and Keplerian frequency are also examined. Due to the existence of pseudo-cosmological horizon, the determination of the shadow radius depends significantly on the position of the observer. By placing the static observer at an approximately flat position between the event and pseudo-cosmological horizons, we constrain the CDF parameters using EHT observations. We investigate the effect of CDF on the shadows and optical images of the black hole, surrounded by various profiles of accretions. For the thin disk accretion, the light trajectories are categorized into direct emission, lensing ring, and photon ring based on impact parameters. Due to the existence of outermost stable circular orbits, outer edges could exist in the direct and lensing ring images. The observed brightness is mainly due to direct emission, with a minor contribution from the lensing ring, while the contribution from the photon ring is negligible due to extreme demagnetization. In the case of spherical accretion, we consider both static and infalling accretion models. The images obtained under infalling accretion are slightly darker than those under static accretion, attributed to the Doppler effect. Throughout the study, we analyze the influence of the parameters B and q on the results.

The quantum corrected Schwarzschild black hole with a linear-quadratic GUP: a comprehensive evaluation

In this manuscript, we delve into an analytic and numerical probe of shadow with different accretion models, quasinormal modes, Hawking radiation, and gravitational lensing to study observational impacts of quantum effect introduced through linear-quadratic GUP(LQG). Our investigation reveals that the shadows of LQG-modified black holes are smaller and brighter than Schwarzschild black holes. To examine the impact of the quantum correction on the quasinormal mode, linear-quadratic GUP-modified black holes are explored under scalar andelectromagnetic field perturbation. Here, linear-quadratic GUP isused to capture quantum corrections. It is observed that theincorporation of quantum correction by linear-quadratic GUP altersthe singularity structure of the black hole. To compute thequasinormal modes of this linear-quadratic GUP-inspiredquantum-corrected black holes, we compute the effective potentialgenerated under the perturbation of scalar and electromagneticfield, and then we use the sixth-order WKB approach in conjunctionwith the appropriate numerical analysis. We find that the greybody factor decreases with the GUP parameter α implying that the probability of transmission decreases with the GUP parameter. The total power emitted by LQG modified black hole is found to be greater than that emitted by Schwarzschild black hole. Finally, we study weak gravitational lensing and make a comparison with quadratic GUP and linear GUP-modified black holes.

Don't ignore either side: The differential impact of ego-network density of the focal firm and partner on technological invasion

This study investigated the differential effects of the ego-network density (i.e., ego-density) of the focal firm and its partner on the focal firm's competitive behavior toward its partner in technological areas, as well as the moderating role of relative structural holes in the whole alliance network. The empirical findings indicate that the ego-density of the focal firm has an inverted U-shaped relationship with technological invasion, whereas the ego-density of the partner firm has a negative effect. Relative structural holes also appear to strengthen the inverted U-shaped relationship between the focal firm's ego-density and technological invasion while attenuating the negative effect of the partner firm's ego-density on technological invasion. By concurrently considering both participants in this allying relationship and the synergistic interaction of the ego and whole alliance network, these results add to our understanding of the coopetition relationship within such networks.

A Real-Time Monitoring Method for Selective Laser Melting of TA1 Materials Based on Radiation Detection of a Molten Pool.

Selective laser melting (SLM) technology is a promising additive manufacturing technology. However, due to the numerous influencing factors in this complex process, a reliable real-time method is needed to monitor the forming process of SLM. The molten pool is the smallest forming unit in the SLM process, the consistency of which can effectively reflect the quality of the printing process. By using a coaxial optical path structure and a compound amplifier circuit, high-speed acquisition of molten pool radiation can be realized. Next, single factor analysis and orthogonal experimentation were used to investigate the influence levels of key process parameters on the radiation of molten pool. In addition, numerical simulation was carried out with the same parameter setting schemes, the results of which are consistent with those in radiation detection experiments. It is shown that the laser power has the greatest effect on the radiation of the molten pool, while the scanning speed and the hatch spacing have little effect on the radiation. Finally, the positioning experiment involving the small hole structure was carried out, and the experimental results showed that the device could accurately locate the position coordinates of the given hole structure.

Vibration control mechanisms of plate structures by 1D acoustic black hole dynamic vibration absorber

Due to the advantages of simple structure and effective vibration suppressions, acoustic black hole (ABH) structures attract many scholars’s attention. In this paper, by capitalizing phenomenon of acoustic black hole (ABH), an ABH-featured dynamic vibration absorber (1D-ABH-DVA) is proposed for vibration suppressions, and three improved cases are proposed based on the 1D-ABH-DVA. To achieve broadband vibration suppression, three optimization cases of distribution are designed. Using a plate as primary structure, both numerical simulations and experiments show that multiple resonances of the plate can be significantly reduced by 1D-ABH-DVA. Three types of vibration reduction mechanisms are revealed, manifesting and dominating by different physical process, i.e. peak splitting effect, damping enhancement effect and their combination. The numerical simulations show that an evenly distribution pattern can get better vibration suppressions. This work provides ideas for further application of ABHs in vibration and noise reduction, and has significant engineering significance.

Improvement of Thermal Stability and Photoelectric Performance of Cs2PbI2Cl2/CsPbI2.5Br0.5 Perovskite Solar Cells by Triple-Layer Inorganic Hole Transport Materials.

Conventional hole transport layer (HTL) Spiro-OMeTAD requires the addition of hygroscopic dopants due to its low conductivity and hole mobility, resulting in a high preparation cost and poor device stability. Cuprous thiocyanate (CuSCN) is a cost-effective alternative with a suitable energy structure and high hole mobility. However, CuSCN-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are affected by environmental factors, and the solvents of an HTL can potentially corrode the perovskite layer. In this study, a Co3O4/CuSCN/Co3O4 sandwich structure was proposed as an HTL for inorganic Cs2PbI2Cl2/CsPbI2.5Br0.5 PSCs to address these issues. The Co3O4 layers can serve as buffer and encapsulation layers, protecting the perovskite layer from solvent-induced corrosion and enhancing hole mobility at the interface. Based on this sandwich structure, the photovoltaic performances of the Cs2PbI2Cl2/CsPbI2.5Br0.5 PSCs are significantly improved, with the power conversion efficiency (PCE) increasing from 9.87% (without Co3O4) to 11.06%. Furthermore, the thermal stability of the devices is also significantly enhanced, retaining 80% of its initial PCE after 40 h of continuous aging at 60 °C. These results indicate that the Co3O4/CuSCN/Co3O4 sandwich structure can effectively mitigate the corrosion of the perovskite layer by solvents of an HTL and significantly improves the photovoltaic performance and thermal stability of devices.

Exploring cybertechnology standards through bibliometrics: Case of National Institute of Standards and Technology

Cyber security is one of the topics that gain importance today. It is necessary to determine the basic components, basic dynamics, and main actors of the Cyber security issue, which is obvious that it will have an impact in many areas from social, social, economic, environmental, and political aspects, as a hot research topic. When the subject literature is examined, it has become a trend-forming research subject followed by institutions and organizations that produce R&D policy, starting from the level of governments. In this study, cybersecurity research is examined in the context of 5 basic cyber security functions specified in the cyber security standard (CSF) defined by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). It is aimed to determine the research topics emerging in the international literature, to identify the most productive countries, to determine the rankings created by these countries according to their functions, to determine the research clusters and research focuses. In the study, several quantitative methods were used, especially scientometrics, social network analysis (SNA) line theory and structural hole analysis. Statistical tests (Log-Likelihood Ratio) were used to reveal the prominent areas, and the text mining method was also used. we first defined a workflow according to the “Identify”, “Protect”, “Detect”, “Respond” and “Recover” setups, and conducted an online search on the Web of Science (WoS) to access the information on the publications on the relevant topics It is seen that actors, institutions and research create different densities according to various geographical regions in the 5 functions defined within the framework of cybersecurity. It is possible to say that infiltration detection, the internet of things and the concept of artificial intelligence are among the other prominent research focuses, although it is seen that smart grids are among the most prominent research topics. In the first clustering analysis we performed, we can say that 17 clusters are formed, especially when we look under the definition function. The largest of these clusters has 32 data points, so-called "decision making models".

Review on Fundamental Considerations During Lignocellulosic Fiber Characterization in Light Micromechanical Analysis of Their Composites

Lignocellulose fibers (Cellulosic fibers) are among the major agricultural resources from plant whose potentials are not exploited in some cases and/or underexploited in many cases. If their potentials for industrial application could be exploited, selling the fibers for manufacturing uses would be a win-win situation for both the industries and the farmers, and provide the latter with a much needed source of additional income since composite material reinforced with lignocellulose fibers can be used for diverse application including the production of parts in automotive industry. For this to be successful, it is mandatory to make fiber level characterization. In this process, there are various determinants that affects the characteristics of lignocellulose fiber including agro-ecological zone, plant age from which the fiber is extracted, lignocellulose structure, fiber extraction method and subsequent treatment to enhance properties. This review, therefore, presents the basics of lignocellulose fiber potential and insight into selected deliberation related to fiber level characterization in light of micromechanical analysis for new biocomposite under development. Included in this review, there are considerations to be potted during characterization at fiber level. For fiber diameter measurement and estimation, the following considerations are reported in this paper: measurement method validation, proper cross-section and fiber geometry assumption, lignocellulose structure and internal holes; enough sample consideration, incorporation of analytical method for cross checking. Likewise consideration during estimating fiber density, single fiber tensile strength and stiffness are review and discussed in this review.

Dark energy stars in the context of black holes — The physical profiles

The dark energy star is a hypothetical model proposed as an alternative to address problems related to the structure of black holes (BHs), such as the presence of singularities. While dark energy star models have been previously explored, their application to BHs remains unexplored. This paper aims to investigate the concept of dark energy stars and compare their properties to BHs. The primary objective is to explore the physical profiles of dark energy stars and evaluate their similarity to the physical properties of BHs described by the Schwarzschild solution. To achieve this, specific properties of the dark energy star models need to be satisfied in the context of BHs, and their physical profiles are studied. The metric function [Formula: see text] proposed by M. R. Finch and J. E. F. Skea [Class. Quantum Grav. 6, 467 (1989)], as adopted by A. Banerjee, M. K. Jasim and A. Pradhan [Mod. Phys. Lett. A 35, 2050071 (2020), arXiv:1911.09546 [gr-qc]], is used and parametrized, making it close to BH spacetimes. The findings show that the model exhibits properties similar to BHs in terms of the stellar radius, compactness, surface redshift, and nature of gravity. Specifically, the dark energy star model behaves like BHs with a dark energy parameter [Formula: see text], satisfying all energy conditions. However, it should be noted that the investigation is limited to static spherically symmetric cases and further studies are required to explore the model in rotating cases. Overall, this study sheds light on the potential of dark energy star models in explaining BH properties and presents promising avenues for further research in understanding the nature of BHs and dark energy.

Topological dyonic black holes of massive gravity with generalized quasitopological electromagnetism

In this paper we investigate new dyonic black holes of massive gravity sourced by generalized quasitopological electromagnetism in arbitrary dimensions. We begin by deriving the exact solution to the field equations defining these black holes and look at how graviton’s mass, dimensionality parameter, and quasitopological electromagnetic field affect the horizon structure of anti-de Sitter dyonic black holes. We also explore the asymptotic behaviour of the curvature invariants at both the origin and infinity to analyze the geometric structure of the resultant black holes. We also compute the conserved and thermodynamic quantities of these dyonic black holes with the help of established techniques and known formulas. After investigating the relevancy of first law, we look at how various parameters influence the local thermodynamic stability of resultant black hole solution. We also examine how thermal fluctuations affect the local stability of dyonic black holes in massive gravity. Finally, we study the shadow cast of the black hole.

Influence of Shaped Hole and Seed Disturbance on the Precision of Bunch Planting with the Double-Hole Rice Vacuum Seed Meter

The double-hole rice vacuum seed meter is critical equipment for the planting precision of rice direct seeding. The effects of shaped holes and seed disturbance on the precision of rice bunch planting were investigated to improve the precision of bunch planting with the double-hole rice vacuum seed meter. A test bench with the rice vacuum seed meter was set up to analyze the trends in the quality of feed index, miss index, and multiple index of seed meters with different shaped holes at different speeds and vacuum pressures. Based on the optimal hole structure, different seed disturbance structures were designed to investigate the influence of the seed disturbance structure on the precision of bunch planting. A multiple linear regression model was established for the relationship between the disturbance structure, vacuum pressure, rotational speed, and the precision of bunch planting. Discrete element numerical simulation experiments were carried out to analyze the effect of disturbance structures on seeds. The planting precision of the seed meter with the shaped hole was significantly higher than that of the seed meter without the shaped hole while the shaped hole B was the optimum structure. Disturbance structure affects the quality of feed index, multiple index rate, and miss index. The planting precision of the seed disturbance structure II was better than the other structures. At a speed of 60 rpm and vacuum pressures of 2.0 kPa, 2.4 kPa, and 2.8 kPa, the qualities of feed index of seed disturbance structure II were 90%, 91.11%, and 89.17%, respectively, and the miss indexes were 2.96%, 1.94%, and 1.57%, respectively. At high rotational speeds, the precision of rice bunch planting with the seed disturbance structure is better than that without the seed disturbance structure. In the simulation test, the seed velocity and total force magnitude of the meter without disturbance structures were less than those with the disturbed structure. Simulation experiments showed that the seed disturbance structure breaks up the stacked state of seeds. Research has shown that the shaped hole holds the seed in a stable suction posture, which helps to increase the seed-filling rate. Seed disturbance improves seed mobility, thereby enhancing the precision of bunch planting.

Low-frequency ultrasonic array imaging for detecting concrete structural defects in blind zones

Ultrasonic array (UA) imaging is a promising non-destructive testing (NDT) method that is extensively used for defect detection. Due to the high attenuation characteristics of ultrasonic wave propagation in concrete structures and the directivity of sensors, the total focus method (TFM) easily misses specific defects in blind zones that are far from the sensors or located at a large deflection angle. To overcome this limitation, the diffusion attenuation compensation factor and solid directivity correction factor are adopted to improve the scattered signal energy of defects that are in blind zones. On this basis, the diffusion attenuation compensation method (DACM), the solid directivity correction method (SDCM), and the diffusion attenuation compensation-based solid directivity correction method (DAC-SDCM) are proposed. These methods are applied to characterize multiple circular holes in concrete structures using the dry point contact (DPC) low-frequency UA, and the detection results are evaluated from the intensity curve and detection area of ultrasonic images. The numerical and experimental results indicate that DACM is suitable for detecting defects located at longer distances, SDCM is capable of detecting defects located at larger deflection angles, and DAC-SDCM can significantly improve the detection performance of defects that are distant and have large deflection angles. The findings demonstrate that the proposed methods can significantly improve the detection ability of defects in blind zones and broaden the application of DPC low-frequency UA in the health monitoring of concrete structures.

Organizing coopetitive tensions: Collaborative consumption in project ecologies

The discourse of social organizing in projects centres on temporary-permanent relationships across projects and between projects and embedded organizations. Less explored are temporary-temporary relationships within project ecologies. We investigate the practice of collaborative consumption in project ecologies as a form of such relationships. Specifically, we focus on tensions arising from contradictory logics of cooperation and competition in these temporary and ad-hoc strategic interactions. Based on the case of the construction industry, our results elaborate how coopetitive tensions shape the extent and forms of these ad-hoc temporary interactions among stakeholders to guide innovation in project supply chains. Beyond the limitations of broad strategic collaborations, these innovations promote the prospects for joint specializations, collective commitments, strategic resource dependences and more permeable organizational boundaries. But organizing these ad-hoc strategic interactions requires additional regulatory frameworks, as well as alternative artifacts, such as a digital platform for brokering structural holes in information relating supply and demand. Our study extends the stakeholder discourse in project studies through empirical research into emerging forms of temporary ad-hoc stakeholder interactions rather than broad strategic collaborations. Understanding these ad-hoc interactions and associated coopetitive tensions instigates a wider range of social organizing in project ecologies.

Nested Markets and the Transition of the Agro-Marketing System towards Sustainability

We are currently witnessing a global transition (albeit slow) towards new, more sustainable models of development and consumption. This transition activates and highlights a series of discrepancies between the various actors in agri-food marketing systems, including the institutions that govern regulatory and trade aspects. These discrepancies highlight that the global agri-marketing system does not provide adequate responses to the principles of sustainability. This is due to a mixture of opportunism, information asymmetries, and ‘lock-in effects’, which create serious market failures. This, in turn, brings structural holes, in which new forms of exchange are born. We identify these as nested markets: hybrid market forms that often use new information technologies and create a new form of proximity in which reciprocity and reputation play a central role. In this article, we argue that the market is not only the place where prices and quantities are assessed. Markets are complex social spaces, where more-or-less stable relationships are formed, based on values of reciprocity and reputation that contain opportunism. This article discusses the many well-documented cases of new markets. This article argues that these new markets are characterized by a strong specificity of the resources used (that include territory, sustainability, and solidarity).

Constructive development and design justification of the protective shell of a nuclear reactor made of reinforced concrete

Introduction. This paper provides materials justifying the introduction of a new constructive solution for the reinforced concrete protective shell of a nuclear reactor in a prefabricated and monolithic design.
 
 Aim. Among the tasks that were set during the development of the constructive solution, the main one was to ensure the work of reinforced concrete for compression under all types of loading and the perception of tensile forces by ropes that are in a free state, available for maintenance and operation.
 
 Materials and methods. The calculations were performed by the finite element method using a software package MicroFe-StaDiCon for calculation of the spatial structures for strength, stability and vibrations.
 
 Results. A fundamentally new constructive solution has been developed for the protective shell of the nuclear reactor of the NPP, consisting of reinforced concrete elements in the form of cylindrical folds with a bulge directed towards possible external and internal force emergency effects, including the explosion of the reactor. Variants of protective shells have been developed with the elaboration of fundamental technical solutions for unified folded elements made of reinforced concrete with the possibility of their monolithic and prefabricated manufacture. A scheme of open arrangement and tensioning of cable bundles with tension transfer to pre-fabricated structures of the inner and outer parts of the protective shell is proposed.
 
 Conclusions. This design solution provides compressive forces in reinforced concrete of the folds of the inner and outer parts of the protective shell from the load during loading, which prevents the formation of cracks in them. The tensile forces in the shell are perceived by the prestressed reinforcement located inside its structure, free for maintenance and control. In the process of work, fundamental solutions have been developed for the structural nodal joints of prefabricated folded reinforced concrete elements, technological holes in the shell structure and the implementation of prestressing in it. A comparative technical and economic analysis of the proposed and existing inner protective shell showed the possibility of reducing concrete consumption by 1.5–2 times, non-stressed reinforcement by 3–4 times, construction time by 4 times.