Hole-burning Phenomenon Research Articles

Single-Longitudinal-Mode Laser at 1123 nm Based on a Twisted-Mode Cavity

A single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) Neodymiun-doped Yttrium Aluminium Garnet (Nd:YAG) laser at 1123 nm was first demonstrated with a twisted-mode (TM) cavity. By eliminating the spatial hole burning phenomenon, a stable SLM 1123 nm laser output was obtained. An efficient TM cavity was designed based on the Brewster plate with high reflection under s-polarization radiation. At an incident pump power of 7.65 W, the maximum output power of 689 mW was obtained. The corresponding optical conversion efficiency was about 9%. The center wavelength was 1122.58 nm and the line-width was <140 MHz.

Surface plasmon hole burning via doppler broadening

The hole burning phenomenon is investigated in a five-level atomic configuration at the interface of cesium and gold in the presence of Doppler broadening. The group index and refractive index of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) becomes equal in the hole burning region, which display that the phase and group velocities of SPPs are matched. The propagation length during absorption of SPPs decreases with the decrease of absorption, while there are increases with amplification of SPPs. This study could have significant applications in optical storage devices, telecommunication, imaging, and enhancement of plasmonster memory.

A Scanning Optical Quantum Magnetometer Based on the Hole Burning Phenomenon

A scanning optical quantum magnetometer with submicron spatial resolution is proposed that is based on the phenomenon of hole burning in the signal of optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) on atomic-sized color centers in silicon carbide crystals under conditions of spin level saturation by means of additional high-frequency resonance pumping. An increase in the sensitivity is achieved due to narrowing of the ODMR line and increasing slope of the dependence of signal frequency on the magnetic field.

Сканирующий оптический квантовый магнитометр, основанный на явлении выжигания провалов

A scanning optical quantum magnetometer with submicron spatial resolution is proposed. It is based on the physical phenomenon of hole burning in an optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) signal. This signal has been registered on spin colour centers of atomic size in silicon carbide under conditions of a saturation of spin levels by additional high-frequency resonance pumping. The increase in sensitivity is due to the narrowing of the ODMR line and an increase in the slope of the dependence of the signal frequency on the magnetic field.

Coherent hole burnings induced without saturation field in a Doppler broaden four-level N-type atomic system

We display the phenomenon of the hole burning which appearing without saturation field under the effect of different parameters. Theoretically the effect of spontaneously generating coherence (SGC) on the probe polarization spectrum in a Doppler broadened four-level N-type atomic system are investigated when the two driven and probe fields are arranged in copropagating and counterpropagating configurations which play an important role in appearing the coherent hole-burning (CHB) phenomenon. The condition of appearing the hole burning in the polarization spectrum at the presence of spontaneously generating coherence (SGC) and the nonradiative decay rates is that the wave number fields are different.

Gaussian field induced spectral hole burning in a Doppler broadened system and spontaneously generated coherence

The hole burning phenomenon is investigated for a four-level N-type atomic system interacting with three electromagnetic fields. The fields have a typical Gaussian transverse profile, in the presence of a Doppler broadening medium and spontaneously generated coherence due to nearby decaying levels. We present numerical results for the probe susceptibility via non-perturbative treatment of the density matrix elements solution. Some interesting features are enhanced for the spectral hole burning behaviors such as gain spectral hole burning and resonant fluorescence line narrowing. Also, the phenomenon of suppression of spectral curve, the propagation of slow and fast light in the system have been focused.

Ultrasharp nonlinear photothermal and photoacoustic resonances and holes beyond the spectral limit.

High-resolution nonlinear laser spectroscopy based on absorption saturation, Lamb-dip and spectral hole-burning phenomena have contributed much to basic and applied photonics. Here, a laser spectroscopy based on nonlinear photothermal and photoacoustic phenomena is presented. It shows ultrasharp resonances and dips up to a few nanometres wide in broad plasmonic spectra of nanoparticles. It also demonstrates narrowing of absorption spectra of dyes and chromophores, as well as an increase in the sensitivity and resolution of the spectral hole-burning technique. This approach can permit the study of laser-nanoparticle interactions at a level of resolution beyond the spectral limits, identification of weakly absorbing spectral holes, spectral optimization of photothermal nanotherapy, measurements of tiny red and blue plasmon resonance shifts, multispectral imaging and multicolour cytometry.

Theoretical study of nonlinear electromagnetically induced absorption in four-level atomic system

In the n-type four-level atomic system, we have studied the nonlinear theory of electromagnetically induced absorption. The results show that the probe light Rabi frequency and the attenuation distribution coefficient A affect the nonlinear absorption and then the absorption of a medium. When the probe light intensity is weak, the absorption of the medium and the linear absorption are the same, showing the characteristics of electromagnetic induction absorption. When the probe light intensity is increased, the absorption of the medium and the linear absorption are no longer the same, and now the medium absorption curve will show hole burning phenomenon, and then it will show the gain phenomenon. At the same time, the nonlinear absorption is affected by the value of A. Even if the probe light is weak, the medium absorption will change the electromagnetic induction absorption into the gain phenomenon with the A value decreasing.

Detection of Hole Burning Phenomena in Piezoelectric Powders

We studied the hole burning phenomena by applying RF pulses to piezoelectric resonator, whose dimensions and resonance frequencies were slightly different from each other. The traces were well printed on the absorption spectrum of resonators, and were well described with the Fourier components of applied pulses. We detected the coherent pulses, which were originated from the powder oscillation with the frequency components of the holes. The pulses had the same intervals as the intervals of applied pulses for holes.

On the assignment of PSHB in D1/D2/ cytb559 reaction centers

We re-visit the phenomenon of persistent spectral hole-burning (PSHB) in isolated PS II reaction centers in light of advances in the understanding of the overall electronic structure of PS II. A recent analysis of non-selective photochemical hole-burning and the consequent changes in CD spectra associated with the photo-reduction of PheoD1 (the primary electron acceptor) supports an analysis in which very substantial and non-correlated chlorin site-energy inhomogeneity leads to a range of realizations of the exciton structure of reaction centers. The lowest energy excited state can be described as predominantly involving the dominantly ChlD1 (the primary acceptor) exciton, but in a significant fraction of centers the lowest excited state is a dominantly PheoD2 (the inactive pheophytin) exciton. The narrow linewidth of PSHB reported a decade ago in these systems, with homogeneous holewidths approaching that corresponding to the radiative lifetime, along with our ability to reproduce the published PSHB action spectrum, leads to the suggestion that aspects of hole-burning in these systems can be attributed to centers in which the exciton realizations lead to a predominantly PheoD2 character as the lowest energy exciton. This assignment is discussed in terms of models of the PS II reaction center.

The assignment of Qy(1,0) vibrational structure and Qx for chlorophyll a

We used non-photochemical persistent spectral hole-burning at 1.4 K to investigate the Qy(1,0) vibrational structure of Chl a in a water-soluble chlorophyll-binding protein (WSCP) which exhibits resolved structure in its broadband optical spectra. FranckCondon vibrational overlap factors were determined from the vibrational hole-burning data and used to simulate the Qy(1,0) spectra. The simulations were not able to accurately reproduce the details of the Qy(1,0) spectrum. This indicates a breakdown of the approximations used for the analysis and demonstrates that vibrationally induced mixing of electronic states (vibronic coupling) is active for Chl a. By considering the inhomogeneous broadening and vibrational hole-burning phenomena in the Qx and Qy(1,0) region of Chl-WSCP in addition to magnetic circular dichroism data, we favor the traditional placement of Qx at λ∼570–590 nm rather than the alternate assignment underneath the Qy(1,0) absorption near λ∼615–630 nm.

Long-delay engraving and recovery of chirped femtosecond pulses by spectro-temporal holography in spectral hole-burning molecular solids

The persistent spectral hole-burning (PSHB) phenomenon observed in molecular doped polymers cooled down to liquid helium temperatures allows the engraving of spectral structures in the inhomogeneous absorption profile of the material. Therefore, a PSHB molecular-doped solid can be programmed in the spectral domain and then converted in an optical processor capable to achieve user-defined optical functions. We demonstrate the high storage capacity of naphthalocyanine-doped polymer materials by engraving and retrieving the phase information stored in femtosecond-chirped pulses, even with nanosecond time delay, which correspond to information registered with sub-GHz spectral resolution. Perspectives for the coherent control of light fields or photochemical processes are also evoked.

Anisotropic Thermochemical Hole Burning Phenomenon on TTF−TCNQ Single Crystal

A remarkable anisotropic thermochemical hole burning (THB) phenomenon was observed on TTF−TCNQ charge-transfer complex when using a STM tip to write information bits on its single-crystal surface. Such an anisotropy of hole formation was found to be closely related to the anisotropic thermal conducting property of TTF−TCNQ crystal, strongly supporting a nanometer scale thermochemical reaction mechanism. The high thermal conductivity of TTF−TCNQ leads to a very weak dependence of hole size on the pulse duration within a certain time scale, which was never observed with ammonium−TCNQ complexes. Comparative studies using isotropic thermal conducting TEA(TCNQ)2 complex and theoretical analyses were performed for elucidating the unique hole burning properties of TTF−TCNQ complex. The thermal gravimetry combined with mass spectrometry (TG−MS) of TTF−TCNQ was also done for a detailed understanding of the thermochemical decomposition reaction.

Aspects of hole burning and spectro-temporal holography in molecular doped solids (Review)

The persistent spectral hole-burning (PSHB) phenomenon has been known since 1974. It is still an important research area for the study of the intimacy of complex molecular systems in the solid state, revealing high-resolution spectra, photophysics, photochemistry, and dynamics of molecular doped amorphous media, organic as well as inorganic. From another point of view, PSHB allows the engraving of any spectral structures in the inhomogeneous absorption band profile of molecular doped amorphous hosts or ion doped crystals cooled down to liquid helium temperatures. Therefore, a PSHB material is programmable in the spectral domain and consequently it can be transformed in an optical processor capable of achieving user-defined optical functions. Some aspects of both fields are illustrated in the present paper. Concerning the search for efficient PSHB materials, the hole-burning performances and the photophysics of polymer and xerogel based systems are compared. The problem of high-temperature persistent spectral hole-burning materials and the search for new frequency selective photosensitive systems for fast optical pulse processing at 800nm are considered. Regarding the points treated, inorganic hosts based on silicate xerogels or porous glasses have shown the best results. Moreover, by combining inorganic and organic capabilities or by grafting organic species to the host, hybrid xerogels have not yet revealed all possibilities. Also, the interest of two-photon materials for engraving spectral features with near-infrared or infrared light is developed. As an introduction to possible applications of PSHB material, the basics of spectro-temporal holography are remembered and a demonstrative experiment using a naphthalocyanine-doped polymer film is described, proving that the temporal aberration free recompression of ultrashort light pulses is feasible, therefore opening a way for applications in ultrashort light pulse shaping. Aspects for a comparison between cw hole-burning and femtosecond spectro-temporal experiments are considered, and prospects for coherent control of light fields or photochemical processes are also evoked.

Spectrally selective molecular doped solids: spectroscopy, photophysics and their application to ultrafast optical pulse processing

The persistent spectral hole-burning (PSHB) phenomenon observed in molecular doped polymers cooled down to liquid helium temperatures allows the engraving of spectral structures in the inhomogeneous absorption profile of the material. This phenomenon known since 1974 has became a fruitful field for the study of the intimacy of complex molecular systems in the solid state, revealing high-resolution spectroscopy, photophysics, photochemistry and dynamics of molecular doped amorphous media, organic as well as inorganic. A PSHB molecular doped solid can be programmed in spectral domain and therefore, it can be converted in an optical processor capable to achieve user-defined optical functions. Some aspects of this field are illustrated in the present paper. An application is presented where a naphthalocyanine doped polymer film is used in a demonstrative experiment to prove that temporal aberration free re-compression of ultra-short light pulses is feasible. Perspectives for the coherent control of light fields or photochemical processes are also evoked.

Phonon hole burning in metallic powder

We detected a hole burning phenomenon in metallic powder of acoustic resonators, excited by static and RF magnetic fields. A change of the characteristics of oscillation was introduced by large amplitude excitation and detected as a hole in the impedance spectrum of the RF coil surrounding the metallic powder. This hole burning mechanism is speculated to be related with the pinning out of dislocations, similar to the case of hole burning phenomenon in a piezoelectric powder.

Coherent hole-burning phenomenon in a Doppler broadened three-level -type atomic system

In a Doppler broadened three-level Λ-type atomic system, we investigate the absorption spectrum of a weak probe laser in the presence of a saturating laser and a coupling laser. We find that, in order to observe coherent hole-burnings effectively, the two lower levels should be so well spaced that atomic collisions can be neglected, and the saturating (coupling) laser should counter-propagate (co-propagate) with the probe laser. We also give a qualitative analysis to understand the physical origin of coherent hole-burnings.

Comparison of coherent induced hole-burning between Λ, V and ladder systems

In this Letter, we investigate the novel coherent hole-burning phenomena in three different three-level Doppler broadening atomic Rb 87 systems. In the Λ model, coherent burning holes depend on Rabi frequency and detuning of the saturating laser as well as the nonradiative decay rate between ground levels. Comparing with V and Ladder models, we find that coherent burning holes in the Λ model are the most obvious.

Room temperature persistent spectral hole burning of Eu 3+ ions doped in sol–gel derived glasses

The persistent spectral hole-burning (PSHB) phenomenon was investigated for Eu 3+-ion-doped Al 2O 3–SiO 2 glasses prepared by the sol–gel method. The efficiency of hole burning, burned at low temperature ∼77 K, was proportionally increased with the content of OH groups surrounding the Eu 3+ ions. The proposed mechanism for hole burning is the optically activated rearrangement of the OH bonds surrounding the Eu 3+ ions. The burned hole was thermally refilled and erased above ∼200 K. On the other hand, the glass irradiated with X-rays showed PSHB up to room temperature. It is considered that the hole is formed by electron transfer between the Eu 3+ ions and the excited Eu 3+ or defect centers. The lifetime of the hole was estimated as ∼1.5×10 5 s at 200 K.

Lifetime of phonon holes

We studied phonon hole burning phenomena where piezoelectric particles resonantly absorb RF electric field, which is similar to the hole burning by light energy absorption. The phonon hole lifetime was measured under the condition of constant temperature and heat treatment. The lifetime was monitored by the value of its complex impedance of the capacitor filled with piezoelectric particles. The hole written with a small number of RF pulses changed its shape even under constant temperature, but that with a large number of pulses kept its shape for longer than 20 h. And the holes under heat treatment largely changed their shape. These results were well explained with crystal dislocations, which changed the oscillation characteristics of particles to form a hole and whose density decreased by heat treatment.