Space Patterns Research Articles

Combined effects of urban forests on land surface temperature and PM2.5 pollution in the winter and summer

The interactions and mechanisms among green space patterns, air quality and thermal environments are not well understood. This study aimed to identify co-benefits of urban forest pattern indicators (UFIs) in reducing PM2.5 on highly polluted winter days and providing cooling on hot summer days. We selected urban core areas of seven cities in Jiangsu Province, China as a study case, and obtained data from MODIS, Landsat 8, Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 remote sensing images and products. The results showed that on a heavily polluted winter day, all four UFIs (area, patch density, mean shape index and aggregation index) had significantly negative total effects on PM2.5. The effect of area on PM2.5 was suppressed by LST, and other UFIs’ effects on PM2.5 were partially or fully mediated by LST. On a hot summer day, all four UFIs except patch density had significantly negative total effects on LST. The effect of patch density on LST was suppressed by PM2.5, and the effects of other UFIs on LST were partially mediated by PM2.5. This study indicated that increasing area, shape complexity and aggregation level of urban forest patches could reduce PM2.5 on highly polluted winter days and provide cooling on hot summer days.

Cooling effects in urban communities: Parsing green spaces and building shadows

The thermal environment in urban communities significantly impacts the comfort and well-being of residents. Reducing the surface temperature in these areas is critical for improving the quality of life of residents and mitigating the urban heat island effect. Various factors, including buildings, roads, and green spaces, can influence the cooling effects in community areas. However, there is currently a lack of research focusing on examining the relationship between the surface temperature and community characteristics in urban settings. In this paper, using highly urbanized Beijing as an example, 1-m spatial resolution imagery (GaoFen-2) was used to extract 241 communities with different vegetation and building characteristics. High-resolution surface temperature data, calculated using the Google Earth Engine (GEE), facilitated the investigation of the cooling efficiency of surfaces in communities. We then evaluated the contributions of the green space ratio, building shadows, and green space pattern to the surface temperature. This study revealed the following: (1) an inverse nonlinear relationship was found between the green space ratio and surface temperature. The cooling efficiency decreased by 2/3 when the green space ratio exceeded 0.43–0.46. (2) The proportions of green spaces and building shadows were the primary drivers of cooling, accounting for more than 85% of the overall cooling effect. (3) In communities with high-rise buildings, the cooling effect of building shadows was greater than that of vegetation patterns. This study could provide a reference for renovating existing communities and planning green spaces in newly developed urban areas.

Sub-micrometre focusing of intense 100 keV X-rays with multilayer reflective optics.

A high-flux sub-micrometre focusing system was constructed using multilayer focusing mirrors in Kirkpatrick-Baez geometry for 100 keV X-rays. The focusing mirror system had a wide bandwidth of 5% and a high peak reflectivity of 74%. Performance was evaluated at the undulator beamline BL05XU of SPring-8, which produced an intense 100 keV X-ray beam with a bandwidth of 1%. When the light source was focused directly in both vertical and horizontal directions, the beam size was measured to be 0.32 µm (V) × 5.3 µm (H) with a flux of 1 × 1012 photons s-1. However, when a limited horizontal slit was used to form a secondary source, the focusing beam size decreased to 0.25 µm (V) × 0.26 µm (H) with a flux of 6 × 1010 photons s-1. The 200 nm line and space patterns of a Siemens star chart made of tantalum were clearly resolved by the absorption contrast of the focused beam. This 100 keV focusing system is applicable to various fields of nondestructive analyses with sub-micrometre resolutions.

Theoretical Logic and Implementation Path of Comprehensive Land Consolidation for Promoting Common Prosperity: A Case Study of Ningbo City

Eliminating poverty and achieving social justice are global concerns. China has focused on common prosperity. Comprehensive land consolidation is a potential policy tool that can contribute to common prosperity, but its effectiveness and implementation methods are yet to be verified and discussed. Therefore, we construct an analytical framework to understand how comprehensive land consolidation promotes common prosperity. The pilot area for comprehensive land consolidation in Ningbo City is used as a qualitative case study. The research results indicate that comprehensive land consolidation focuses on development and sharing to promote high-quality socio-economic development, social fairness, and justice. The paths for achieving development included the following: (1) a network governance structure consisting of multiple entities to enhance land governance; (2) various consolidation activities were conducted at the town scale to optimize the functionality and spatial pattern of public spaces; and (3) enabling the flow of urban and rural factors for improved resource allocation efficiency and providing an impetus for industrial development. The paths for achieving sharing included clarifying collective land ownership and promoting land transactions to provide diverse land values and ensure a shared distribution. This research provides new insights applicable to other Chinese cities and numerous developing countries engaged in land consolidation to address social distribution issues.

Water collection and transportation on superhydrophilic/superhydrophobic bioinspired heterogeneous wettability surface

In recent years, the ability of superhydrophilic/superhydrophobic bioinspired heterogeneous wettability (SSBHW) surfaces to collect freshwater has gained significant attention due to their potential to mitigate water scarcity. Inspired by nature’s creatures, this paper presents an SSBHW surface that can efficiently collect freshwater resources from the atmosphere, drawing inspiration from cactus needles and spider silk spindles. The superhydrophobic (SHO) surface was prepared by wet etching and low surface energy modification on copper surface. Based on the SHO surface, the superhydrophilic (SHI) patterns consisting of spindle-shaped and wedge-shaped were constructed by laser ablation. The prepared SHI pattern was not only trapped airborne droplets but also enabled the directional transport of droplets. To enhance the efficiency of water collection, the smaller spindle-shaped pattern spacing in the SHO region was designed, which help to transport the condensed water quickly towards the SHI region because of the surface energy gradient force. The synergistic effect between the advantages offered by the SHO and SHI surfaces results in a significant improvement in water collection efficiency. The water collection efficiency of the SSBHW surface is 870 mg cm−2 h−1, which is 3.32 and 2.2 times higher than that of the SHI and SHO surfaces, respectively. In addition, the mechanism of enhancement of the moisture harvesting behavior of inhomogeneous wettable surfaces was analyzed. This work provides a new strategy for the study of catchment surfaces, making it an effective solution for obtaining fresh water resources in arid regions.

Dihedral rings of patterns emerging from a Turing bifurcation

Collective organisation of patterns into ring-like configurations has been well-studied when patterns are subject to either weak or semi-strong interactions. However, little is known numerically or analytically about their formation when the patterns are strongly interacting. We prove that approximate strongly interacting patterns can emerge in various ring-like dihedral configurations, bifurcating from quiescence near a Turing instability in generic two-component reaction-diffusion systems. The methods used are constructive and provide accurate initial conditions for numerical continuation methods to path-follow these ring-like patterns in parameter space. Our analysis is complemented by numerical investigations that illustrate our findings.

Spatial suitability evaluation based on multisource data and random forest algorithm: a case study of Yulin, China

With a large population and rapid urbanization, there are still many challenges to optimize the ecological-agricultural-urban space. Here, taking Yulin City, situated on the Loess Plateau of China as a case in point, we explored the spatial suitability evaluation of ecological-agricultural-urban space. Building upon the Chinese government’s concept of “resource and environmental carrying capacity and territorial development suitability evaluation” (hereinafter referred to as “double evaluation”), this study applies machine learning to the planning of ecological-agricultural-urban space. It explores an intelligent evaluation method for land space patterns using multi-source data. Based on the random forest (RF) algorithm and geographic information system (GIS), resulting in evaluated spatial patterns for ecological-agricultural-urban in the Yulin area. The results showed the constructed random forest models achieved an accuracy of 93% for ecology, 90% for agriculture, and 92% for urban space in Yulin City on the test dataset. By means of suitability analysis, the results indicated that the extremely important ecological space were predominantly located in the southwestern and eastern regions of the study area, while suitable space for agricultural production were primarily scattered throughout the southeast. In contrast, suitable space for urban construction were concentrated mainly in the central part of the study area. The use of machine learning has proven to be effective in addressing multicollinearity among spatial evaluation factors across three different areas. By eliminating human subjectivity in weight assignment during evaluation, it introduces fresh perspectives for land space planning and status assessment. These findings may offer support for the scientific delineation of ecological-agricultural-urban space (three districts and three lines) in China.

Management of speargrass [<i>Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel</i>] in of southern agro-ecologies of Nigeria

Speargrass [Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel] infestation limits crop growth and yield. The effects of tillage methods, kenaf genotypes, and plant spacing patterns were studied for speargrass suppression at Eruwa (Derived Savanna) and Kishi (Southern Guinea Savanna) in 2015 and 2016. These were randomized in a Split-split plot design with three replicates. Agronomic data collected were analyzed, and the means were separated at P ≤ 0.05. Results showed that tillage enhanced weed control efficiency (10%), improved I. cylindrica suppression, and kenaf performance, relative to plant sown in no-till plots at both locations. The bast-fibre yield was higher in Ifeken DI 400 than in Ifeken 400 at Eruwa, but genotypes had similar bast-fibre yield at Kishi. Also, both genotypes had comparable I. cylindrica biomass and weed control efficiency at Kishi, while Ifeken 400 had higher weed control efficiency than Ifeken DI 400 at Eruwa, due to better suppression of I. cylindrica. The agronomic traits measured and weed control efficiency (WCE %) had a substantial inverse relationship with I. cylindrical growth at both locations. Tillage improved bast fibre yield (26 – 32%), core fibre yield (20 – 28%), and seed yield (26 – 59 %) relative to no-tilled plots. Ifeken 400 showed superior weed-suppressive traits and optimum fibre yield to Ifeken DI 400 at both locations. Tilling speargrass-infested land, with kenaf plant spacing of 50 cm × 10 cm and 50 cm × 15 cm with early canopy formation and better weed suppression are considered for an integratedspeargrass management scheme.

Experimental study on flow characteristics of ash band in a cyclone separator using HPIV techniques

In a reversed cyclone separator, the ash bands were frequently observed on the wall surface, which were formed by the separated particles and rotated down. Nevertheless, the flow characteristics of the ash bands are rarely measured and discussed in the previous literatures. In this study, the flow characteristics of the ash bands were experimentally investigated by use of the High-speed Particle Image Velocimetry (HPIV) method. The experiments were conducted on a ϕ160mm cyclone at inlet velocity of 12, 16, 20 m/s and inlet concentration of 30, 50, 70, 100 g/m3. The test powders were catalyst and iron powder. The ash band's geometric characteristics, including width, slope angle and pitch, were extracted through advanced image analysis algorithms. Results revealed that the slope angle and pitch of the ash band were different in the cylindrical section and cone section. The width decreased as the ash band moved downwardly. Additionally, the ash band's flow parameters were measured. As the particle movement changed from suspension pattern in the separation space to sliding pattern on the wall surface along the radial, the particle velocities decreased. And the particle velocities further decreased as ash band forming. Particle velocities exhibited non-uniform and fluctuating behavior within the ash band. Notably, the velocities were lower in the central region of the ash band than that at the outer layer. Meanwhile, the particle concentration gradually increased, leading to a particle concentration in the ash band being 450 times higher than the inlet concentration. Along the axial, the ash band averaged velocity initially increased in the cylindrical section and then decreased in the cone section, varied with the inlet velocity, inlet concentration and particle properties such as particle size and density. This study revealed mechanisms behind particle aggregation in cyclone separator and analyzed the dynamic flow characteristics of ash band in detail.

In their own language: cues guiding sticky spiral placement by Micrathena duodecimspinosa (Araneae: Araneidae)

Abstract Orb-web construction behaviour, a classic example of ‘innate’ behaviour, is highly flexible. Determining which cues guide construction behaviour is complicated by the strong correlations between some variables, and the difficulty of manipulating of some web variables in biologically realistic ways. This study utilized a new experimental technique, adding sticky lines to webs during construction, to examine cues that guide sticky spiral spacing. Deflections and subsequent reductions in spacing produced by experiments that involved relatively long radii resembled the reduced spacing pattern on short radii in control webs; radius length was thus not the cue eliciting reduced spacing in control webs. An alternative, that smaller inter-radius distances elicited reduced spacing, was supported by experimentally removing radii to increase the distances between radii. The new technique also elicited variation in responses that suggested that spiders may use mental cues such as memories or expectations of line positions to guide sticky spiral placement.

The spatial response of carbon storage to territorial space composition and landscape pattern changes: A case study of the Fujian Delta urban agglomeration, China.

Understanding the impact mechanisms of territorial space composition and landscape pattern changes on carbon storage is critical to balance the development and utilization of territorial space and the conservation of the ecosystem. Thus, taking the Fujian Delta urban agglomeration (FDUA) of China as an example, this paper analyzed the impact of the transference in territorial space composition and the change in the coupling coordination degree (CCD) of landscape patterns on carbon storage based on the urban-rural gradient and grid scales. Results illustrated that the areas of agricultural, green, and blue spaces continued to decline, while the intensity of economic space expansion increased from 20.86 to 42.45% during 2000-2020. The grids with CCD change of landscape patterns declined mainly (accounting for 64.31%) in the first decade and rose mainly (accounting for 76.79%) in the second decade. The carbon loss of each under rural gradient was gradually serious. The percentage of grids with moderate and significant decrease in carbon storage escalated from 27.83 to 70.21%. Additionally, grids experiencing high carbon loss moved from the northeast coast to the southwest inland. The response of carbon storage change showed that the expansion of agricultural space occupied by economic space played a crucial role in the carbon loss in each urban-rural gradient. The carbon loss caused by supplementing agricultural space with green space increased from the urban to the field. Enhancing the CCD of landscape patterns can boost carbon storage, and the scattering expansion of economic space needs to be avoided. This paper provides a novel perspective to explore the spatial response of carbon storage change to the territorial space composition and landscape pattern evolution, which is important to optimize the territorial space pattern and improve the regional carbon sink capacity.

Finding the longest delay paths for the array-form multipliers using a genetic algorithm

Traditional digital multipliers are often designed in array forms or other variants. Timing of array-form multipliers can be analyzed by static timing analysis (STA), but the obtained timing result is conservative and pessimistic. Although statistical static timing analysis (SSTA) can partly solve the pessimism, it still does not generate test patterns for those near-to-longest delay paths. Finding near-to-longest delay paths can be helpful to designing error tolerant circuits, with which aggressive timing (with timing violation) can be exploited. In such design scenarios one should find test vectors to activate those near-to-longest delay paths in order to further run SPICE-precision diagnose on those potential timing violating critical paths. Test vector generation for such a testing problem is essentially an exhaustive enumeration problem when dealing with different forms of array multipliers. However, large size multipliers would result in an extremely large enumeration space for finding the longest delay path (LDP) test vectors. Currently there is no deterministic method that can guarantee to find test vectors for exact LDPs of a large size multiplier. Only very few research papers have addressed this problem, proposals are limited to heuristic methods without guarantee of finding the LDPs with the testing vectors. This paper investigates the potential of a genetic algorithm (GA) for searching the extensive test pattern space. By a fine design of GA, experimental running shows that a combination of well tuned evolutionary operators does empower the possibility of finding the LDPs for a set of moderate size carry-save adders (CSA) multipliers with the wordlength (WL) up to 25 bits on a plain laptop computer. Statistical properties of the proposed GA are examined.

Identifying regime shifts, transients and late warning signals for proactive ecosystem management

Conservation Biology fosters the study of Earth's ecosystems and biodiversity aiming at protecting species and their habitats from menaces causing the erosion of biotic interactions and extinctions. Its ultimate goal is to preserve biodiversity and promote sustainable ecological management maintaining both ecosystem's resilience and services. Ecosystems display complex patterns in time and space due to the intrinsic nonlinear nature of their interactions and can suffer regime shifts driven by the agents of global change. During the last decades, Ecology has turned from the equilibrium metaphor to the paradigm of non-equilibrium dynamics. This involves putting into the scene multiple stable states, nonlinear regime shifts, stochasticity, and ecological transients. These aspects are also crucial for biological conservation since they play a fundamental role in species' persistence, ecosystems' resilience, and in detecting warning signals prior to either the collapse or the recovery of the ecosystem. In this contribution, we discuss ecological regime shifts caused by tipping points in real ecosystems. Then, we provide information on some known dynamical features from theoretical ecology and dynamical systems theory associated to tipping points, mainly given by transient phenomena and the characteristic statistical patterns tied to early warning signals. These features are illustrated with a single-species mathematical model including facilitation and immigration. We also introduce and provide evidence of late warning signals as a way to identify when a tipping point has been surpassed but the system still remains in a transient state and recovery may be still possible. Our main goal is to near non-equilibrium concepts in Ecology to the conservationist community and promote bridges between such concepts and the management and conservation of ecosystems.

Masticatory Muscles Activation and TMJ Space During Asymmetrically Loaded Jaw Closing

Masticatory muscle activation and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) load generated during asymmetrically loaded jaw closing are largely unknown. Two different strategies were developed to explain how the central nervous system (CNS) generates muscle activation patterns during motion: minimization of joint load (MJL) vs. minimization of muscle effort (MME). The aim of the present study was to investigate, experimentally, the neuromuscular strategy selected by the CNS to coordinate jaw closing in reaction to the application of an external asymmetric load. Masticatory muscle activation was measured with electromyography (EMG) and the minimum intra-articular distance (MID) was assessed by dynamic stereometry to infer joint loading. Ten healthy subjects performed jaw-closing movements against an asymmetric mandibular load set from 0.0 to 2.0 kg in 0.5-kg steps. Recordings were analyzed by exploratory and graphical statistical tools. Moreover, the observed differences in MID and EMG among the various mandibular loads were tested using non-parametric tests for repeated measures data. The ipsilateral-contralateral differences in MID and EMG of the anterior temporalis showed a significant increase (p < 0.001, p = 0.01) with increasing asymmetrical load with both joints being most heavily loaded at 1 kg. EMG signals of the masseter did not change significantly with increasing load. This study is the first to have analyzed the changes in the TMJ intra-articular space during asymmetrically loaded jaw-closing movements, not only three dimensionally and dynamically, but also combined with EMG. Asymmetrical load affected the TMJ space and masticatory muscle activation patterns, primarily resulting in an increased activation of the anterior temporalis muscle. This might suggest the involvement of a control mechanism to protect the joints from overloading. However, the results do not fully support the hypothesis of MJL nor the MME strategy.

Ptpn23 Controls Cardiac T-Tubule Patterning by Promoting the Assembly of Dystrophin-Glycoprotein Complex.

Cardiac transverse tubules (T-tubules) are anchored to sarcomeric Z-discs by costameres to establish a regular spaced pattern. One of the major components of costameres is the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC). Nevertheless, how the assembly of the DGC coordinates with the formation and maintenance of T-tubules under physiological and pathological conditions remains unclear. Given the known role of Ptpn23 (protein tyrosine phosphatase, nonreceptor type 23) in regulating membrane deformation, its expression in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy was determined. Taking advantage of Cre/Loxp, CRISPR/Cas9, and adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9)-mediated in vivo gene editing, we generated cardiomyocyte-specific Ptpn23 and Actn2 (α-actinin-2, a major component of Z-discs) knockout mice. We also perturbed the DGC by using dystrophin global knockout mice (DmdE4*). MM 4-64 and Di-8-ANEPPS staining, Cav3 immunofluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy were performed to determine T-tubule structure in isolated cells and intact hearts. In addition, the assembly of the DGC with Ptpn23 and dystrophin loss of function was determined by glycerol-gradient fractionation and SDS-PAGE analysis. The expression level of Ptpn23 was reduced in failing hearts from dilated cardiomyopathy patients and mice. Genetic deletion of Ptpn23 resulted in disorganized T-tubules with enlarged diameters and progressive dilated cardiomyopathy without affecting sarcomere organization. AAV9-mediated mosaic somatic mutagenesis further indicated a cell-autonomous role of Ptpn23 in regulating T-tubule formation. Genetic and biochemical analyses showed that Ptpn23 was essential for the integrity of costameres, which anchor the T-tubule membrane to Z-discs, through interactions with α-actinin and dystrophin. Deletion of α-actinin altered the subcellular localization of Ptpn23 and DGCs. In addition, genetic inactivation of dystrophin caused similar T-tubule defects to Ptpn23 loss-of-function without affecting Ptpn23 localization at Z-discs. Last, inducible Ptpn23 knockout at 1 month of age showed Ptpn23 is also required for the maintenance of T-tubules in adult cardiomyocytes. Ptpn23 is essential for cardiac T-tubule formation and maintenance along Z-discs. During postnatal heart development, Ptpn23 interacts with sarcomeric α-actinin and coordinates the assembly of the DGC at costameres to sculpt T-tubule spatial patterning and morphology.

Kettle-hole peatlands as carbon hot spots: Unveiling controls of carbon accumulation rates during the last two millennia

Understanding carbon sequestration patterns in time and space is crucial for models and future projections of carbon uptake. However, their past provides an insight to this understanding, and peatlands play an essential role in the carbon cycle. Hence, peat carbon accumulation rates (PCAR) were reconstructed for the last ±1500 years in three Polish kettle-hole peatlands (Jaczno, Głęboczek and Pawski Ług bogs). Absolute chronologies, retrieved from the Bayesian age-depth models based on high-resolution 14C AMS dating, provided good time control, whereas the selected time interval spanned a broad spectrum of environmental changes and human activity. An additional variable was connected to climate, as the chosen sites are situated along the west-east gradient of northern Poland.The aim was to find factors responsible for changes in carbon accumulation, so the results of PCAR were combined with pollen, testate amoebae, plant macrofossil, and charcoal data. The research showed that the investigated peatlands varied regarding local environmental conditions (e.g. water level), peatland development, vegetation changes, and fire activity. Generally, the PCAR values were higher in the Sphagnum-dominated sections of the profiles with high shares of mixotrophic testate amoebae unless fire hampered the carbon sequestration. However, our research showed that the changes in carbon uptake resulted from various overlapping factors rather than just one. Nevertheless, high values of PCAR in Jaczno and Pawski Ług (mean 74.6 and 79.64 g C/m2/yr, respectively) point to kettle-hole peatlands being exceptionally efficient in carbon sequestration.

Learn from orientation prior for radiograph super-resolution: Orientation operator transformer

Background and objective: High-resolution radiographic images play a pivotal role in the early diagnosis and treatment of skeletal muscle-related diseases. It is promising to enhance image quality by introducing single-image super-resolution (SISR) model into the radiology image field. However, the conventional image pipeline, which can learn a mixed mapping between SR and denoising from the color space and inter-pixel patterns, poses a particular challenge for radiographic images with limited pattern features. To address this issue, this paper introduces a novel approach: Orientation Operator Transformer - O2former. Methods: We incorporate an orientation operator in the encoder to enhance sensitivity to denoising mapping and to integrate orientation prior. Furthermore, we propose a multi-scale feature fusion strategy to amalgamate features captured by different receptive fields with the directional prior, thereby providing a more effective latent representation for the decoder. Based on these innovative components, we propose a transformer-based SISR model, i.e., O2former, specifically designed for radiographic images. Results: The experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves the best or second-best performance in the objective metrics compared with the competitors at ×4 upsampling factor. For qualitative, more objective details are observed to be recovered. Conclusions: In this study, we propose a novel framework called O2former for radiological image super-resolution tasks, which improves the reconstruction model's performance by introducing an orientation operator and multi-scale feature fusion strategy. Our approach is promising to further promote the radiographic image enhancement field.

Spatio-temporal prediction of freeway congestion patterns using discrete choice methods

Predicting freeway traffic states is, so far, based on predicting speeds or traffic volumes with various methodological approaches ranging from statistical modeling to deep learning. Traffic on freeways, however, follows specific patterns in space–time, such as stop-and-go waves or mega jams. These patterns are informative because they propagate in space–time in different ways, e.g., stop and go waves exhibit a typical propagation that can range far ahead in time. If these patterns and their propagation become predictable, this information can improve and enrich traffic state prediction. In this paper, we use a rich data set of congestion patterns on the A9 freeway in Germany near Munich to develop a mixed logit model to predict the probability and then spatio-temporally map the congestion patterns by analyzing the results. As explanatory variables, we use variables characterizing the layout of the freeway and variables describing the presence of previous congestion patterns. We find that a mixed logit model significantly improves the prediction of congestion patterns compared to the prediction of congestion with the average presence of the patterns at a given location or time.

HUMAP: Hierarchical Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection.

Dimensionality reduction (DR) techniques help analysts to understand patterns in high-dimensional spaces. These techniques, often represented by scatter plots, are employed in diverse science domains and facilitate similarity analysis among clusters and data samples. For datasets containing many granularities or when analysis follows the information visualization mantra, hierarchical DR techniques are the most suitable approach since they present major structures beforehand and details on demand. This work presents HUMAP, a novel hierarchical dimensionality reduction technique designed to be flexible on preserving local and global structures and preserve the mental map throughout hierarchical exploration. We provide empirical evidence of our technique's superiority compared with current hierarchical approaches and show a case study applying HUMAP for dataset labelling.

Competition Pattern and Coping Strategies in Near Space

Competition Pattern and Coping Strategies in Near Space