Space Patterns Research Articles

Modeling the collective behavior of pedestrians with the spontaneous loose leader–follower structure in public spaces

AbstractGaining insights into pedestrian flow patterns in public spaces can greatly benefit decision‐making processes related to infrastructure planning. Interestingly, even pedestrians are unfamiliar with one another, they often follow others, drawing on positive information and engaging in a spontaneous collective behavior of pedestrians. To model this collective behavior, this paper proposed a social force‐based technique characterized by a loosely defined leader–follower structure. First, a complex field‐based phase transfer entropy (PTE) method was applied to measure the difference in information flow between pedestrians. Setting the detecting threshold with the 3 sigma principle, the radial basis function (RBF) was utilized to identify the leader in the collective. Integrating the PTE, RBF, and social force model (SFM), a comprehensive model (PTE‐RBF‐SFM) was developed to simulate collective behavior. Some bidirectional pedestrian flow data, collected from Fairground Düsseldorf, were used to validate the model in a real‐world setting. The results showed that the proposed model provided more realistic trajectories than benchmark models, and the spontaneous leader–follower structure was found to change over time and stable with time interval prolonging.

Dynamic Simulation and Reduction Path of Carbon Emission in “Three-Zone Space”: A Case Study of a Rapidly Urbanizing City

Understanding the current and future net carbon emission trajectories in “Three-Zone Space” is crucial for China to promote the formation of a low-carbon development pattern in territorial space and realize carbon neutrality. Taking Wuhan as the study area, we developed carbon emission and sequestration inventories for “Three-Zone Space”. Key driving factors of net carbon emissions were analyzed using the logarithmic mean division index, and future emissions and sequestration under six scenarios were projected with a system dynamics model. The optimal emission reduction pathway was identified through the intelligent decision-making index analysis. Our results show that Wuhan’s net carbon emission increased from 18.589 Mt in 2000 to 42.794 Mt in 2020. The emissions during this period primarily came from urban production space and urban living space. Economic development is the primary factor contributing to the increase in net carbon emissions (36.412 Mt). The efficiency of territorial space utilization is the strongest mitigator of net carbon emissions, reducing net carbon emissions by 74.341 Mt (accounting for 42.06% of total emissions). The comprehensive scenario is the most effective for net carbon emission reduction in urban and ecological spaces, while the technological progress scenario provides the greatest reduction potential in agricultural spaces. These findings provide actionable insights for optimizing spatial planning, enhancing ecological restoration, and adopting low-carbon agricultural technologies to achieve targeted emissions reductions in “Three-Zone Space”. The results of this study can further provide scientific basis for the formulation of targeted emission reduction measures for “Three-Zone Space” and guide the construction of low-carbon territorial space patterns.

How do red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) explore their environment? Characteristics of movement patterns in time and space

BackgroundMany animals must adapt their movements to different conditions encountered during different life phases, such as when exploring extraterritorial areas for dispersal, foraging or breeding. To better understand how animals move in different movement phases, we asked whether movement patterns differ between one way directed movements, such as during the transient phase of dispersal or two way exploratory-like movements such as during extraterritorial excursions or stationary movements.MethodsWe GPS collared red foxes in a rural area in southern Germany between 2020 and 2023. Using a random forest model, we analyzed different movement parameters, habitat features—for example landclasses and distances to linear structures—and time variables (season and time of day) within red fox exploratory, transient and stationary movement phases to characterize phase specific movement patterns and to investigate the influence of different variables on classifying the movement phases.ResultsAccording to the classification model, the movement patterns in the different phases were characterized most strongly by the variables persistence velocity, season, step length and distance to linear structures. In extraterritorial areas, red foxes either moved straight with high persistence velocity, close to anthropogenic linear structures during transient movements, or more tortuously containing a higher variance in turning angles and a decrease in persistence velocity during exploratory-like movements. Transient movements mainly took place during autumn, whereas exploratory-like movements were mainly conducted during winter and spring.ConclusionMovement patterns of red foxes differ between transient, exploratory and stationary phases, reflecting displacement, searching and resident movement strategies. Our results signify the importance of the combined effect of using movement, habitat and time variables together in analyzing movement phases. High movement variability may allow red foxes to navigate in extraterritorial areas efficiently and to adapt to different environmental and behavioral conditions.

Numerical Study to Analyze the Influence of Process Parameters on Temperature and Stress Field in Powder Bed Fusion of Ti-6Al-4V.

This paper presents a comprehensive numerical investigation to simulate heat transfer and residual stress formation of Ti-6Al-4V alloy during the Laser Powder Bed Fusion process, using a finite element model (FEM). The FEM was developed with a focus on the effects of key process parameters, including laser scanning velocity, laser power, hatch space, and scanning pattern in single-layer scanning. The model was validated against experimental data, demonstrating good agreement in terms of temperature profiles and melt pool dimensions. The study elucidates the significant impact of process parameters on thermal gradients, melt pool characteristics, and residual stress distribution. An increase in laser velocity, from 600 mm/s to 1500 mm/s, resulted in a smaller melt pool area and faster cooling rate. Similarly, the magnitude of residual stress initially decreased and subsequently increased with increasing laser velocity. Higher laser power led to an increase in melt pool size, maximum temperature, and thermal residual stress. Hatch spacing also exhibited an inverse relationship with thermal gradient and residual stress, as maximum residual stress decreased by about 30% by increasing the hatch space from 25 µm to 75 µm. The laser scanning pattern also influenced the thermal gradient and residual stress distribution after the cooling stage.

Eye movements follow the dynamic shifts of attention through serial order in verbal working memory

How are arbitrary sequences of verbal information retained and manipulated in working memory? Increasing evidence suggests that serial order in verbal WM is spatially coded and that spatial attention is involved in access and retrieval. Based on the idea that brain areas controlling spatial attention are also involved in oculomotor control, we used eye tracking to reveal how the spatial structure of serial order information is accessed in verbal working memory. In two experiments, participants memorized a sequence of auditory words in the correct order. While their eye movements were being measured, they named the memorized items in a self-determined order in Experiment 1 and in a cued order in Experiment 2. We tested the hypothesis that serial order in verbal working memory interacts with the spatial attention system whereby gaze patterns in visual space closely follow attentional shifts in the internal space of working memory. In both experiments, we found that the gaze shifts in visual space correlated with the spatial shifts of attention along the left-to-right one-dimensional mapping of serial order positions in verbal WM. These findings suggest that spatial attention is employed for dynamically searching through verbal WM and that eye movements reflect the spontaneous association of order and space even in the absence of visuospatial input.

Secrecy Analysis of LEO Satellite-to-Ground Station Communication System Influenced by Gamma-Shadowed Ricean Fading

The Low Earth Orbit (LEO) small satellites are extensively used for global connectivity to enable services in underpopulated, remote or underdeveloped areas. Their inherent broadcast nature exposes LEO–terrestrial communication links to severe security threats, which always reveal new challenges. The secrecy performance of the satellite-to-ground user link in the presence of a ground eavesdropper is studied in this paper. We observe both scenarios of the eavesdropper’s channel state information (CSI) being known or unknown to the satellite. Throughout the analysis, we consider that locations of the intended and unauthorized user are both arbitrary in the satellite’s footprint. On the other hand, we analyze the case when the user is in the center of the satellite’s central beam. In order to achieve realistic physical layer security features of the system, the satellite channels are assumed to undergo Gamma-shadowed Ricean fading, where both line-of-site and scattering components are influenced by shadowing effect. In addition, some practical effects, such as satellite multi-beam pattern and free space loss, are considered in the analysis. Capitalizing on the aforementioned scenarios, we derive the novel analytical expressions for the average secrecy capacity, secrecy outage probability, probability of non-zero secrecy capacity, and probability of intercept events in the form of Meijer’s G functions. In addition, novel asymptotic expressions are derived from previously mentioned metrics. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the effects of beam radius, satellite altitude, receivers’ position, as well as the interplay of the fading or/and shadowing impacts over main and wiretap channels on the system security. Analytical results are confirmed by Monte Carlo simulations.

INTERIOR DESAIN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KENYAMANAN DAN AKSESIBILITAS PADA PENATAAN RUANG PERPUSTAKAAN KOTA BOGOR

The Bogor City Library plays an important role in creating a strong literacy ecosystem, functioning as a center for community empowerment by providing access to information and skills development. This research aims to analyze circulation patterns and spatial planning in libraries, in order to increase public interest in utilizing existing facilities. Although founded in 1972, the library faced serious challenges, including inadequate space and unattractive facilities, such as a non-functioning multimedia room and a lack of private rooms for discussions. The low literacy rate in Bogor City shows the need for more efforts to increase interest in reading. It is hoped that the "Free Literacy" program can be a solution, but its success is very dependent on library development. By implementing modern architectural designs and innovative elements, libraries can create a comfortable and inspiring learning environment. This research is expected to provide constructive recommendations for developing libraries as effective and inclusive literacy centers. Focusing on the quality of space and human circulation patterns will support optimal visitor experience, making libraries the main pillars in improving literacy and the quality of life of people in the city of Bogor. The synergy between attractive facilities, inspiring space quality, and efficient circulation design will strengthen the role of libraries in social, economic and cultural development.

Regulable crack patterns for the fabrication of high-performance transparent EMI shielding windows.

Crack pattern-based metal grid film is an ideal candidate material for transparent electromagnetic interference shielding optical windows. However, achieving crack patterns with narrow grid spacing, small wire width, and high connectivity remains challenging. Herein, an aqueous acrylic colloidal dispersion was developed as a crack precursor for preparing crack patterns. The ratio of hard monomers in the precursor, the coating thickness, and the drying mediation strategy were systematically varied to control the spacing and width of the crack patterns. The resulting dense and narrow crack patterns served as sacrificial templates for the fabrication of patterning metal grid films on transparent substrates, intended for optoelectronic applications. These films demonstrated excellent optoelectronic properties (82.7% transmission at 550nm visible light, sheet resistance 4.1Ω/sq) and strong EMI shielding effectiveness (average shielding effectiveness 33.6 dB at 1-18 GHz), showcasing their potential as a scalable and effective transparent EMI shielding solution.

All-optical mapping of Ca2+ transport and homeostasis in dendrites

Calcium mediates many important signals in dendrites. However, the basic transport properties of calcium in dendrites have been difficult to measure: how far and how fast does a local influx of calcium propagate? We developed an all-optical system for simultaneous targeted Ca2+ import and Ca2+ concentration mapping. We co-expressed a blue light-activated calcium selective channelrhodopsin, CapChR2, with a far-red calcium sensor, FR-GECO1c, in cultured rat hippocampal neurons, and used patterned optogenetic stimulation to introduce calcium into cells with user-defined patterns of space and time. We determined a mean steady-state length constant for Ca2+ transport ϕ ∼ 5.8 μm, a half-life for return to baseline t1/2 ∼ 1.7 s, and an effective diffusion coefficient D ∼ 20 μm2/s, though there were substantial differences in Ca2+ dynamics between proximal and distal dendrites. At high Ca2+ concentration, distal dendrites showed nonlinear activation of Ca2+ efflux, which we pharmacologically ascribed to the NCX1 antiporter. Genetically encoded tools for all-optical mapping of Ca2+ transport and handling provide a powerful capability for studying this important messenger.

Identification of the Application of Vegetation Elements in the Biophilic and Comfort Concept in the Lobby, Dining Room & Public Space of Greenhost Hotel, Prawirotaman, Yogyakarta

The abstract says, In modern cities, the built environment becomes oppressive; Urban spaces are almost unlivable in fact in cities more and more blighted due to design fads and industrialist buildings. Biophilic Design can reduce stress, increase creativity, clarity of thought and improve our well-being, and speed healing. The priorities of Biophilic Architecture are Natural Patterns in Space, Natural Analogy Patterns, and Natural Space Patterns. Yogyakarta has a large number of visitors attending the tourism sector in the Patrioman area, visitors often look for places such as accommodation, cafes, restaurants, and entertainment centers of socialize and relax to create significant business opportunities. Research objectives, some of the results of research that have been carried out with the Biophilic concept are taken, the aim of the research is as an alternative solution to create a healing environment by optimizing architectural design concepts to respond to the health, cognitive, psychosocial and psychological health of hotel users. The impression of this building is extensive on spatial vegetation by arranging the placement of mass, treating the space and mass of space with hiqh quality towards the natural environment, and using materials both inside and out as well as an appearance with a natural appearance to create positive response. This research hopes to be implemented in Greenhost Yogyakarta with a biophilic standardization of spaces in Greenhost Yogyakarta is mostly the application of the Biophilic design model which has been recommended by the fourteen Biophilic design models.

Methodology for performance assessment of industrial robots

The study of industrial robots is particularly interesting in view of the many advantages that these robots offer in the production line. This paper aims to study manipulator arms in order to better understand the performance of manipulator arms. The recurring issue for the manipulator arms remains the analysis of their operating path patterns in a well-defined working space. We propose a methodology based, on the one hand, on the definition of the functional specifications of manipulator arms necessary for design and on the other hand, on the geometric modelling and control of these manipulator arms in Matlab/Simulink. The model thus constructed is capable of reproducing different trajectory configurations depending on the joint variables in a well-defined working space. The results of our model are consistent with those provided by the mathematical model using the Denavit-Hartenberg convention. According to two scenarios, the analysis of the trajectories of the manipulator arms’s end effector is carried out and especially on the SCARA, cartesian and spherical robots. This analysis generally reveals elliptic trajectories or lines described by the end effector of robots in relation to the plane linked to their base.

Internal transport barrier triggered by phase synchronization of zonal flow with energetic particle modes

Abstract The suppression of the microturbulence associated
to the emergence of a spontaneous internal transport barrier has been
recently demonstrated in a system showing a possible amplification
of the zonal flow component in the low-frequency regime $\left[\right.$A.
Ghizzo and D. Del Sarto D 2023 \textit{Nucl. Fusion}
\textbf{63} 104002$\left.\right]$.
We use here numerical experiments performed with a ``particle mode''
model based on a double average over the fast cyclotron phase
and over the bounce (or transit) phase to show the major role played
by energetic particles and shear flows in this scenario. \textquotedbl Particle
modes\textquotedbl{} are meant here as classes of particles, identified
by some adiabatic invariant after a gyro-average procedure, which
are associated to the description of some specific linear modes of
the plasma. The introduction of energetic circulating ions or shear
flows into the system makes a larger number of particle modes being
involved in the synchronization process. A global synchronization
of the Fourier modes of the turbulent spectrum can be this way achieved.
This process allows for a bifurcation towards self-organization, which
is associated to the emergence of a staircase-like structure. This
is known to be an essential element in the modification of the zonal
flow pattern in phase space during the suppression of microturbulence
in tokamaks.

Disorder-specific neurodynamic features in schizophrenia inferred by neurodynamic embedded contrastive variational autoencoder model

Neurodynamic models that simulate how micro-level alterations propagate upward to impact macroscopic neural circuits and overall brain function may offer valuable insights into the pathological mechanisms of schizophrenia (SCZ). In this study, we integrated a neurodynamic model with the classical Contrastive Variational Autoencoder (CVAE) to extract and evaluate macro-scale SCZ-specific features, including subject-level, region-level parameters, and time-varying states. Firstly, we demonstrated the robust fitting of the model within our multi-site dataset. Subsequently, by employing representational similarity analysis and a deep learning classifier, we confirmed the specificity and disorder-related information capturing ability of SCZ-specific features. Moreover, analysis of the attractor characteristics of the neurodynamic system revealed significant differences in attractor space patterns between SCZ-specific states and shared states. Finally, we utilized Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression to examine the multivariate mapping relationship between SCZ-specific features and symptoms, identifying two sets of correlated modes implicating unique molecular mechanisms: one mode corresponding to negative and general symptoms, and another mode corresponding to positive symptoms. Our results provide valuable insights into disorder-specific neurodynamic features and states associated with SCZ, laying the foundation for understanding the intricate pathophysiology of this disorder.

Effects of Varietal Selection and Plant Spacing Patterns on the Growth of Maize (Zea mays L.) in Irrigated Agro-Eco-Systems of Punjab

Maize (Zea mays L; 2n=20) is one among the major cereal crops grown in the humid tropics. It has high yield potential, immense potentiality, and that is why it is also known as ‘queen of cereals’. Though it is mainly used as a food crop in India by the rural population in the form of bread and gruel, it has vast industrial potentialities as well having as many as 50 different uses. The world's corn production in 2020-2021 is 1216.87 million tons. The estimated production of maize in 2022-2023 was to reach 1,161.86 million tonnes in. The predicted global maize production for this year is the same period was 1,161.86 million tonnes, and a decrease of 55.00 million tonnes or 4.52%. The total area of maize (for dry grain) in the world is 197 M hectares, with significant regions in Asia, Latin America, and sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) (FAOStat, 2021). In India, Kharif maize accounts for about 83% of the country's total maize area, while Rabi maize accounts for 17%. The most widely used products made from maize are meal and flour, though there are many regional variations in how maize is processed and consumed.

Predicting freeway non-recurring congestion via a spatio-temporal deep learning approach

Freeway unexpected events, such as car crashes, result in non-recurring congestion, which does not follow repetitive patterns in space and/or time and increases the challenge of freeway management. Existing prediction approaches of Freeway Non-recurring Congestion (FNC) are either qualitative with information loss or single-step quantitative for a short period. To address these limitations, this paper develops a quantitative, interpretability-enhanced, and spatial-temporal approach using a 2-Encoder-Decoder Model with an Attention Layer (Att-2ED) for FNC prediction. The model leverages Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) as two encoders to process time-series speed profiles and static crash features independently. It also employs an LSTM-based decoder to generate a spatio-temporal sequence output and an attention mechanism to prioritise the weights of input sequences at each time step. The model has been trained and tested using real-world freeway data. The proposed model demonstrates superior performance in predicting traffic conditions across both spatial and temporal dimensions compared to existing benchmarks, achieving a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 3.74 for 15-minute-ahead predictions. Its effectiveness is further underscored through a comparative analysis of prediction accuracy across various congestion levels and crash severities. For instance, the MAE ranges from 2.77 to 7.00 for severe crashes and from 2.68 to 6.47 for peak-hour crashes, with prediction horizons spanning from 5 min to 60 min ahead. Moreover, the attention mechanisms incorporated in the model provide interpretability-enhanced predictions, highlighting the significance of the last 10-min input in the prediction.

An evaluation and correlation of airway space of pharynx, mandibular morphology, and tongue volume in skeletal classes and facial patterns – A cone beam computed tomography study

Objectives: Respiration and its function have a direct relationship with the pharyngeal airway, mandibular morphology, and tongue. The objective of this study was to evaluate and correlate pharyngeal airway space, mandibular morphology, and tongue volume in various skeletal classes and facial patterns. Material and Methods: A total of 120 pre-treatment cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were randomly classified into 3 skeletal classes (40/group). Each class was further categorized into hyperdivergent and hypodivergent growth patterns. Linear and angular measurements were estimated using three-dimensional digital imaging programs (Kavo 3D OnDemand software), and pharyngeal airway and tongue space were volumetrically analyzed by ITK-SNAP segmentation software. Results: All the measured variables showed highly significant differences except for the anterior-posterior angle of the mandible, which was statistically insignificant with P = 0.675. The simple regression was formulated to assess the volume of airway space. Conclusion: Hyperdivergent subjects had reduced pharyngeal airway space and tongue volume when compared to hypodivergent subjects. Among all the subgroups, Class III hypodivergent showed the highest pharyngeal airway volume and tongue volume, and the least was found in Class II hypodivergent. A direct relationship was estimated between airway mandibular morphology and tongue volume, recommending thorough analysis of oropharyngeal structures in a non-individualized way for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.

Evaluation of Tourism Ecological Security and Measurement of Regional Differences in China

ABSTRACT Expanding upon the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model system, this work employs the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) approach, Kernel density estimation, Spatial autocorrelation, Dagum Gini coefficient, and geographic detectors to evaluate the ecological security level of China’s tourism industry from 2010 to 2020. Examining the tourism ecological security’s spatio-temporal evolution, geographical disparities, and driving variables is the goal of this study. One thing that stands out from the data is that (1) there is a clear increase trend in the time series of tourism ecological security (TES). (2) There is spatial variability and lack of landscape equilibrium when the general geographical distribution pattern in space gradually decreases from east to west. (3) According to the Dagum Gini coefficient, there is a decreasing geographical non-equilibrium of tourism ecological security, with the main cause of this non-equilibrium being the inter-regional disparity between the east and west. (4) The factors affecting the tourism ecological security are complex and diverse. These factors are closely related to the economy, environment and population of the city. The findings provide a reference for the sustainable development of regional tourism ecology.

Deep phenotyping obesity using EHR data: Promise, Challenges, and Future Directions.

Obesity affects approximately 40% of adults and 15-20% of children and adolescents in the U.S, and poses significant economic and psychosocial burdens. Currently, patient responses to any single anti-obesity medication (AOM) vary significantly, making obesity deep phenotyping and associated precision medicine important targets of investigation. To evaluate the potential of EHR as a primary data source for obesity deep phenotyping, we conduct an in-depth analysis of the data elements and quality available from obesity patients prior to pharmacotherapy, and apply a multi-modal longitudinal deep autoencoder to investigate the feasibility, data requirements, clustering patterns, and challenges associated with EHR-based obesity deep phenotyping. We analyzed 53,688 pre-AOM periods from 32,969 patients with obesity or overweight who underwent medium- to long-term AOM treatment. A total of 92 lab and vital measurements, along with 79 ICD-derived clinical classifications software (CCS) codes recorded within one year prior to AOM treatment, were used to train a gated recurrent unit with decay based longitudinal autoencoder (GRU-D-AE) to generate dense embeddings for each pre-AOM record. principal component analysis (PCA) and gaussian mixture modeling (GMM) were applied to identify clusters. Our analysis identified at least nine clusters, with five exhibiting distinct and explainable clinical relevance. Certain clusters show characteristics overlapping with phenotypes from traditional phenotyping strategy. Results from multiple training folds demonstrated stable clustering patterns in two-dimensional space and reproducible clinical significance. However, challenges persist regarding the stability of missing data imputation across folds, maintaining consistency in input features, and effectively visualizing complex diseases in low-dimensional spaces. In this proof-of-concept study, we demonstrated longitudinal EHR as a valuable resource for deep phenotyping the pre-AOM period at per patient visit level. Our analysis revealed the presence of clusters with distinct clinical significance, which could have implications in AOM treatment options. Further research using larger, independent cohorts is necessary to validate the reproducibility and clinical relevance of these clusters, uncover more detailed substructures and corresponding AOM treatment responses.

Improving the quality of urban ecosystem through ecological soundscape management

Abstract In urban ecosystems, the interaction between humans and the environment is often dominated by noise from human activities, with the importance of natural sounds or the ecological soundscape being ignored. The ecological soundscape plays a crucial role in ecological interactions and the development of urban ecosystems by supporting biodiversity. Therefore, the impact of ecological soundscapes on enhancing sustainable ecosystems is aimed to be analyzed in this study. The influence of the ecological soundscape on the sustainability of living organisms in urban open spaces is evaluated, serving as an indicator for ecosystem improvement. Sound recordings were conducted at four strategic points. The dominant sound types are identified, and the role of the ecological soundscape in shaping soundscape patterns in urban open spaces is evaluated. Babakan Siliwangi Urban Forest was selected as the case study due to its significant benefits in improving the urban ecosystem. The results indicate that BSUF has not been fully taken over by the ecological soundscape. Natural sounds are masked by the constant human-made noise from traffic, indicating a decrease in biodiversity. Recommendations for enhancing the ecosystem through the ecological soundscape approach are provided, including noise reduction measures such as creating buffer zones with vegetation, expanding green spaces as habitats for wildlife contributing to natural sounds, and creating conditions supporting diverse flora and fauna. It is expected that these recommendations will lead to an enhancement of the ecological soundscape in urban areas and foster more sustainable and diverse ecosystems.

Cost and fragmentation prediction of ammonium nitrate fuel oil versus bulk emulsion explosives

Abstract Blasting in mining industry, including the blasting pattern (burden and spacing) and explosive selection, is substantial to retrieve the desired mining products. This study aims to identify the comparisons of economic calculations and fragmentation between ANFO (Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil) and Bulk Emulsion explosives (BEE). The economic calculation measured the cost of explosives per unit of blasted material and the fragmentation result. The bulk emulsion cost equals the ANFO cost by extending the burden and spacing from 7 m to 8.33 m. The predicted average fragmentation of blasting using ANFO and BEE was 47 cm and 51 cm, respectively, so the percentage of fragmentation under 100 cm was 81.52% and 78.48%, respectively. Conclusively, blasting with BEE with an extended blasting pattern has demonstrated similar fragmentation distribution to that of ANFO.