Hold Power Research Articles

VARIABILITY ANALYSIS OF 6T AND 7T SRAM CELL IN SUB-45NM TECHNOLOGY

This paper analyses standard 6T and 7T SRAM (static random access memory) cell in light of process, voltage and temperature (PVT) variations to verify their functionality and robustness. The 7T SRAM cell consumes higher hold power due to its extra cell area required for its functionality constraint. It shows 60% improvement in static noise margin (SNM), 71.4% improvement in read static noise margin (RSNM) and 50% improvement in write static noise margin (WSNM). The 6T cell outperforms 7T cell in terms of read access time (TRA) by 13.1%. The write access time (TWA) of 7T cell for writing "1" is 16.6 x longer than that of 6T cell. The 6T cell proves it robustness against PVT variations by exhibiting narrower spread in TRA (by 1.2 x) and Twa (by 3.4x). The 7T cell offers 65.6% saving in read power (RPWR) and 89% saving in write power (WPWR). The RPWR variability indicates that 6T ell is more robust against process variation by 3.9x. The 7T cell shows 1.3x wider write power (WPWR) variability indicating 6T cell's robustness against PVT variations. All the results are based on HSPICE simulation using 32 nm CMOS Berkeley Predictive Technology Model (BPTM).

Interaction of landscape and life history attributes on genetic diversity, neutral divergence and gene flow in a pristine community of salmonids

Landscape genetics holds promise for the forecasting of spatial patterns of genetic diversity based on key environmental features. Yet, the degree to which inferences based on single species can be extended to whole communities is not fully understood. We used a pristine and spatially structured community of three landlocked salmonids (Salvelinus fontinalis, Salmo salar, and Salvelinus alpinus) from Gros Morne National Park (Newfoundland, Canada) to test several predictions on the interacting effects of landscape and life history variation on genetic diversity, neutral divergence, and gene flow (m, migration rate). Landscape factors consistently influenced multispecies genetic patterns: (i) waterfalls created strong dichotomies in genetic diversity and divergence between populations above and below them in all three salmonids; (ii) contemporary m decreased with waterway distance in all three species, while neutral genetic divergence (theta) increased with waterway distance, albeit in only two taxa; (iii) river flow generally produced downstream-biased m between populations when waterfalls separated these, but not otherwise. In contrast, we expected differential life history to result in a hierarchy of neutral divergence (S. salar > S. fontinalis > S. alpinus) based on disparities in dispersal abilities and population size from previous mark-recapture studies. Such hierarchy additionally matched varying degrees of spatial genetic structure among species revealed through individual-based analyses. We conclude that, whereas key landscape attributes hold power to predict multispecies genetic patterns in equivalent communities, they are likely to interact with species-specific life history attributes such as dispersal, demography, and ecology, which will in turn affect holistic conservation strategies.

Three-Dimensional RF MEMS Switch for Power Applications

This paper introduces a new concept in 3-D RF microelectromechanical systems switches intended for power applications. The novel switch architecture employs electrothermal hydraulic microactuators to provide mechanical actuation and 3-D out-of-plane silicon cantilevers that have both spring action and latching mechanisms. This facilitates an off-state gap separation distance of 200 mum between ohmic contacts, without the need for any hold power. Having a simple assembly, many of the inherent problems associated with the more traditional suspension-bridge and cantilever-type-beam architectures can be overcome. A single-pole single-throw switch has been investigated, and its measured on-state insertion and return losses are less than 0.3 dB up to 10 GHz and greater than 15 dB up to 12 GHz, respectively, while the off-state isolation is better than 30 dB up to 12 GHz. The switch works well in both hot- and cold-switching modes, with 4.6 W of RF power at 10 GHz and without any signs of degradation to the ohmic contacts.

Spread Spectrum Techniques for an Intelligent Energy Meter

The intelligent energy meter designed by us is basically a digital energy meter, which uses single-phase energy metering IC. This metered reading is brought to the database of electricity board through the” echo model”, which is identified as a suitable model for the house hold power lines among the existing power line channel models .This is followed by studies on the utilization of different robust spread spectrum techniques like code division multiplexing (CDM), Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and COFDM (Combined) for data communication over the selected channel model. The results of the study are conducted, particularly in respect of bit error rate (BER) performance and spectral efficiency.

American Dynasty: Aristocracy, Fortune, and the Politics of Deceit in the House of Bush

This is an acerbic, withering account of the ascent of the Bush family to the pinnacle of the American political and social elite and the implications of the dynasty's hold on power for democracy in America. With an unerring instinct for fakery and humbug, Phillips traces the convoluted trail of Bush mendacity through three generations. The picture he paints of a family willing to do anything to hold power and a country so craven as to vote for it is both very funny and completely dismaying in equal measure.