The Jōmon monumental structures on the islands of Kyushu, Honshu, and Hokkaido represent the earliest of the three such traditions, two others being associated with the cultures of Yayoi and Kofun. The beginnings of the tradition date back to the Early Jōmon (ca 8000 BP), while its peak coincides with the Late Jōmon (4000–3000 BP). Unlike people associated with two later traditions (agriculturalists and animal breeders), the Jōmon people were hunters, gatherers, and fishers. This is the first Russian study to address various types of Jōmon monumental structures (stone alignments, stone circles, earthen mounds, and “geometric” shell mounds), their distribution and chronology. The most interesting sites (Yubunezawa II, ōyu, Komakino, Sannai Maruyama, Kasori, etc.) are documented with drawings and photos. It is hypothesized that the tradition originated as early as the Final Paleolithic and the transition to the Jōmon Mikoshiba culture. We present parallels with sites in the adjacent territories of the Russian Far East (Primorye) such as Ustinovka-4, Suvorovo-4, and Bogopol- 4. Given the complexity of monumental structures (elaborate layout, traces of wooden structures, burials, numerous works of art, visual effects, astronomical marks, “sundials”), these sites can be viewed as multifunctional ritual centers. In terms of amount of material and labor required for construction, they are comparable with the Neolithic funerary structures of Western Europe.