Hofstede's Culture Research Articles

Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions and Technostress: A Proposed Framework for the Malaysian Technical University Network Students

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of IND-COL of Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension that can determine the level of technostress experienced by undergraduates’ students in the Malaysian Technical University Network (MTUN) institutions with the presence of Perceived Instructor Support (PIS). More specifically, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship of Horizontal Individualism (HI), Vertical Individualism (VI), Horizontal Collectivism (HC) and Vertical Collectivism (VC) and the experience of technostress among undergraduates’ students of MTUN institutions with PIS as a mediator. For the purpose of this study, the simple random sampling technique will be utilized. This is done to ensure that each and every student studying in MTUN institutions has an equal opportunity of being selected as a sample. As part of a quantitative research approach, a series of questionnaire questions will be distributed to a total of 380 undergraduate students studying in Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah (UMPSA), Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) and Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM). This research seeks to present some determinant variables to minimize technostress and maintain a desired technology and digital literacy among undergraduates’ students in Malaysia by referring to the IND-COL of Hofstede Cultural Dimension and Person-Environment (P-E) Fit Theory.

Small arms procurement and corruption in small NATO countries

PurposeThe study aims to assess military procurement strategy in NATO countries labelled as emerging markets (Czechia, Slovakia and Lithuania) and capitalist Norway, which vary in national culture as indicated by the Hofstede Culture Compass.Design/methodology/approachThis comparative case study analyses the procurement of a simple, mass-produced, off-the-shelf military product (FN Herstal MINIMI gun) in four small but very economically free countries from 2008 to 2023. The study answers the research question of how the unit price of MINIMI guns varies across post-communist and historical NATO countries distinguished by the variables operationalising national culture.FindingsThe general disability of the government to control corruption deviates the strategy of military procurement in post-communist defence institutions from an effective strategy of liberal capitalism, minimising the unit price and risks (Norway), to an odd strategy maximising the unit price and risks by preferring middlemen as agent of hidden agenda (Czechia).Research limitations/implicationsSome defence institutions in post-communist countries may be burdened by legislature capture, and detailed research is needed to determine this.Practical implicationsThe authors argue that national culture may contribute to significant goal displacement in the procurement strategy adopted by the government in an economically liberal state.Social implicationsWithout perfecting the control of corruption in post-communist defence institutions, the NATO burden-sharing debate on 2% of GDP will remain controversial.Originality/valueWith variables characterising national culture and the government’s ability to control corruption, the study elucidates a slow pace of convergence of post-communist countries to NATÓs values and procedures.

A Literature Review on the Relationship Between Hofstede’s National Culture Framework and Occupational Safety

According to data released by ILO, 340 million occupational accidents leading to economic losses, injuries, and deaths occur annually. In the literature, national culture, whose importance gradually increases with the working environment increasingly multicultural, was indicated as one of the factors that affect occupational safety. In this study, 20 articles examining the relationship between national culture and occupational safety over Hofstede's national culture dimensions were identified. These studies were reviewed in terms of the safety factor they examined, the method used, the sector and the results obtained. In addition, the studies were discussed in detail in terms of the effect of national culture on occupational safety. Accordingly, safety performance and safety attitudes were the most studied safety dimensions, questionnaires were the most used method and construction, aviation, oil and gas, and shipping sectors were the most examined sectors. Most of the studies were identified to be in favour of the negative effect of IDV on occupational safety, the negative effect or ineffectiveness of MAS, and the positive effect of UAI and LTO. However, there was a total disagreement about the impact of PDI. This study is expected to provide a better understanding of the national culture and occupational safety relationships, thereby guiding decision-makers in policy development and regulation related to occupational safety.

Leading innovation in public sector: Exploring the mediating role of motivation to learn and the moderating role of power distance

Innovation is crucial for the performance, success, and long-term survival of organizations. Despite its importance, studies on factors influencing the emergence of innovative work behavior remain inconsistent. This study, grounded in the interactionist perspective of creativity theory, explores the role of motivation to learn as a mediator and Hofstede's national culture dimension of power distance as a moderator in the relationship between transformational leadership and innovative work behavior. The study sampled 210 public sector employees in Indonesia using convenience sampling. Data were collected through an online self-report survey, employing the multifactor leadership questionnaire, the innovative work behavior scale, the motivation to learn scale, and the power distance scale. Analysis conducted using the PROCESS macro for SPSS version 26 revealed that motivation to learn fully mediates the relationship between transformational leadership and innovative work behavior. However, power distance does not moderate this relationship, either directly or through the motivation to learn. This is due to the fact that the desire to learn and innovate remains effective regardless of hierarchical differences. Thus, no matter how authority is structured within the organization, the crucial factor for fostering innovation is the motivation to learn.

SOCIOLOGICAL NEXUS BETWEEN CULTURE AND TERRORISM IN TERMS OF HOFSTEDE’S DIMENSIONS

This study aims to indicate the cultural factors nexus terrorism in terms of Bourdieusian terminology’s conceptual framework, which synthesizes social, economic, and cultural explanations and thus proves useful for studying political and religious radicalization, extremism, and recruitment to terrorism. This analysis can be used to comparatively assess the countries’ cultural tendencies relevant to terrorism. In this study, Hofstede's culture scale, which is regarded as a paradigm and towering figure by most scholars was used. The research endeavors to illustrate the effects of Hofstede's cultural dimensions (widely known model of national culture) on Global Terrorism Index scores via a multiple linear regression model. Terrorists marginalized others and created their discourse to commit rhetoric narrated by fairy tales and protagonists. The findings expressed that whereas the power distance has an increasing effect on terrorism (while increasing terrorism), the long-term orientation has a mitigating effect (reduces terrorism). On the other hand, no significant results were obtained from the dimension of individualism versus collectivism, femininity versus masculinity, avoidance of uncertainty, and indulgence versus restraint. However; we evaluate that social media usage has a centralizing and affiliating effect between collectivism and individualism.

Does Culture Matter in the Tax Compilance Behaviour of SMEs? Evidence from Ghana

Several studies have shown that culture affects individual ethical behaviour, but very few studies have looked at the cultural influences of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) on their tax compliance practices. Tax non-compliance has been a major cause of revenue shortfall in many nations including Ghana. SMEs represent the majority of businesses in Ghana, thus non-compliance by SMEs may be the major cause of revenue shortfalls in the country. Scholars have adduced various factors for the non-compliance. Although some of these studies examine how specific cultural values impact tax compliance, there has not been any research in Ghana that examines the possibility of culture impacting SMEs’ tax compliance usingmajor national frameworks such as Hofstede Cultural Dimension theories. The paper uses Hofstede’s (2001) Cultural Dimension theories to examine the relationship between Ghanaian culture and the tax compliance behaviour of SME operators. Data were gatheredthrough a survey of 211 SMEs in the two major regions in Ghana, and analysis was conducted with structural equation modeling and ordinary regression. We found that the SME Owners exhibited some moderate levels of tax compliance behaviours. Again, SMEs arecharacterised by a high degree of uncertainty avoidance, a culture of femininity, a high degree of power distance, a long-term orientation, and a collectivist culture. The findings suggest that the power distance and longterm orientation cultures of SMEs accounted for their tax compliance behaviour. The study also found that older businesses that were very acquainted with the Ghanaian Culture were less likely to be tax-compliant than newer firms. This paper presents the Ghanaian perspective and bridges thecontext and issue gap identified in the body of knowledge.

Analisis Perilaku Kecurangan Akademik Pada Mahasiswa Akuntansi Menggunakan Konsep Budaya Hofstede

This study aims to determine the influence of hofstede culture (power distance, collectivism, avoidance atmosphere, masculinity, short-term orientation, indulgence) on academic fraud behavior. this type of quantitative research and using primary data distributed to students of the Special Region of Yogyakarta with a purposive sampling technique. The samples obtained were 100 respondents. The results of this study are power distance and collectivism have a positive effect on academic fraud behavior, environmental avoidance and indulgence have a negative effect on academic fraud behavior, while masculinity and indulgence have no effect on academic fraud behavior.

Relationship Between World Happiness Index, Hoefstede Cultural Dimensions And Government Education Spending

The author analyzes the interplay between the World Happiness Index and a nuanced array of seven variables in this research. Specifically, the focus extends to the Hofstede Cultural Dimensions, encompassing six distinct facets and the financial allocations dedicated to government education spending. The author starts with a literature survey on the profound domains of happiness and wellbeing. Building upon this foundation, the author posits the Hofstede Cultural Dimensions and Government Education Expenditures as prospective variables that may yield a discernible influence on the World Happiness Index. A dataset spanning 58 countries and analytical methodologies of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression and Iteratively Reweighted Least Squares (IRLS) regression are used to test this conjecture. The outcome of this study reveals compelling insights into the association between the World Happiness Index and the identified variables. The results underscore a discernible relationship between the World Happiness Index and specific dimensions of cultural orientation, such as individualism, long-term orientation, and indulgence. Furthermore, the study reveals that government investment in education is another factor influencing the overarching landscape of happiness. These findings transcend mere statistical findings; they serve as beacons of knowledge with far-reaching implications for education policymakers, educators, and individuals interested in understanding the complexities of cultural variations, educational dynamics, and overall wellbeing. The implications of this research can offer relevant information to those who navigate the intricate intersections of cultural diversity, education policy, and the pursuit of societal happiness, such as education policymakers, educators and anyone interested in the issues of cultural differences, education, and wellbeing.

Examining financial literacy and the financial aspects of Hofstede's four-factor culture model in Hungary

The paper examines the financial culture and the use of financial knowledge of the Hungarian population based on Hofstede’s four-factor cultural dimension theory. Three research questions (financial application of Hofstede’s cultural model, testing it among the Hungarian population, and examining the relationship between financial knowledge and application) were investigated using a questionnaire-based quantitative research method on a representative sample. To answer the research questions, variables were grouped using principal component analysis, cluster analysis was performed to typify the population, and correlation analysis was carried out for financial knowledge and application. Based on the study, we recommended that financial education is important. A limitation of the study is that it is not representative in terms of educational attainment, but it is suitable for describing the financial characteristics of the Hungarian population. The study found that the Hungarian population can be characterized by applying Hofstede’s cultural model of finance. A significant part of the population holds collectivist views. It is also important to note that financial self-confidence and success orientation are not related to financial knowledge and its successful application.

ANALYZING THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE AMOUNT OF PLASTIC WASTE

One of the biggest environmental issues facing the planet today is plastic garbage, which was created by people and has an effect on them as well. Although though governments have implemented policies, rules, and other initiatives to increase public awareness of and engagement in decreasing plastic trash, the statistics has not changed, and this amount keeps rising every year. Several nations appear to be having trouble solving this problem. In addition, according to the World Bank, the country produces more plastics the wealthy its citizens are. By evaluating behavior and educating people, culture and education can be the answer to this problem. As people get more educated, their awareness of and care for the environment increases. The relationship between each of these factors—culture, education, national income, and government role and environmental problems might potentially help minimize plastic waste. Consequently, the goal of this study is to pinpoint the variables that may have an impact on the volume of plastic garbage and examine how these variables may affect the quantity of plastic waste in various nations. Hofstede's national culture dimension (Power Distance, Collectivism and Individualism, Masculinity and Femininity, Uncertainty Avoidance, Long-term Orientation and Short-term Orientation, Indulgence and Restraint), wealth per capita, education, and the government's plan and policy on sustainable consumption are the variables that will be examined. In this study, worldwide data for the year 2018 is gathered from 66 different nations utilizing secondary sources, and the data is then analyzed using the Multiple Linear Regression approach. According to the findings, there is a strong correlation between individualism and collectivism and the volume of plastic garbage. The results of this study should help each nation's government reduce the quantity of plastic garbage that is generated.

Regional Culture and Digital Financial Inclusion in China

Unbalanced development among regions is a prominent feature of the current situation of inclusive finance. Few works have been done on how regional culture affects the imbalance of inclusive financial development. The authors try to investigate this issue using yearly data of digital financial inclusion in China spanning from 2011 to 2020 and the Hofstede regional culture of China. The results reveal regional culture could be the potential driver which leads to regional imbalance of the development of digital financial inclusion in China. Specifically, under Chinese historical culture background, financial inclusion is positively related with indulgence regionally, while individualism or power distance could exert negative impact. The findings are verified by a two-stage least square approach. Due to the anonymity and platform dependence of digital financial, Hofstede culture could make sense by influencing public trust in the financial sector, the internet, and unfamiliar relationships.

EDUCATIONAL METAMORPHOSIS TO THE NEW SOCIAL CHANGE

The dynamic transformation of the society places the state in conditions of exceptional challenges in relation to the sociological needs for the formation of the human as an effective social creature of the New Time.This leads to the necessity for the transformation of the educational system as the main method for the development of public awareness in relation to the needs of the state. Based on this finding, the research aims to propose an educational metamorphosis in the educational sector at university level in order to respond to some specific aspects of the dynamic needs of this innovative social change. Based on EU and US educational goals, as well as Japan's innovative social concept for the development of Society 5.0 as a way to achieve sustainable development goals, set by the United Nations, this research uses the content analysis methodology with starting point of the sequence "social factual trends resulting changes in the needs of the state educational models, corresponding to these needs". The characteristics and direction of the development of collective societies according to Hofstede's Culture Research Model are being considered, as well as the projection for economic development of the world leading countries regarding GDP by 2028, focusing on the thesis that the future belongs to collective societies. As a result, the research identifies some specific necessities of the innovative social change formation of collective, long termoriented public awareness at the individual level, availability of a common protocol for communication under the conditions of network connectivity and refinement of the individual skills in person oriented education. In order to meet these needs, the research proposes an alternative conceptual model for the development of a transformational policy in the Bachelor degree of the higher education sector. In this regard, it is crucial to provide freedom to the university to form the personality, considering the harmful consequences of hyper individualism as a by product of the information society and to direct the education of the younger generations to meet the current needs of the state.From this perspective, it is advisable to pay special attention to the educational systems and methods in the collective societies that are emerging as leading nations in the world economy.

Geert Hofstede'nin kültürel boyutları dünya çapındaki pandemi istatistikleriyle ilişkili mi?

The COVID-19 pandemic, which started in China in 2019 and was seen in many parts of the world in a short time, has affected individuals and communities with quarantine and public health regimes. Like every event that has taken place at the global level, the COVID-19 pandemic has affected societies differently, and societies have different attitudes and reactions to the pandemic. Many historical, political, and economic factors can influence societies' attitudes and behaviors toward events. Culture is important, perhaps the most important variable in the context of the lives of societies and individuals, their attitudes toward social developments, and their behavior. The dimensions of culture, theorized by Geert Hofstede, compare societies in five dimensions, provide information about the lives of societies, and help predict possible behavior. This study examines the relationship between the statistics of total cases, total deaths, new cases, new deaths, total cases per 100,000 people, total deaths per 100,000 people, new cases per 100,000 people and new deaths per 100,000 people from the pandemic statistics published continuously during the COVID-19 pandemic and the cultural dimensions determined by Hofstede. For this purpose, pandemic statistics of the 100 countries with the highest number of cases on 7 dates during the COVID-19 pandemic were taken as a sample and analyzed with Hofstede's culture dimension scores. At the end of the study, it was revealed that there was a significant inverse correlation between the power range and long-term orientation scores of the countries and the COVID-19 statistics. In contrast, individuality and uncertainty avoidance scores correlated significantly with COVID-19 statistics. The findings related with high uncertainty avoidance may be explained by Extended Parallel Process Model. No significant correlation was found between countries' masculinity scores and COVID-19 scores. As a result of the study, it was revealed that there were significant relationships between the cultural dimension scores of the countries and the COVID-19 statistics.

Analyzing Organization Culture’s Role on Digital Transformation During Pandemic Era: An Ethnographic Study

Public behavior toward shopping is changing due to limited mobility. E-commerce has changed consumer shopping behavior. The pandemic has accelerated the digital transformation process. From this, the company finally decided to carry out digital transformation and try to sell their product to e-commerce. The company uses digital marketing to market its brands effectively to the public during a pandemic. The application of digital transformation makes organizational culture an important thing that influences the success or failure of digital transformation. The culture in each company will make the strategy of each company different. Corporate culture has a role in measuring the company's success in implementing digital transformation to deal with the pandemic. Because of this, this study uses Hofstede's organizational culture theory and cultural dimension theory. Ethnography is the method in this research because researchers can focus on culture. In general, ethnography is for researchers who are outside the organization. However, in this study, researchers are part of an organization, so they have a more in-depth picture of the culture that occurs within it. From this study, the symbol in each category of organizational culture in the company has a unique meaning, which plays a role in digital transformation that will impact company performance. The combination of cultural dimensions is also a factor in the success of digital transformation in companies. Culture, organization, consumers, technology, and strategy are five things in digital transformation that affect company performance.

Mapping Public-Planner Conflicts in SUDS Implementation Using Cultural Dimensions—A Case Study

The timely implementation of climate adaptation measures for the urban environment is essential to the creation of robust cities. Within Norway, these adaptation measures are undertaken at the municipal level. Unfortunately, the implementation of adaptation measures has lagged behind expectations, partially due to public resistance to local projects. City planners seek tools to provide insight into the priorities of residents to build consensus and public support. This study follows up on two previous case studies of Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SUDS) implementation in Trondheim, Norway, where the prioritization of urban space is often a source of conflict. The Hofstede Cultural Compass is a tool that maps six cultural dimensions used in research and practice to inform users about cultural norms and cross-cultural divergences. This study seeks to test and verify this tool for use in building public consensus and support. Municipal managers responsible for project implementation took the Cultural Compass survey, and the results were collectively mapped and compared to the public at large. The Cultural Compass found notable divergences between the municipality and the Norwegian public within the areas of “Long-term Orientation”, “Uncertainty Avoidance”, and “Masculinity vs. Femininity”. These findings were cross-referenced with thematically analyzed interviews of residents regarding their perceptions of a municipal SUDS project. Together, these case studies give greater insight into the issues of diverging priorities and perspectives experienced in the implementation of SUDS. Recommendations are presented to aid the understanding of intercultural divergences between planning offices and public priorities in an effort to better engage the public and build consensus.

Investigating the Cultural Impact on Predicting Crowd Behavior

The Cultural Crowd–Artificial Neural Network (CC-ANN) takes the cultural dimensions of a crowd into account, based on Hofstede Cultural Dimensions (HCDs), to predict social and physical behavior concerning cohesion, collectivity, speed, and distance. This study examines the impact of applying the CC-ANN learning model on more cultures to test the effect of predicting crowd behavior and the relationships among their characteristics. Our previous work which applied the CC-ANN only included eight nations using the six HCDs. In this paper, we including the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in the CC-ANN as a new culture which aided a comparative study with four HCDs, with and without the UAE, using Mean Squared Error (MSE) for evaluation. The results indicated that most of the best-case experiments involved the UAE having the lowest MSE: 0.127, 0.014, and 0.010, which enhanced the CC-ANN model’s ability to predict crowd behavior. Moreover, the links between the cultural, sociological, and physical properties of crowds can be seen from a broader perspective with stronger correlations using the CC-ANN in more countries with diverse cultures.

Anti-refugee attitudes towards Syrian people living in Turkey: Culture dimensions and motivational personal dispositions

Syria experienced a civil war that resulted in more than 3.6 million registered Syrian refugees seeking asylum in Turkey as of October 2022. This sociodemographic change has led to tensions between the local population living in Turkey and Syrian refugees, resulting in a social environment characterized by anti-refugee attitudes and intergroup conflicts. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the internalization of Hofstede's culture dimensions by individuals and anti-refugee attitudes and to test the mediating roles of needs for cognition and recognition in this relationship. The sample consisted of 439 (295 women and 144 men) Turkish university students aged between 18 and 31 years (M = 21.47, SD = 2.36). According to the main results, (i) internalization of culture dimensions of long-term orientation, masculinity, and uncertainty avoidance predicts the likelihood of endorsing anti-refugee attitudes towards Syrian people living in Turkey and (ii) the need for recognition associated with impression-motivated heuristic thinking mediates the relationship between internalization of culture dimensions of masculinity, power distance, and uncertainty avoidance and anti-refugee attitudes. The results can be addressed by interested parties to reduce negative attitudes of the local population and facilitate the process of refugees' adaptation and sustainable integration into society.

Do regional characteristics influence PPP contract governance skills requirements?

PurposeThis study aims to seek, on the basis of Hofstede's culture consequences, to explore the notion that regional characteristics may influence the prioritisation of certain types of public-private partnerships (PPP) contract governance skills over others. It further sets out to determine which skills are considered the most critical between the groups of respondents surveyed.Design/methodology/approachTo bring this important and neglected perspective into the mainstream of PPP discussions, the study, being of an exploratory nature, relied on a survey of 340 respondents from around the globe. The respondents are a rich mix of public policy experts, economists, construction professionals, project finance experts, lawyers and academic researchers in PPP.s.FindingsAnalysis revealed that, regional characteristics was an important factor influencing skills prioritisation. Furthermore, exploratory factor analysis with Monte Carlo principal component analysis (PCA) confirmation revealed that project management, contract design, negotiations, performance management and stakeholder management skills were very critical for successful contract management of PPP projects.Practical implicationsThe findings indicate that the design and implementation of regulatory governance for infrastructure PPPs should be context-specific rather than the current one-size-fits all model. Training should be tailored to reflect regional specific characteristics.Originality/valueStudies are increasingly pointing to the absence of critical PPP skills among institutions responsible for managing PPP contracts. This lack of capacity has resulted in poor oversight of private companies providing public services resulting in poor services, and financial recklessness, which threaten the sustainability of service provision.

GAMBARAN BUDAYA GENERASI MILENIAL DI KOTA SURABAYA DITINJAU DARI ENAM DIMENSI BUDAYA HOFSTEDE

This study aims to determine how the cultural picture of the millennial generation in the city of Surabaya is viewed from the six dimensions of Hofstede's culture. This research is a quantitative research that uses the "VSM 08" questionnaire to collect the desired data. The sample of this study amounted to 100 subjects who were taken using accidental sampling technique. The data that has been collected is then analyzed using the formula that has been formulated by Hofstede. The results of the study detail that the millennial generation in the city of Surabaya which is reviewed through Hofstede's cultural dimensions has: (1) the Power Distance Index (PDI) has a high index with a result of 65.5 or believes there is a distance between power holders and those under them. (2) The Individualism Index (IDV) shows a low index score with a result of 13.5, which may indicate strong collectivism. (3) Masculinity Index (MAS) with a result of 64 or millennials in Surabaya City tend to like the pattern of competition. (4) The Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) has a high index score of 79, meaning that millennials do not like things that are uncertain. (5) Long Term Orientation Index (LTO) has a result of 72.5 or happy future-oriented. (6) Indulgence Index (IVR) with a result of 46 or tend not to indulge in lust.

National culture and green bond issuance around the world

AbstractWe analyze the impact of Hofstede's culture dimensions on green bond issuance in 84 countries during 1991–2021, using novel International Monetary Fund data. We control for environmental, macroeconomic and institutional factors. Our results show that countries that score higher on individualism, masculinity and indulgence are associated with lower green bond issuance, whilst countries that score high on long‐term orientation and uncertainty avoidance are associated with higher green bond issuance. Culture appears to play a role in green bond market development. The culture effect remains broadly robust after applying sensitivity and endogeneity tests, adding new controls and performing coefficient stability and dominance analysis.