Hoffman Theory Research Articles

Code Mixing Use by Fathia Izzati's YouTube Channel

In bilingual societies, people are able to speak many languages. Commonly, they mix various languages while doing a conversation. This study aims to find out the type of code-mixing used by Fathia Izzati’s YouTube channel. This research used a theory by Hoffman (1991) about three types of code-mixing. This study is descriptive qualitative research. The data were taken from three videos of YouTube Fathia Izzati in 2018 and 2019. The result shows that from 89 data collected, there are two types out of code-mixing that have been found from three types of Hoffman theory. They are Intra-sentential code-mixing (98.88%), involving a change of pronunciation (1.12%), while intra-lexical code-mixing is not found from the data. By the finding, it can be concluded that the types of code-mixing dominantly used by Fathia in her videos is intra-sentential of code-mixing. The speaker’s educational background and parenting patterns greatly influence her speaking style combining the two languages. The reason Fathia speaks like that because she is comfortable and used to mix two languages when speaking. Sometimes there are Indonesian vocabs that are not match for use when speaking, so the speaker is more comfortable mixing with English vocabs and vice versa. Furthermore, the impact of the personal background of a person influenced the speaker to do code-mixing.

Code Mixing on Quipper Youtube Channel: A Sociolinguistics Study

People in Indonesia often use two languages interchangeably or by mixing two language conversations in daily life. The phenomenon of mixing language is often called code mixing. Code mixing also used on Quipper video, the speaker submits learning material using code mixing to make it easier to understand. The purpose of this study is to find out the types of code mixing by Hoffman's theory namely intra-sentential code mixing, intra-lexical code mixing, and involving a change of pronunciation, and the factors that influence code mixing by Holmes's theory namely the participants, social context, the topic, and the function. This study used qualitative content analysis as an approach. The data source will take from Quipper video Indonesia Youtube channel. The results of this study showed that the teacher used all the types of code mixing by Hoffman namely intra-sentential code mixing 87%, intra-lexical code mixing 11%, and involving a change of pronunciation 2%. While for the factors that influence code mixing, the researcher found three factors that used by the teacher namely the participants 30%, the topic 45%, and the function 25%.

Applied, type and rational-using of code switching in Insecurity novel

Background: People often used the code in their daily conversation, spoken or written language, formal or informal. When people do code switching, it can make them become bilingual. Purpose: The objective of this paper is to find out how many code switching are applied, types of code switching in dialog between the characters in Insecurity novel of Angelina Johnson included the reasons for using the code switching. Design and methods: The method used in this analysis is qualitative descriptive method with the library and internet research. This analysis focused on analyzing the types of code switching based on the theory of Poplack and reasons for using code switching based on Hoffman theory. Results: The results of analysis found the total in dialog that code switching occurs 141 data from chapter 1 to 19. Total 3 types of code switching, that most widely used is intra-sentential occurs 122 times, then inter-sentential 13 times, while tag switching occurs 6 times. And also found that only six reasons based on Hoffman theory by talking about particular topic found 47 times, quoting somebody else found 3 times, being empathic found 14 times, interjection found 6 times, repetition used for clarification found only once, while intention of clarifying found 14 times.

The Study of Code Mixing on Melaney Ricardo’s Video Youtube Channel Sociolinguistics Approach

This research investigated about code-mixing that found in YouTube. This article used a You Tube, because many people nowadays used YouTube to express their creativity. The aims of this study were to find out the types of code-mixing and the code-mixing category dominantly used by Melaney’s utterance in her videos. The researcher used Hoffman theory to reveal this study. The research applied qualitative descriptive method to analyze the types. of code-mixing and the category dominantly used by Melaney’s utterance. The method of collecting data was observation. The data were taken from video that are published in YouTube. The result of this research there are (20) intra-sentential mixing, (8) intra-lexical mixing, (2) involving a change of pronunciation. They all have different levels of code-mixing used in Melaney’s utterance. The conclusion is You Tube as a social media that allows users to share photos and videos, entertainment, tutorials, introduce or promoting a product, and access world’s information by using this application.
 Keywords: Sociolinguistics, Code-mixing

Analysis of Code Mixing Used by Teacher

ABSTRACT 
 This thesis was aimed to find the type of code mixing used by teacher during classroom interaction. The study used descriptive qualitative method. Each sentence from the teacher and students conversation was identified to determine its code mixing type according to Hoffman’s theory (1991). The data of the study is utterances which code mixing is included in it. The technique of the data collections used is documentary technique. It is found that there were three types of code mixing used during the class according to Hoffman theory namely : (1) intra-sentential, (2) intra-lexical, (3) involving change of pronunciation. From those types, intra-sentential was most frequently used by the teacher during the process of teaching and learning. The teacher`s reasons for applying code mixing were to overcome the communication barriers that occur between the teacher and the students to help the students understand and memorize the material more accessible. The result of the interview also showed that the students had a good perception of the implementation of code mixing used by the teacher in the classroom.
 Keyword : code mixing, intra-sentential, classroom interaction, teacher

The Use Of Code-Mixing By Online Sellers On Facebook Page “Peken Online Buleleng”

This study investigated the phenomena of code-mixing in the language used in social media. This study aimed at describing (1) the kinds of code-mixing produced by online sellers; (2) the online sellers' response towards the use of code-mixing. The data collected through online sellers' comments, captions, status and, hashtags on Facebook. The data were analysed based on the linguistic form of code-mixing by Suwito’s theory and the reasons for the use of code-mixing by Holmes Hoffman's theory. There were five steps in collecting the data, namely (1) opens the Facebook page; (2) screenshots code-mixing sentences; (3) writes code-mixing in the form of a table; (4) reads code-mixing sentences; (5) interviews the online sellers. The result showed that there were 50 code-mixing produced by online sellers. The online sellers frequently produced code-mixing in the form of words as a noun, phrase, adjective, clause, hybrid, repetition word and idiom. Meanwhile, the result of the interview showed that online sellers use code-mixing to get people’s attention, limited words or unknown translation.

CODE MIXING USED BY ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDENTS OF THE SEVENTH SEMESTERS IN DR.SOETOMO UNIVERSITY

Study entitled "Code Mixing Used by English Literature Students of the Seventh Semester in Dr. Soetomo University" is a sosoiolinguistic study. The selection of objects is based on the environment of Indonesian and English bilingual languages in a circle of seventh semester English literature students at Universitas Dr. Soetomo. This thesis uses descriptive qualitative method. This study aims to determine the type of Code Mixing and the reasons of using code mixing by employing Hoffman's theory. Finally, it was revealed in the findings that the most dominant type of code mixing were Used by English Literature Students of the Seventh Semester In Dr. Soetomo University is Intra-Sentential Code-mixing in the form of phrases. Meanwhile, the dominant intra-lexical code mixing found is verb. As a whole, code mixing is found in the form of inserting English codes into Indonesian utterances. Involving changes to pronunciation only shows four data. This research also reveals the most dominant reasons for using code mixing among seventh semester students is to express group identity. Keywords: Sociolinguistic, Bilingual and Code-Mixing.

An Analysis of Code Switching in Leila S. Chudori’s For Nadira

This research focused on analysis of types and reasons of using code switching by the characters in For Nadira novel. The writers applied Hoffman theory which functioned to categorize the types of code switching, and Holmes which functioned to explain the reason why the speakers do code switching. Besides, this research also adopted qualitative method, since the analysis dealt with words instead of numbers. The results of the analysis showed that there are four types of code switching occurred in For Nadira novel. Those are intra-sentential switches, inter-sentential switches, establishing continuity switches, and emblematic switching. Then, there are seven reasons influenced the characters in For Nadira novel switch their language. Those are to assert power, pride and status, to declare the solidarity, to express ethnic identity, to express self-emotion, to being more competence, to being more informative and to convey the speaker’s attitude to the listener.Key Words: Code switching, For Nadira, reason, sosiolinguistics, types

Empathy and autonomic and hemodynamic cardiac responses

Abstract Hemodynamic and autonomic responses have been used as sensitive indicators of cardiovascular health in situations involving emotions. However, few studies evaluated these indicators when feelings result from vicarious experiences. This research aimed to verify if empathy measures would be associated with variations in blood pressure, heart rate, rate pressure product, and heart rate variability in young adults, after exposure to experimental situations. Results point out that hemodynamic and autonomic cardiac indicators were associated with dispositional and situational empathy. These results are discussed based on Martin Hoffman's theory and in the light of recent findings in the field of Psychophysiology.

In Situ Real-Time Observation of Polymer Folded-Chain Crystallization by Atomic Force Microscopy at the Molecular Level

The crystallization process of a folded-chain crystal (FCC), the most common crystalline structure of polymer chains, was clearly visualized at the molecular level in situ and in real time for the first time. The sample was an isotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) monolayer deposited on mica in an amorphous state, the crystallization of which occurred under high humidity and was followed by atomic force microscopy. Detailed crystallization behaviors, especially the stepwise growth of the FCC with blocks shorter than the chain, cooperative chain slipping in the FCC, the formation of an anisotropic nucleus and its growth, and the formation of a small nucleus with a short lifetime, were clearly visualized at the molecular level. The stepwise growth of the FCC differed from that expected by the classical Lauritzen–Hoffman theory and was consistent with recent reports that indicated the formation of some ordered state in the amorphous phase. We believe this molecular information will improve our understanding of...

THE USE OF CODE-SWITCHING AMONG THE LATE ADOLESCENTS IN SOCIAL MEDIA FACEBOOK

This study discussed the use of code-switching among the late adolescents in social media Facebook. The purpose of the research was to know the types of code-switching used among the late adolescents in social media Facebook by applying Poplack theory. The other purpose was to reveal the reasons for using such types of code-switching in social media Facebook by applying Hoffman theory. The descriptive qualitative research design was used in this study. The data of the research were analyzed using Miles and Huberman method. The results of the research were: (1) there were three types of code-switching used by the late adolescents in social media Facebook, (2) some reasons in using code-switching were being emphatic to others, the use of interjection to gain attention, the use of repetition for clarification, intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor, expressing identity group, softening the request or command, lexical needs, and using satire. Satire was mostly found in this research.Keywords: code-switching, late adolescent, social media

도덕교육에서 ‘귀납추리’의 적용에 관한 연구 - 호프만(M. L. Hoffman) 이론을 중심으로 -

도덕교육에서 ‘귀납추리’의 적용에 관한 연구 - 호프만(M. L. Hoffman) 이론을 중심으로 -

Interfacial crystallization of isotactic polypropylene surrounding macroscopic carbon nanotube and graphene fibers

A comparative study on interfacial crystallization of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) surrounding macroscopic carbon nanotube and graphene fibers has been carried out in single fiber polymer composites by means of in situ polarized optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. Ordered interfacial microstructures of iPP nucleate on both nanocarbon fibers in the form of a transcrystalline interphase. Nanotube fibers tend to promote negative birefringence transcrystals whereas graphene fibers induce positive birefringence transcrystals. The microstructures of transcrystals are strongly dependent on the thermal history and the double-layered transcrystals consisting of a negative inner layer and a positive outer layer occur under certain conditions. Transcrystallization kinetics has been studied and the Lauritzen–Hoffman theory of heterogeneous nucleation used to analyze the dynamic crystallization process. While the fold surface energy of iPP transcrystals surrounding both nanocarbon fibers shows little difference, the nanotube fiber promotes shorter induction time than the graphene fiber. Thermal resistance test demonstrates that the ordered interfacial microstructures possess higher melting temperature in the nanotube fiber composites than those in the graphene fiber composites. Under appropriate conditions, the β-form transcrystals of iPP are observed. The amount of the β-form iPP surrounding the nanotube fiber is much higher than that surrounding the graphene fiber. A theoretical model is proposed to interpret the difference between the nanotube and graphene fiber composites and the mechanisms behind its influence on interfacial crystallization.

Investigation of an Abnormal α Polymorph Formation in Miscible PVDF Nanocomposite Blend Using Kinetics of Crystallization

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/acrylic rubber (ACM)/Nanoclay miscible nanocomposite blends are prepared using melt‐mixing method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is employed to investigate the real‐time conformational changes of PVDF chain segments during crystallization of corresponding nanocomposite blends under isothermal condition. This analysis demonstrates the formation of α polymorph in nanocomposite blends, which is quite abnormal compared to polymorphism of PVDF nanocomposite. Differential scanning calorimetry technique is also conducted to study the isothermal crystallization kinetic of the mentioned system. Furthermore, Avrami equation is employed to evaluate the overall crystallization rate. It is shown that addition of nanoclay to PVDF/ACM miscible blends slightly affects Avrami parameters. According to Lauritzen–Hoffman theory, the presence of crystals is observed at regime II of crystallization. Free energy of folding of miscible nanocomposite blends is comparable with that of miscible blends, suggesting the fact that PVDF molecules interact with ACM chains within nanocomposite blends, whereas nanoclay particles are wrapped by ACM molecules. De Gennes’ theory is used to explain the emergence of a different polymorph in miscible nanocomposite blends compared to that in PVDF nanocomposites. image

Effect of poly(l‐lactide)/poly(d‐lactide) block length ratio on crystallization behavior of star‐shaped asymmetric poly(l(d)‐lactide) stereoblock copolymers

Effect of Poly(l‐lactide)/Poly(d‐lactide) (PLLA/PDLA) block length ratio on the crystallization behavior of star‐shaped poly(propylene oxide) block poly(d‐lactide) block poly (l‐lactide) (PPO–PDLA–PLLA) stereoblock copolymers with molecular weights (Mn) ranging from 6.2 × 104 to 1.4 × 105 g mol−1 was investigated. Crystallization behaviors were studied utilizing differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized optical microscopy (POM), and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD). Only stereocomplex crystallites formed in isothermal crystallization at 140 to 156°C for all samples. On one hand, the overall crystallization rate decreased as PLLA/PDLA block length ratio increased. As PLLA/PDLA block length ratio increased from 7:7 to 28:7, the value of half time of crystallization (t1/2) delayed form 2.85 to 5.31 min at 140°C. On the other hand, according to the Lauritzen–Hoffman theory, the fold‐surface energy (σe) was calculated. σe decreased from 77.7 to 73.3 erg/cm2 with an increase in PLLA/PDLA block length ratio. Correspondingly increase in nucleation density was observed by the polarized optical microscope. Results indicated that the PLLA/PDLA block length ratio had a significant impact on the crystallization behavior of PPO–PDLA–PLLA copolymers. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:2534–2541, 2015. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers

Crystallization kinetics, spherulitic morphology, mechanical properties and heat resistance of β-nucleated impact-resistant propylene-ethylene copolymer

β-nucleated impact-resistant propylene–ethylene copolymer (IPC) samples were prepared via melt compounding. The isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization and melting behaviors of the samples were investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Avrami equation was used to analyze the isothermal crystallization kinetics of the samples. The Lauritzen–Hoffman theory was applied and the nucleation constant Kg and the surface free energy σe was calculated. Jeziorny’s and Mo’s methods were used to analyze the non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of the samples. The activation energy (ΔE) of non-isothermal crystallization and the nucleating activity of the samples were calculated by Friedman’s formula and Dobreva’s method, respectively. The results show that the addition of β-nucleating agent (NT-A and NT-C) decreases the Kg and σe, so that the nucleation and crystallization rate of IPC is increased greatly under isothermal condition. Jeziorny’s and Mo’s methods well describe the non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of the samples. NT-C is more effective than NT-A as a β-nucleating agent. It is also found that the addition of nucleating agent decreases the size and increases the number of spherulites significantly. The Izod notched impact strength and heat deflection temperatures (HDT) of IPC are also improved by the nucleating agents.

Crystallization behavior and spherulitic morphology of poly(lactic acid) films induced by casting process

A novel way using a polarized optical microscopy and statistical image analysis techniques for direct investigation of the crystallization kinetics and spherulitic morphology of poly (lactic acid) induced by casting process has been proposed. DSC analyses were carried out to explore the effect of drawing in thermal properties of PLA. We found that the rate of cold crystallization was sharply increased with draw ratio. Isothermal calorimetric results reveal that thin films crystallize slowly compared to sheets. Moreover, thin films don't fit the Avrami model demonstrating that more stretching may modify the crystallization kinetics of films. A comparison was made between pure PLA and stretched materials using Hoffman theory and giving a compiled view on the details of crystallization behavior with relation to stretch effect. At draw ratio 167, the growth rate reach its maximum and the crystallization rate go up exponentially. POM experiments showed the existence of two different spherulitic populations in thin films and two nucleation mechanisms was identified. Accordingly, the growth rate was found to be not linear with time. Furthermore, the X-ray diffraction analyses showed the presence of α and α' crystal form in thin films contrarily to sheets with α form. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:1881–1888, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers

Effect of surface-modified zinc oxide nanowires on solution crystallization kinetics of poly(3-hexylthiophene)

Interfacial interactions between donor and acceptor molecules are determinative to the device performance of hybrid photovoltaics. However, the dynamic process of such interactions remains largely obscure. In this work, we report the kinetic behavior of solution crystallization of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) in anisole in the presence of ZnO nanowires by means of ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy. ZnO nanowires are surface-modified by covalently attaching aliphatic and aromatic ligands to enhance the miscibility and interfacial interactions between P3HT and ZnO nanowires. Upon cooling the hot solution to room temperature, a significant time-dependent chromism occurs spontaneously. Analysis of the kinetics of isothermal solution crystallization across a range of crystallization temperature displays that the growth rate of the crystals scales with polymer concentration as R ∝ C1.6 for both the control P3HT and P3HT with ZnO nanowires. The Lauritzen–Hoffman theory of secondary nucleation is utilized to analyze the kinetic behavior of crystallization, and the fold surface free energies of the crystals of P3HT in anisole are calculated to be 6.6–10.3 × 10−2 J m−2. It is found that the addition of surface-modified ZnO nanowires decreases the fold surface free energy by 21.5% and 43.8%, respectively, for aliphatic and aromatic ligands.

Non-isothermal cold crystallization behavior and kinetics of poly(l-lactide): effect of l-lactide dimer

The effects of l-lactide dimer as additives on the crystallization behavior of poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) films were studied. Hence, neat PLLA films and PLLA containing l-lactide (5 % w/w) (PLLA/La) were prepared in dichloromethane at room temperature via solution casting. The non-isothermal cold crystallization of PLLA films were studied using differential scanning calorimetry at various heating rates including 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 and 15 °C/min. However, the X C% was increased for PLLA/La films in comparison with neat PLLA films. The crystallization kinetics was then analyzed by the Avrami, Jeziorny, Ozawa and Mo kinetic models. It is found that all the kinetic models were established to describe the experimental data fairly well except the Ozawa model. The values of t 1/2, Z C and F(T) indicated that the crystallization rate increased with increase in heating rates for PLLA and PLLA/La films. However, l-lactide dimer incorporated in PLLA films accelerates the crystallization process of PLLA at the high heating rate. The nucleation constant (K g) and the surface free energy (σ e) based on Lauritzen–Hoffman theory indicated that these parameters for PLLA/La films is lower than neat PLLA.

Crystallization and melting of propylene–ethylene random copolymers. Homogeneous nucleation and β-nucleating agents

The different crystallization behavior of two propylene–ethylene random copolymers, (PP-R and PP-RCT), one of which (PP-RCT) contains a β-nucleating agent is investigated in the present paper. Isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization behavior was thoroughly studied. The subsequent melting behavior after isothermal crystallization was studied by means of standard and Step-Scan DSC. The equilibrium melting point of α crystals determined using the Hoffman–Weeks extrapolation was 11.8°C higher than that for β crystals. The Lauritzen–Hoffman theory was applied and the nucleation constant Kg and the surface free energy σe was calculated. From the isothermal experiments it was concluded that the nucleating agent increased drastically the crystallization rate of the copolymer, also promoting the generation of β crystals. On cooling PP-RCT crystallized at about 8°C higher temperatures than PP-R. The non-isothermal crystallization of the materials was examined and for the kinetics analysis the Avrami, Ozawa and Mo models were elaborated. Nucleation activity was calculated with the use of Dobreva’s method. The effective activation energy was calculated for both polymers according to the iso-conversional method of Friedman and lower values resulted as expected in case of the PP copolymer with nucleating agent.