Cardaria Draba Research Articles

Ethnobotanical study of wild edible plants in the mountainous regions of Semnan Province, Iran

In mountainous areas, wild edible plants are an important part of the local diet. Climate change and anthropogenic activities have profound effects on wild edible plants in these areas. Ethnobotanical studies are important for understanding the use patterns and harvest impacts on these plants. In this regard, the Shahrood region, with its diverse historical/ethnic background, is an appropriate starting point to investigate exploitation patterns and impacts of harvest of wild edible plants. During 2021–2022, ethnobotanical surveys were conducted in 12 villages in the region using semi-structured interviews and participatory observations. Data collection included assessing wild edible plant species diversity, their habitats, collection time and quantities, plant parts used and methods of consumption and preparation. The data were analyzed using use report indicators, relative frequency of citations, and use value (UV). A total of 1086 use reports were documented from a total of 44 interviews. A total of 67 wild species (66 plants and 1 fungus) belonging to 54 genera and 24 families were used as edible in the study area. Rosaceae (9 species), Apiaceae (8), Lamiaceae (8), Asteraceae (7), and Amaryllidaceae (5) were the families with the most reported species. Allium (5 species) was the most diverse genus in terms of species diversity. Herbs were the most commonly used life form (79.1%), followed by shrubs (13.4%) and trees (6%). The most consumed plant parts were young leaves (25%) and young aerial parts (21.4%). There were 13 use categories identified. The majority of edible plants were collected in April–May, mainly from areas nearby villages (37.7%) and rangelands (33.7%). The most important edible plants in the study area were Allium iranicum (Wendelbo) Wendelbo (UV = 1.7), Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. (1.5), Allium umbilicatum Boiss. (1.47), Tragopogon graminifolius DC. (1.38), Lepidium draba L. (1.27), Urtica dioica L. (1.18), Falcaria vulgaris Bernh. (1.13), Malva neglecta Wallr. (1.11) and Eremurus sp. (1.09). Our results showed diverse and valuable knowledge for wild edible plants in this region, which should be considered in the conservation and management plans in the region.

Evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of silver nanoparticles synthesized with leaves of Lepidium draba L.

Nanoscience is a prominent scientific field with great potential and many novel and cost-effective applications. Numerous green and environmentally friendly synthesis methods have been introduced that use different plant extracts to produce silver, gold, copper, and iron antibacterial nanoparticles. Plant extracts contain rejuvenating compounds which, when exposed to metal salts (in this research, silver nitrate), facilitate their reduction to metal ions. In the present investigation, Lepidium draba was used as a regenerating factor. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) containing Azmak leaf extract were synthesized under optimal conditions including silver nitrate concentration, time, temperature, and pH. These nanoparticles were then evaluated for their characteristics using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential analyses. Subsequently, the antibacterial properties of nanoparticles were assessed using the broth microdilution method. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method was also employed to examine the antioxidant properties of synthesized nanoparticles. Structural analyses revealed the formation of spherical, stable, and pure AgNPs with a size of 20–35 nm. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. In addition, investigation of the antioxidant activity of the nanoparticles showed 89% inhibition at a concentration of 250 μg/mL. AgNPs synthesized using the Azmak leaf extract can be employed as low-cost and efficient nanoparticles for environmental and biomedical applications and their dual antimicrobial and antioxidant characteristics could potentially position them as candidates for treating infectious wound.

HYDROALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF Lepidium draba L. AMELIORATES CAPECITABINE -INDUCED ENTEROCOLITIS IN RATS

This study investigated the protective properties of Lepidium draba L. hydroalcoholic extract (LDHE) against enterocolitis induced by Capecitabine (CT), utilizing biochemical, molecular, and histopathological analyses. A study was conducted involving 50 Wistar rats divided into 5 groups of ten rats over 60 days: healthy, 400 mg/kg LDHE, 20 mg/kg CT, and two co-treatment groups receiving both CT and 200 and 400 mg/kg LDHE groups. On the 61st day, serum nitric oxide, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), arginine vasopressin (AVP), tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL-1), and interleukin-1β levels were measured, along with the activity of glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase enzymes. To evaluate tissue oxidative stress in the intestine, measurements were taken for FRAP, thiol, and TBARS levels. Apoptosis in the intestine was assessed by examining the Bax/Bcl-2, caspase-3, and p53 expression via real-time PCR. Furthermore, real-time PCR was employed to evaluate water homeostasis by examining the AQP3, AQP8, and AQP10 expression, while protein expression was analyzed using western blotting. LDHE extract effectively regulates inflammatory cytokine levels and modulates ADH and AVP levels, thereby preserving serum and intestinal osmotic balance. Furthermore, it attenuated the Bax/Bcl-2, caspase-3, and p53 mitochondrial apoptotic pathways while enhancing the expression of AQP3, AQP8, and AQP10 genes in intestinal tissue. The study suggests that LDHE holds promise in the treatment of enterocolitis in chemotherapy patients. Keywords: Lepidium draba L., Capecitabine, Intestine, Enterocolitis, Apoptosis, Aquaporins

Cardioprotective Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Lepidium draba on Isoproterenol-Induced Acute Myocardial Infarction in Rats

Background: Recently, there has been increased interest in medicinal plants for the discovery of new compounds to treat various disorders. A few studies have highlighted the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Lepidium draba. Objectives: This study explores the potential cardioprotective effects of L. draba against myocardial infarction (MI) induced by isoproterenol. Methods: Isoproterenol (ISO) (100 mg/kg, injected subcutaneously for two consecutive days) was utilized to induce acute myocardial infarction in rats. The treated groups were administered hydroalcoholic extracts of L. draba intraperitoneally (ip) at doses of 50, 250, and 500 mg/kg for 2 consecutive days. Subsequently, the Electrocardiogram pattern, cardiodynamic parameters, cardiac remodeling, and lactate dehydrogenase levels were assessed. Results: The findings revealed that isoproterenol administration elevated the ST-segment and diminished the R-amplitude on the electrocardiogram, whereas treatment with L. draba extracts significantly ameliorated the ECG pattern. Isoproterenol injections lowered the mean arterial pressure (MAP), which was significantly increased by L. draba extract at all doses (P < 0.05). Furthermore, isoproterenol injections elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels (P < 0.05) and cardiac fibrosis (P < 0.001), and treatment with the hydroalcoholic extract of L. draba significantly reduced both indices (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively). Conclusions: This study is the first to demonstrate that L. draba administration protects myocardial tissue from isoproterenol-induced infarction. Consequently, this plant could be recommended as an adjunct treatment for patients with acute MI.

The Antimicrobial Effects of Myrosinase Hydrolysis Products Derived from Glucosinolates Isolated from Lepidium draba.

Lepidium draba (hoary cress) is a perennial plant belonging to the Brassicaceae family that produces two dominant glucosinolates (GLSs): glucoraphanin (GRN) and sinalbin (SBN). They represent the stored form, which is converted upon the myrosinase (Myr) hydrolysis activity to active compounds, mainly isothiocyanates (ITCs) such as sulforaphane (SFN) or p-hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate (pHBITC). Research on ITCs that have proven anticancer, antimicrobial, and chemoprotective properties is usually conducted with pure commercially available compounds. However, these are chemically reactive, making it difficult to use them directly for preventive purposes in dietary supplements. Efforts are currently being made to prepare dietary supplements enriched with GLS and/or Myr. In this study, we report a simple but efficient chromatographic procedure for the isolation and purification of GLSs from MeOH extract from hoary cress based on a combination of ion exchange and gel permeation chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 and Sephadex LH-20. To obtain the Myr required for efficient hydrolysis of GLSs into antibacterial ITCs, we developed a rapid method for its extraction from the seeds of Lepidium sativum (garden cress). The yields of GLSs were 22.9 ± 1.2 mg GRN (purity 96%) and 10.4 ± 1.1 mg SBN (purity 92%) from 1 g of dry plant material. Both purified GLSs were used as substrates for the Myr. Analysis of the composition of hydrolysis products (HPs) revealed differences in their hydrolysis rates and in the degree of conversion from GLSs to individual ITCs catalyzed by Myr. When GRNs were cleaved, SFNs were formed in an equimolar ratio, but the formation of pHBITCs was only half that of cleaved SBNs. The decrease in pHBITC content is due to its instability compared to SFN. While SFN is stable in aqueous media during the measurement, pHBITC undergoes non-enzymatic hydrolysis to p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol and thiocyanate ions. Testing of the antimicrobial effects of the HPs formed from GRN by Myr under premix or in situ conditions showed inhibition of the growth of model prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. This observation could serve as the jumping-off point for the design of a two-component mixture, based on purified GLSs and Myr that is, usable in food or the pharmaceutical industry in the future.

Profiles of the Headspace Volatile Organic and Essential Oil Compounds from the Tunisian <i>Cardaria draba</i> (L.) Desv. and Its Leaf and Stem Epidermal Micromorphology

Profiles of the Headspace Volatile Organic and Essential Oil Compounds from the Tunisian <i>Cardaria draba</i> (L.) Desv. and Its Leaf and Stem Epidermal Micromorphology

Cardiotoxicity of hydroalcoholic extract of Lepidium draba in isoproterenol-induced heart failure in rats

Cardiotoxicity of hydroalcoholic extract of Lepidium draba in isoproterenol-induced heart failure in rats

Ethnobotany for food security and ecological transition: wild food plant gathering and consumption among four cultural groups in Kurram District, NW Pakistan

BackgroundIn traditional food systems, especially those of rural populations around the world, wild food plants remain crucial. These resources need to be urgently documented to lay the foundations for sustainable livelihoods and food security.MethodsIn the present field study, we gathered information about wild food plants and mushrooms consumed by four ethnic groups (Turis, Khushis, Hazaras, and Christians) living in Kurram District, NW Pakistan, by conducting semi-structured interviews and holding group discussions.ResultsA total of 57 wild edible plants and mushrooms were reported, with the documented taxa belonging to 50 genera and 34 families. Turis reported the highest number of wild food plants (41), followed by Hazaras (37), Khushis (35), and then Christians, who reported only 11 plants. The most dominant families were Rosaceae, followed by Polygonaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Moraceae, and Plantaginaceae. The comparative analysis we conducted with the pre-existing Pakistani ethnobotanical studies revealed that 23 wild edible plants have not been previously reported as food items in the area under study, which included Fragaria nubicola, Lepidium draba, Pinus wallichiana, Podophyllum emodi, Prunus jacquemontii, Sambucus nigra, Sideroxylon mascatense, and Thymus linearis. Four wild edible mushrooms are also reported for the area for the first time: Calvatia gigantea, Morchella esculenta, Pisolithus albus, and Tulostoma squamosum. The cross-cultural analysis of wild edible plants and their uses revealed remarkable similarity between Khushis and Hazaras. The overlapping pattern of wild edible plant use among these two groups, as well as Turis, confirms the existence of cross-cultural interactions among these communities, which have shared the same environmental and socio-cultural space for several decades. Food heritage and some unique dishes are linked to wild edible plants in the area, such as Zamda, prepared by Turis, and Saba, famous among Khushis and Hazaras.ConclusionThis study suggests that some wild edible plants could be cultivated to protect a few threatened species from overexploitation, while the overall wild food plant heritage should be promoted and revitalized; for example, within educational platforms aimed at improving the wellbeing of local communities and the global ecological transition we must deal with.

Optimizing herbicide doses for weed control in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Moscow region of Russia

One of the main reasons for the reduction of winter wheat yields in Russia, as in most major wheat-producing countries, is the massive infestation and rapid spread of annual weed species. Thus, this study was conducted during 2022 at D.N. Pryanishnikov Russian Research Institute of Agro chemistry, Russia with main objective to optimize the concentration of broad-spectrum herbicides: Lintur, VDG (659 g/kg dicamba-sodium + 41 g/kg triasulfuron), Bucephalus, KE (480g/L carfentrazone-ethyl), Camaro SE (6. 25 g/L florasulam + 300 g/L 2,4-D), Prima Forte 195 SE (180g/L 2,4-D + 10g/L aminopyralid +5g/L florasulam), and their plant growth regulator mixtures Moddus, KE (250 g/L trinexapac-ethyl) to protect winter wheat crops from weeds at Barbino (Russia). An inventory conducted on the study plot showed that the total number reached 434 pants/m2 weeds, with a total of 9 weed species namely Cirsium arvense, Cardaria draba, Galium aparine, Matricaria discoidea, Chenopodium album, Polygonum aviculare, Galeopsis tetrahit, Capsella bursa-pastoris, and Sinapis arvensis of which 73.9% are annual species with a vegetative cycle parallel to that of winter wheat. Herbicide application at 50% showed little difference in weed control efficacy (%) compared to standards and ranged from 56.0 to 100.0% depending on treatment and weed species. Both individually applied herbicides and their mixtures with Moddus and free weed control contributed to a significant increase in yield and the increase was from 12.3 to 23.7%. Yield when using the options mixture with the growth regulator Moddus was higher than the individual application of herbicides regardless of the dose. Yield at a dose of 50% was slightly higher or lower compared with the manufacturer's standard. In general, the growth regulator did not affect herbicide efficacy, but its combination with herbicides improved yield structure elements and increased yield quality of winter wheat.

Determination of Density and Frequency of Weeds in Commercial Crops of Hamur District of Ağrı, Türkiye

Weeds not only cause yield and quality losses in cultivated plants but also hinder harvesting. To effectively reduce these negative effects, it's crucial to identify the weed species and choose the most appropriate control method. Conducting regular surveys in areas where crops are grown is essential for this purpose. This study was carried out to determine the weed types, densities, and frequency of occurrence in barley, wheat, alfalfa, sainfoin, and vetch cultivation areas, which are widely cultivated in the Hamur district of Ağrı province in 2022. In addition, face-to-face surveys were conducted with 100 different producers who cultivate these cultivated plants. During the surveys, 63 different weed species belonging to 19 families were determined throughout the district. At the level of cultivated plants, the highest number of weed species were found to be 42 species belonging to 17 families in sainfoin, 31 species belonging to 14 families in wheat, 27 species belonging to 13 families in barley, 25 species belonging to 16 families in alfalfa, and 18 weed species belonging to 12 families in vetch. Weeds with a higher incidence compared to cultivated plants were Convolvulus arvensis L. in the wheat, Cardaria draba L. (65%) in the barley, Convolvulus arvensis L. (55%) in the sainfoin, Tragopogon pratensis L. (45%) in the alfalfa, and Tragopogon pratensis L. (60%) in the vetch cultivation areas. In the face-to-face surveys conducted within the scope of the study, 65% of the farmers stated that weeds are the most important plant protection problem in agricultural production areas. The majority of the producers reported that they preferred the mechanical control method against these weeds.

A comparative study of the phenolic compounds of some Brassicaceae taxa by High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique

This study was conducted to determine the phenolic compounds that may be utilized as chemotaxonomic study to identify some phenolic compounds concentration that are useful for pharmaceutical purposes from 5 taxa belongs to the Brassicaceae family which are; Cardaria draba (L.) Desv., Lepidum aucheri Boiss., Sisymbrium irio L., Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop., and Sisymbrium septulatum DC. Leaves powder of these taxa were collected and analyzed by High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results identified 9 phenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, genstic acid, kaempferol, p-coumaric acid, protocatechuic acid, sinapic acid, and vanillic acid. The results showed that the genus Lepidium aucheri had the highest concentration of 4 phenolic compounds, cinnamic acid, genstic acid, p-coumaric acid, and sinapic acid with concentration of (37.2, 80.79, 62.91, and 37.10µg/ ml) respectively. On the other hand, the genus Cardaria draba showed the lowest concentration of 3 phenolic compounds, cinnamic acid, p- coumaric acid, and protocatechuic acid, and doesn't have 2 phenolic compounds, genstic acid and kaempferol. This variation in the phenolic concentrations might be due to the genotype and plant growth stage differences. The results of this study provide a source for bioactive compounds to future studies.

STUDIES ON THE APPLICATION OF HERBICIDES IN RASPBERRY CULTURE TECHNOLOGY

Weed control in raspberry cultivation helps to reduce the economic impact of the weed control link on the technological cycle, as well as to eliminate competition for water, nutrients and sunlight, thus allowing their growth and development in normal parameters. Cultivation, mulching and herbicide are the most practical control measures. It is necessary to know both the density of weeds and the dominant species in order to establish the strategy to reduce weeding by plowing, herbicide or integrated measures, so that weed invasion falls below the economic damage threshold (PED). The application of herbicides to reduce the degree of weeding is based on the knowledge of the weed species existing in the crop, as well as the state of coverage of the plantation. In order to establish effective measures to reduce the invasion below the economic damage threshold, it is necessary to determine the density of weeds by the method of mapping them and to establish the predominant species. The mapping action took place in the period 2020-2021 and an attempt was made to cover the entire spectrum of weeds in the plantation, then averaging by species. Following the mapping of weeds in the raspberry plantation, the presence of 22 weeds identified inside the metric frame belonging to both the dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous classes was observed, most of them coming from the first group (Capsela bursa-pastoris, Lamium amplexicaule, Cirsium arvense, Cardaria draba, Setaria glauca, Agropyron repens, Cynodon dactylon.

Determination of Allelopathic and Antimicrobial Effects of Four Different Plant Species

The investigation of allelopathic and antimicrobial effects of four different plant extracts is the aim of this study. The aqueous extract of plants (Lepidium draba L., Acroptilon repens (L.) DC., Thymus kotchyanus Boiss&Hohen. var. kotchyanus, Inula peacockiana (Aitch.&Hemsl.) Koravin,) were applied to seedlings of cultivated (Pisum sativum L. and Hordeum vulgare L.) and weed (Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Portulaca oleraceae L.). Seedlings were irrigated with aqueous extract (1 %) for 15 days to observe the physiological responses. The morphological changes, chlorophyll levels and phytohormone concentrations were determined. The Lepidium draba and Inula peacockiana extracts affected development of all of the target seedlings and caused lesion on the leaves. Acroptilon repens and Thymus kotschyanus extracts caused a decrease in gibberellic acid (GA) whereas increase in absisic acid (ABA) levels. For investigation of antimicrobial activities, hexane, methanol and water extracts were prepared. Extracts were applied on Bacillus cereus, Staphylococ aureus, Pseudomonas syringae and Escherichia coli for antibacterial and Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus niger for antifungal effects. Inula peacockiana and Acroptilon repens extracts had a great antimicrobial activity. While all plant extracts inhibited Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum growth and spore development of Aspergillus niger. The antifungal activity of extracts were better than antibacterial activity. As a conclusion, these plants have allelopathic potential for natural weed control and antimicrobial potential for medicinal uses.

Organic oat production (Avena sativa L.) in the conditions of Northeastern Bulgaria

Abstract. The study took place in the period 2018 - 2020 in the village of Milanovo, Shumen region. In the period March 23 - 30, in accordance with the climatic factors of each year, the spring oat variety Scorpion was sown at a sowing rate of 3000 - 4000 germinating seeds per ha. Oats were sown after a predecessor crop of nettle. The aim of the present study is to prove that the oat variety Scorpio is suitable for organic production and it gives a quality product for direct consumption. The cultivation method and the finished product processing are also described in the study. The soil is gray-brown forest soil (Luvisols, Lessive - FAO UNESCO). Oats were grown following the requirements for field crop organic cultivation. In the period of vegetation, the crop was watered twice at a rate of 0.4 - 0.6 mᶾ /ha. The crop was harvested for green mass, at the maturity stage, as mowing was done in late June in two stages with a herb mower. The harvested area was 1.23 ha, and the green mass yield obtained was 10 t, on average for the period. The green mass followed a drying process in the sun, as a result of which 2470 kg of dry oat stalks were obtained. After that, we could prepare bundles measuring the length of 20 - 25 cm, packed in nylon and also aligned at the rear end. Each bundle weight varied from 100 to 300 g. After the dedusting process of bundles we were able to obtain a product for direct consumption showing fiber length of 0.4 - 3 mm. The sown area was identified as having the following groups of weeds: winter-spring (Chamomilla recutita Rauchert, Consolida regalis SPGray, Centaurea cyanus L. and Papaver rhoeas L.), early spring (Sinapis arvensis L., Bifora radians MB, Polygonum convolvulus L., Galium tricorne With, Avena fatua L.), ephemeral (Veronica hederifolia L., Stellaria media (L.), Holosteum umbelatum toothed swan) and root-shoot (Cirsium arvense Scop., Convolvulus arvense L. Cardaria draba L.). We could not detect any fungal disease attacks by: Puccinia coronata, Ustilago avenae, Ustilago hordei, Fusarium sp. Powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis De Candole f. Sp. Avenae) and striped leaf spots (Pyrenospora avenae) had a weak effect on the crop (up to 25%). The study period showed the average content in the crop as follows: protein - 10.56%, starch - 43.62%, ash - 4.24%, and fiber - 13.47%.

Evaluation of Anxiolytic Effects of Methanolic Extract of Lepidium draba L by Cross-Maze Method in Mice

Evaluation of Anxiolytic Effects of Methanolic Extract of Lepidium draba L by Cross-Maze Method in Mice

Renoprotective and hepatoprotective activity of Lepidium draba L. extracts on oxymetholone-induced oxidative stress in rat.

Misuse and abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) such as oxymetholone (OM) cause side effects such as male infertility, cardiovascular disorders, musculoskeletal, and hepato-renal dysfunctions in athletes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of Lepidium draba L. (L. draba) extract on OM-induced hepato-renal toxicity. Thirty adult male Wistar rats into six groups (n=5) were randomly divided as follows: control (normal saline), OM (5 mg/kg/day), L. draba-treated (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/d) plus 5mg/kg/day OM, and L. draba (400 mg/kg/d) groups. Normal saline, OM and L. draba extract were orally administered for 30 days. On day 31 of the study, hepatic and renal biochemical parameters were measured. Serum cytokines (IL-1β, IL-10, IL-6) tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α) and nitric oxide, levels alongside catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activity were evaluated. Also, changes in liver and kidney histopathology were evaluated. Finally, the anti-oxidant properties of the extract were determined. The results of this study showed that in the groups treated with the L. draba extract, hepatic-renal biochemical parameters improved and also the level of nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines decreased and the activity of anti-oxidant enzymes increased compared with the OM group. These findings revealed that L. draba, due to its high anti-oxidant properties and high content of polyphenols (especially flavonoids), can improve OM-induced hepato-renal oxidative damages. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: L. draba due to its remarkable anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties can protects the kidney and liver injuries against oxymetholone. These features are attributed to the presence of phenolic and flavonoid components. This fidings would be helpful to desgin new therapeutic agents for treating and preventing liver/kidney injuries.

Effect of ant-attendance on the occurrence of intraguild predation

Parasitoids and predators exploiting similar food resource make aphidophagous guilds especially favourable systems for studying intraguild predation, but ants as third parties protect aphids against their natural enemies and in return obtain carbohydrate-rich honeydew as a nutritional resource. A field experiment on the interrelationship among aphids, ants and predators/parasitoids was conducted on two plants (hoary cress Cardaria draba L. [Brassicaceae) and Canada thistle Cirsium arvense L. [Asteraceae]). Cardaria was infested with the aphid Acyrthosiphon gossypii Mordvilko (Homoptera: Aphididae) tended by the ant Lasius turcicus Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Cirsium was infested with the aphid Brachycaudus cardui L. (Homoptera: Aphididae) tended by the ant Crematogaster sordidula Nylander (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The mean number of predators per aphid colony decreased significantly when the aphids were tended by ants on both host plants. In contrast, the parasitism rate of both aphids decreased significantly without the tending ant. Thus ant attendance can affect the occurrence and intensity of intraguild predation, and consequently provide enemy free space for parasitoids. If a foraging female aphid parasitoid succeeds in ovipositing into patches with guarding ants, then its offspring could be protected from the risk of intraguild predation.

Phenolic Composition, In-vitro Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibition Activities of Cardaria draba Different Parts

The plant Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. subsp. draba (Brassicaceae), is traditionally used for various ailments in different cultures. We investigated different solvent extracts such as methanol, ethanol, and water extracts obtained from flowers, leaves, stems, and roots of C. draba for their chemical composition, as well as antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and tyrosinase). RP-HPLC technique was used to determine the phenolic profile of each extracts. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined by using DPPH and ABTS method, total phenol and flavonoid content analysis, and iron chelating assay. Enzyme inhibitory potential was evaluated by 96-microplate method. According to the results, aqueous extract of flower demonstrated the highest total phenolic content (64.32 µgGAE/ mg), while leaf ethanol extract showed the highest total flavonoid content (141.47 µgQE/ mg) among all extracts. The methanol, and water extracts of flowers were the most effective DPPH scavenger while aqueous extract of flower was the most active on ABTS scavenging. It is shown that the extracts possess promising activity against α-glucosidase than α-amylase enzyme. The methanolic extract of flower showed anti-acetylcholinesterase activity, and the ethanolic extract of the stem exhibited the best anti-butyrylcholinesterase activity among the 12 extracts. As for the anti-tyrosinase activity, higher kojic acid equivalent values were found for the aqueous extracts of roots and leaves. In conclusion, the data obtained from this study may serve as the basis for the bioassay-guided isolation of active compounds and the development of novel drugs from Cardaria draba.

HEART RHYTHM AND CONDUCTIVITY DISTURBANCES IN MEN UNDER 60 YEARS OLD WITH ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY DURING MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Abstract: For the first time, medicinal plants of arid landscapes of the south of Russia were studied for amino acid composition, vitamins. The features of the accumulation of organic acids and vitamins in medicinal plants were established, the concentrations were correlated from the type and genus of the plant. The component composition of amino acids of the studied LR samples was studied. A total of 9 amino acids were found, of which 5 are irreplaceable. The content of aminoacidum in the studied samples have high levels of variation within the species list, regardless of the plant family, and have a range of total amino acid composition ranging from 3.28% to 12.42%. In general, the content of AC prevails in plants of the species Plantágo májor (12.42%), Polygonum aviculare (9.47%), Capsella bursa-pastoris (8.06%). The lowest indicators of the total number of AC were found for plants of the species Artemisia austriaca (3.28%), Cardaria draba (3.71%). The content of oxalic acid is noted in the aster family and astragalus of the esparcet family of legumes < 250 mg/kg, in other plant samples the content of oxalic acid is > 200 mg/kg. This may be due to the fact that many plants of arid territories accumulate nutrients in the form of salts of organic acids. Studies have shown that the vitamin C content in almost all plant samples is higher than the vitamin K content, with the exception of the common shepherd's purse and the bird's bittern, this may be due to specific features and growing conditions. The percentage of sugar in plant samples has a high level of variation from 1.05 to 5.32%, this may also be due to the specific species of plants, regardless of the family affiliation. A direct correlation has been established between the contents of biologically active organic acids and nutrients in vegetation. The study showed that organic acids have a strong variation in indicators and depend on the type of selected plants and the properties of the functional zone of growth.

Synergistic effect of iodide ions on the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1 M HCl by Cardaria Draba leaf extract

In pickling or descaling processes, plant extracts have the potential to operate as corrosion inhibitors due to their low impact on the environment, high rate of renewable availability, and plenty of available resources. It was found that mild steel in 1 M HCl can be protected from corrosion by the application of Cardaria Draba leaves (CDL) and potassium iodide (KI). The weight loss method was adopted to study the influences of temperature and blend concentration. Using a CDL-KI blend, the results reveal that the inhibitory efficacy increases with the concentration and temperature of the inhibitor. At higher concentrations and temperatures, 96 % inhibition efficiency was obtained. The Langmuir isotherm model predicted that the mixture would form a monolayer on the metal surface upon adsorption. It was discovered that the adsorption-free energy ranged from 20 to 40 kJ/mol, demonstrating the presence of chemical adsorption. Antagonism was indicated by synergistic parameter (SΘ) values lower than unity. Weight loss data is verified using FTIR and SEM.