Cardaria Draba Research Articles

Shared and host-specific microbiome diversity and functioning of grapevine and accompanying weed plants.

Weeds and crop plants select their microbiota from the same pool of soil microorganisms, however, the ecology of weed microbiomes is poorly understood. We analysed the microbiomes associated with roots and rhizospheres of grapevine and four weed species (Lamium amplexicaule L., Veronica arvensis L., Lepidium draba L. and Stellaria media L.) growing in proximity in the same vineyard using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We also isolated and characterized 500 rhizobacteria and root endophytes from L. draba and grapevine. Microbiome data analysis revealed that all plants hosted significantly different microbiomes in the rhizosphere as well as in root compartment, however, differences were more pronounced in the root compartment. The shared microbiome of grapevine and the four weed species contained 145 OTUs (54.2%) in the rhizosphere, but only nine OTUs (13.2%) in the root compartment. Seven OTUs (12.3%) were shared in all plants and compartments. Approximately 56% of the major OTUs (>1%) showed more than 98% identity to bacteria isolated in this study. Moreover, weed-associated bacteria generally showed a higher species richness in the rhizosphere, whereas the root-associated bacteria were more diverse in the perennial plants grapevine and L.draba. Overall, weed isolates showed more plant growth-promoting characteristics compared with grapevine isolates.

Evaluation of Anticancer, Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Ethanolic Extract of Lepidium draba Linn. Leaves

Evaluation of Anticancer, Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Ethanolic Extract of Lepidium draba Linn. Leaves

GENETIC ASSOCIATION AMONG MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS OF LEPIDIUM DRABA

Lepidium draba is a weed plant usually grown where the conditions are moist like road side, ditch banks, rang lands and pastures. It is a fast growing weed plant that competes with crop plants for water, mineral nutrients, light and plays as a hiding place for insects. The prescribed study was carried out to evaluate morphological traits of Lepidium draba under four different locations. It was found from results that plant fresh weight and moisture contents were relatively higher for under studied locations. There was a strong and significant correlation among fresh weight, dry weight, moisture contents and plant height. From regression analysis it was predicted that plant dry weight and moisture contents played an important role in improving fresh plant weight. GGE biplot showed location 4 as best environmental area for propagation of Lepidium draba. It was suggested from current study that the plant population of Lepidium draba to minimize yield losses in crop plants and reducing competition between Lepidium draba and crop plants.

Fatty acid composition, enzyme inhibitory, and antioxidant activities of the ethanol extracts of selected wild edible plants consumed as vegetables in the Aegean region of Turkey

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to evaluate the fatty acid composition, enzyme inhibitory, and antioxidant activities of the ethanol extracts of selected wild edible plants consumed as vegetable in the Aegean region of Turkey. In general, Mentha piperita L., Rumex patientia L., and R. acetosella L. exhibited quite strong antioxidant activities in the majority of test systems, whereas Urtica dioica L. and Eruca sativa Mill. show quite weak antioxidant activities. Enzyme inhibitory activities of the plants were found quite different than those of their antioxidant activities. Cardaria draba (L.) Desv., E. sativa, R. patientia, and E. cicutarium (L.) L’Hér. showed the highest inhibitory activities on acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase, respectively. U. dioica also showed a promising inhibitory activity on these enzymes. In parallel to the experiments, total phenolic, flavonoid, flavonol, and saponin contents of the extracts were also determined. According to the results of these assays, M. piperita had the highest amounts of phenolics, flavonols, and saponins (162.36 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract, 3.52 mg CEs/g extract and 761.54 mg QAEs/g extract, respectively). Opopanax hispidus (Friv.) Griseb. and Lepidium sativum L. were found to be rich in flavonoid compounds (121.18 and 104.21 mg Res/g extract, respectively). In general, a strong correlation was determined between the phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of the plant species.

Cardinal temperatures for seed germination of wild barley, barley grass and hoary cress

ABSTRACTIt is necessary to understand the effects of environmental conditions, especially temperature, on weed seed germination patterns, in order to make comprehensive and effective weed management decisions. The effect of cardinal temperature (0°C, 5°C, 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, 35°C and 40°C) on the germination pattern of three noxious weeds, such as wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum Koch.), barley grass (H. murinum L.) and hoary cress (Cardaria draba L.) in wheat fields of Iran, was studied in three separate experiments. The experiments were conducted based on completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. The result showed that the germination of all three species started at low temperatures and there was no significant difference in germination percentage (GP) at lower temperatures. About 50% of the weed population germinated within a short period when using a dent-like model indicating the high ability of these weeds to compete for space and resources. Segmented and dent-like models were used to evaluate the cardinal temperatures. The results showed that dent-like model was the preferred model to evaluate germination rate in relation to variable temperatures in hoary cress, while the segmented model was better in wild barley. However, there was no significant difference between the two models for barley grass. The results of this study showed that mechanical, cultural (pre-planting irrigation) and chemical practices could be more useful and effective at 10–30°C.

Alelopatsko djelovanje nekih biljnih vrsta na rast i razvoj usjeva i korova

The aim of the study was to determine the allelopathic effect of weeds on crop growth and development, and the possibility of applying aromatic and medicinal plants in weed control. The effects of biomass and seeds of weed species creeping thistle (Cirsium arvense), field poppy (Papaver rhoeas), scentless mayweed (Tripleurospermum inodorum), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) and johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) on wheat, barley, carrot, soybean and oil pumpkin was examined. The effect of lovage (Levisticum officinale), basil (Ocimum basilicum), chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), common mallow (Malva sylvestris) and greater celandine (Chelidonium majus) was evaluated on growth and development of weeds species velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), redroot pigweed, hoary cress (Lepidium draba), black nightshade, johnsongrass and scentless mayweed. The allelopathic effect depended on the weed and crop species, concentration or rate, plant part and plant biomass. On average, the extracts from all weed species, except johnsongrass, reduced the germination over 20.0% and growth up to 41.2% in Petri dishes. The water extracts applied in the pots reduced the crop emergence up to 65%. In the pots, the incorporation of weed residues reduced the emergence up to 65.3%. The seed cogermination and weed root exudates showed no significant effect on crop germination. The allelopathic effects of aromatic and medicinal plants depended on the plant and weed species, concentration and rate and plant biomass. The cogermination reduced the weed germination up to 90.0%. In the pots, the seed cogermination showed a lower effect on weeds. The water extracts from the fresh and dry biomass reduced the germination and growth of weeds up to 100%. The plant residues reduced the weed emergence up to 60.0% and showed a negative effect on the seedling growth.

Assessment of Allelopathic Potential of Fennel, Rue and Sage on Weed Species Hoary Cress (Lepidium draba)

The current series of experiments was conducted to assess the allelopathic potential of fennel, rue, and sage seed and plant biomass on weed species hoary cress (Lepidium draba). The effect of plants was evaluated through: seed cogermination in Petri dishes, effect of water extracts from fresh and dry plant biomass in two concentrations (50 and 100 g l-1) in Petri dishes and pots, and effect of fresh and dry plant residues in rates of 10 and 20 g kg-1 of soil. The cogermination of seeds affected germination and seedling length of hoary cress with fennel seeds having the highest inhibitory effect and reducing germination up to 34.9%. The water extracts in Petri dish essay had various effects, however the dry plant biomass in higher concentration reduced germination and seedlings growth for up to 100%. The applications of the extracts from fresh biomass in pots with soil differed from results in Petri dishes. Sage extract in higher concentration inhibited germination for 34.2%, and fennel extract reduced root length for 22.7%. The effect of incorporation of plant residues depended on the plant species and amount of the plant residues and was both stimulatory and inhibitory. The emergence reduction was the highest with incorporation of fresh rue residues.

Efficacy of Five Herbicides for Weed Control in Rain-Fed Lentil (Lens culinarisMedik.)

Lentil is vulnerable to weed competition because of its short stature, slow establishment, and limited vegetative growth. Although the vast majority of lentil production is under rain-fed conditions, there is a little published information on weed control with herbicides in rain-fed lentils. Field experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of nine herbicide treatments including fomesafen, imazethapyr, linuron, pendimethalin, and pyridate alone or in combination compared with one or two hand weeding(s) on weed control and yield response in rain-fed lentil in Khorramabad, Iran in 2012 and 2013. Weed species included catchweed bedstraw, cowcockle, haresear mustard, hoary cress, wild mustard, and wild safflower. Total weed dry biomass in weedy check plots averaged 156 and 170 g m−2in 2012 and 2013, respectively, and weed density and biomass were reduced in all treatments compared to the weedy check in both years. Plots that were hand weeded twice reduced weed biomass the greatest, whereas fomesafen, linuron, or one hand weeding did not control weeds satisfactorily. Noncontrolled weeds reduced lentil yield by 67% both years compared to the weed-free control. Lentil yield in 2013 (1,370 kg ha−1) was higher than in 2012 (1,150 kg ha−1). All herbicides tested injured lentil slightly, with pyridate (1,200 g ai ha−1) and pendimethalin (660 g ai ha−1plus imazethapyr at 250 to 500 g ai ha−1) causing the least injury. Across all treatments, imazethapyr plus pendimethalin PRE, pyridate POST, and two hand-weeding treatments had the best performance for weed control and lentil yield.

Nano-Metal oxides induced sulforaphane production and peroxidase activity in seedlings of Lepidium draba (Brassicaceae)

Effects of different concentrations [0, 1, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mgL-1] of Fe3O4 and CuO nano-particles (nFe3O4 and nCuO) were investigated on sulforaphane (SFN) production level in 7-day-old seedlings of Lepidium draba at different time intervals (8 and 16 hrs). According to the results, the influence of the particles on SFN contentdepends on nano-particle (NP) concentrations, time of treatment as well as chemical nature of NPs. The SFN content was significantly increased in treated seedlings with 5 mgL-1nCuO and all nFe3O4 concentrations as well as nFe3O4-treated callus after 8 hrs. However, by the increasing treatment time to 16 hrs, no significant changes on the SFN content were seen compared to the control. Furthermore, activity of peroxidase was also significantly promoted in treatment with both NPs (especially at higher concentrations) after 8 hrs and drastically decreased after 16 hrs. On the other hand, seed germination as well as the root and shoot length (except root length in treatment with nFe3O4) decreased compared to the control when seed germinated and plant growth in presence of both NPs for 7 days. Totally, these observations can be attributed to induce oxidative stress by NPs as a subsequence of their uptake by the plant. The increment in production of the phytochemicals through nano-metals treatment (nano-elicitation), opens an opportunity for induction of beneficial phytochemical content.

FIRST REPORT OF PLEOSPORA TARDA CAUSING LEAF SPOT OF LEPIDIUM DRABA IN IRAN

Since 2009, leaf spot symptoms were observed on Lepidium draba (whitetop) an invasive weed collected in wheat plots (Triticum sp.) in the Hamadan Province of Iran. Typical symptoms included chlorosis of the basal leaves with black discrete ascomata protruding from the leaf surface. Colonies of a fungus recovered from diseases leaves were brown to olivaceous with a white aerial mycelium in the center. Since the morphological characters of this mycete were consistent with the description of Pleospora tarda (Simmons, 1985), its identification was confirmed by amplifying and sequencing the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of a representative isolate (GenBank accession No. KC660992). To fulfill Koch’s postulates, a spore suspension (105 ascospores/ml) of the fungus was sprayed onto leaves of whitetop seedlings at the 4-6 leaf stage. Inoculated seedlings were maintained in a growth chamber at 25°C, with more than 75% relative humidity and a 12 h light photoperiod. Inoculated plants showed symptoms like those observed in the field 14 days post inoculation. P. tarda was reisolated from inoculated plants and a culture was deposited in the Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection with the accession code IRAN 2184C. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. tarda infecting whitetop in Iran and in the world.

Development and characterization of 11 microsatellite markers in the root-gall-forming weevil, Ceutorhynchus assimilis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The host race of Ceutorhynchus assimilis Paykull, 1792 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) that specifically develops on Lepidium draba Linne, 1753 (Brassicales: Brassicaceae), an invasive weed in North America, is being considered for use as a biocontrol agent. Above all, establishing the potential for gene flow between this host race and the other entities within C. assimilis, some of which are pests, is crucial to resolving its taxonomic status, and will ultimately determine if a biocontrol program utilizing this agent can be pursued. Among the 92 microsatellite loci isolated from the C. assimilis genome using 454 pyrosequencing, 31 were retained based upon consistent amplification. Eleven loci exhibited polymorphism in populations sampled in France and Spain. In those populations, the number of alleles per locus ranged from 1 to 7, and the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.000 to 0.870 and 0.000 to 0.777, respectively. Principal coordinates analysis clearly separated the two populations. These polymorphic loci are the first microsatellites developed in C. assimilis, and represent the most informative markers available for fine- and large-scale population-genetic studies to date.

Some Weeds Community Percent in Response to Pumice Application on Soil under Water Stress Conditions

A factorial experiment (using RCBD design) with three replications was conducted in 2014 at the University of Tabriz-Iran, in order to determine the effects of pumice application (P1, P2, P3 and P4: control, 30, 60 and 90 tons per ha) on soil and water stress (I1, I2 and I3: 100%, 70% and 50% water requirement calculated from class A pan, respectively) on dominante weeds community percent. Results showed that community percent of weed species changed as a result of water stress and pumice application on soil. Distributions of Chenopodium album and Malva sylvestris were sensitive to water stress but, Amaranthus retroflexus and Solanum nigrum were neutral to water stress. In contrast, Amaranthus retroflexus , Cardaria draba , Setaria viridis , Sisymbrium irio , Xanthium strumarium , Convolvulus arvensis and Salsola rigida distribution were resistant to water stress. Community percent of Chenopodium album as sensitive species to water stress and Salsola rigida as resistance species to water stress positively affected by pumice application especially under water stress condition. Amaranthus retroflexus , Xanthium strumarium and Convolvulus arvensis were positively affected by pumice application under well and limited water supply conditions. In contrast, Cardaria draba , Sisymbrium irio and Solanum nigrum negatively affected by pumice under water stress and it had positive effect on community of these species under well watering conditions. Thus, application of pumice and water stress are two factors which change weed community precent.

Allelopathic effect of some aromatic plants on weed seeds

Allelopathic effect of cogermination of aromatic plant seeds [basil (Ocimum basilicum), coriander (Coriandrum sativum), lovage (Levisticum officinale), oregano (Origanum vulgare)] and weed seeds [hoary cress (Cardaria draba), scentless mayweed (Tripleurosperum inodorum)] on germination and early growth of weeds was investigated under laboratory conditions. Basil, coriander and lovage reduced germination of hoary cress from 13.8 to 27%. On the contrary, all aromatic plants, except lovage, had stimulatory effect on germination of scentless mayweed. Coriander decreased root length of hoary cress and scentless mayweed for 17.5 and 16.5%, respectively. Shoot length of scentless mayweed was increased in cogermination with all aromatic plants. Only lovage had significant inhibitory effect on fresh weight of hoary cress, while fresh weight of scentless mayweed was increased by coriander.

Chemical Composition and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Essential Oils and Extracts of Algerian Cardaria draba (L.) Desv.

:This study reports the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the essential oils extracted by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts and the leaves of Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. (Brassicaceae family) growing in the West Northern of Algeria. The volatile components of the aerial parts and the leaves were determined using both GC and GC-MS techniques which allowed the identification of thirty nine constituents accounting for 68.25 % and 77.63 % of the total oils, respectively. The major components were 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (aerial parts : 20.61 %; leaves : 11.08 %) and (E)-phytol (aerial parts : 11.38 %; leaves : 39.67 %). Total phenolic contents of six extracts of the leaves and the stems of C. draba were estimated by using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The ethanolic extract of the leaves was found to possess the highest total phenolic content (57.79 mg of Gallic acid equivalent/g of plant extract). The antioxidant activity of the aerial parts oil and the extracts of C. draba was assessed using DPPH test. The ethanolic extract of the leaves showed a significant DPPH scavenging capacity (IC50 = 0.53 mg/ml).

Hoary cress (Cardaria draba (L.) Desv.) seed germination ecology, longevity and seedling emergence

AbstractThe effects of gibberellic acid (GA3), potassium nitrate (KNO3), prechilling, temperature, salt stress and osmotic potential on seed germination and sowing depth on seedling emergence and burial depth on seed viability of hoary cress (Cardaria draba (L.) Desv.), were studied in a series of laboratory, glasshouse and outdoor experiments. The optimal temperature for hoary cress seed germination was 20°C, both in light/dark and darkness regimes. Seed germination of hoary cress at 400 ppm concentration of GA3 in a light/dark regime was maximal. Potassium nitrate concentrations increased the percentage of germination in comparison with the control treatment. Increasing the duration of dry prechilling to 30 and 45 days promoted the seed germination of hoary cress. Germination of hoary cress markedly decreased as salt and drought stress increased. Seed germination of hoary cress occurred at a range of pH from 3 to 11. Seedling emergence significantly decreased as planting depth increased. Total seed viability decreased with increasing burial depth. The maximum increase in mortality occurred in seeds that were buried at 5‐cm depth.

First report of cucumber mosaic virus infecting bougainvillea Spectabilis, coleus Blumei, Kalanchoe blossfeldiana and Zinnia Elegans in Iran

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is the causal agent of diseases in a wide range of host species, causing important economic losses. In 2012, during a survey in the main ornamental- growing areas of Iran, symptomatic leaf samples from different species of plants were collected and tested by DAS-ELISA using a CMV-specific antiserum. Four CMV isolates were obtained from Bougainvillea spectabilis (CMV-Bo1), Coleus blumei (CMV-Co1), Kalanchoe blossfeldiana (CMV-Ka16) and Zinnia elegans (CMV-Zin2). Mechanical inoculation single- lesion isolates from Chenopodium amaranticolor caused similar symptoms on test plants, except for Vigna unguiculata, in which pinpoint necrotic local lesions were induced by Zin2 and large necrotic lesions by the others. A differential local lesion size in V. unguiculata has previously been reported for CMV isolates of subgroup I or II (Palukaitis and Garcia-Arenal, 2003). Zin2 was differentiated serologically using a set of 11 CMV-specific monoclonal antibodies (DSMZ, Germany). Total RNA extracted from infected Nicotiana benthamiana was used in RT-PCR with primers designed in the coat protein (CP) gene of subgroups I and II (Lin et al., 2004). A product of the expected size (638 bp) was amplified from Zin2A using subgroup II primers, while an amplicon of 657 bp was obtained with subgroup I-specific primers. Amplicons were cloned and sequenced. Multiple alignments of CP gene nucleotide sequences of CMV isolates verified that Zin2 (GenBank accession No. KP662628) belongs to subgroup II, while Bo1, Co1 and Ka16 (KP662629, KP662630, KP455737) belong to subgroup I. In Iran CMV subgroup II isolates have previously been reported from cucumber and hoary cress but, to our knowledge, not from four species presently investigated.

Anatomical study of epidermis of dicotyledonous wild species grown in Al-habania city

This study includes the characters the leaves epidermis of fourteen species of dicotyledon in Al- Habania city: Aizoon hispanicu, arvensis Arnebia decumbens, Aste, Cardaria draba, Chenopodium murale, Convolvulus arvensis, Euphorbia peplus, Gymnarrhena micrantha, Plantago lanceolata, Plantago ovate, Polygonum aviculare, Silybum marianum ,Sisymbrium irio Ad axial and abaxial epidermis of prior species were studied, Wherefrom shape of epidermis cells and the tangential wall the most of adaial was undulating, from abxial epidermis cells were slightly undulating. Kind stomata measured with micrometer, Wherefrom stomata was difference in dimension the abxial epidermis the higher length of stomatal was 29 ᴍm in Chenopodium murale, and the lower length in Aster sublutus was 18 ᴍm. and the width the height was 99 ᴍm in Silybium maranium , and the lower was 19 ᴍm in Gymnarrhena micrantha. The study was recorded between (11 in Gymnarrhena micrantha- and 24 in Euphorbia peplus)

Fulfilment of Koch's postulates and preliminary host range results for Septoria lepidii, a fungal pathogen for potential biological control of hoary cress (Lepidium spp.)

Koch's postulates were fulfilled on five geographical accessions of Lepidium draba and preliminary host range tests were conducted with Septoria lepidii Desm. on 42 Brassicaceae species. Host range results showed the fungus specific to Lepidium spp. This fungus is potentially an important biological control agent for weedy species of Lepidium.

Antibacterial activity of methanolic extracts from Cotoneaster nummularioides, Cynodon dactylon and Cardaria draba on typical food-borne pathogens

The present study aimed at evaluating the in vitro antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of Cotoneaster nummularioides, Cynodon dactylon and Cardaria draba against different pathogenic microorganisms. The agar disk diffusion method was used to study the antibacterial activity of C. nummularioides, C. dactylon and C. draba methanolic extracts against 2 gram-positive and 2 gram-negative bacteria at concentration 300 and 400 mg/ml. The results revealed that the methanol extract of C. nummularioides presented the highest zone of inhibition against tested pathogens (7-12 mm inhibition zones). Other plants did not show significant zone inhibition. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were quantified by micro-dilution method. The leaf extract of C. nummularioides against Bacillus cereus (PTTC 1015) and Staphylococcus aureus (PTTC 1431) strains showed the best activities, with the lowest minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 3.125 mg ml-1 and MBC was 102.08 and 108.33 mg ml-1 respectively for Staphylococcus aureus (PTTC 1431) and Bacillus cereus (PTTC 1015). The results showed that the methanol extract of the herb has antibacterial activity and therefore it could be used as a natural preservative ingredient in food and/or pharmaceutical industries.

An up to date status of alfalfa witches’ broom disease in Iran

Among the cultivated forage crops, alfalfa is very important in Iran. Nearly 28 years ago, symptoms of alfalfa witches’ broom (AWB) were reported from Jiroft, southern of Iran. Since then, the disease was reported from other parts of Iran and the epidemic of AWB was recorded in Chahgeer, Yazd in 1997. Now AWB disease is widespread all over the country especially in tropical and subtropical areas. The phytoplasma strains reported from alfalfa in Iran were classified in 16SrI, 16SrII, 16SrVI and 16SrXII groups. The major symptoms reported are little leaf, internode shortening, flower virescence, phyllody, proliferation and sterility, witches'broom, leaf yellowing, leaf curling and death. Orosius albicinctus was identified as vector of the disease in Fars and Yazd provinces. Prosopis farcta and Cardaria draba were natural host plants of the AWB. The disease reduced plant heights, leaf area, shoot dry and fresh weight and seed yields of alfalfa crops. So far no effective control strategies are in practice; however use of dense planting and field resistant varieties are recommended for prevent ing AWB disease.