HIV Status Research Articles

Using phosphatidylethanol as an adjunct to self-reported alcohol use improves identification of liver fibrosis risk.

Accurate assessment of alcohol use informs prevention and management of liver disease. We examined whether phosphatidylethanol (PEth, an alcohol metabolite) blood concentrations are associated with liver fibrosis risk independently of self-reported alcohol use, among persons with and without HIV. We pooled individual-level data from 12 studies from the United States, Russia, Uganda, and South Africa with PEth, AUDIT-C (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption), and FIB-4 measurements. We conducted mixed-effects logistic regression of the relationship between PEth and AUDIT-C as continuous variables (after checking linearity), with high FIB-4 (≥2.67). We divided PEth (range 0-1000) by 83.3 to put it on the same scale as AUDIT-C (0-12) to directly compare odds ratios. Adjusted models included sex, race/ethnicity, age, body mass index, HIV and virologic suppression status. Among 4,644 adults, the median age was 49 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 40-55), 998 (21%) were female, and 3,520 (76%) were living with HIV among whom 2,386 (68%) were virologically suppressed. Median PEth was 13 ng/mL (IQR: <8-132.0) and median AUDIT-C was 3 (IQR: 1-6); 554 (12%) had high FIB-4. The adjusted odds ratios per 83.3 ng/mL difference in PEth and one-unit difference in AUDIT-C with high FIB-4 were 1.15 (95%CI: 1.08-1.22) and 1.03 (95%CI: 1.00-1.07), respectively. Findings were similar when PEth and AUDIT-C were treated as categorical variables. PEth was independently associated with high FIB-4, with a larger odds ratio than that of the association of AUDIT-C. Use of PEth may improve identification of alcohol use and liver fibrosis prevention and management.

Vaginal Microbiome and the Risk of Preterm Birth in Women Living With HIV: A Scoping Review.

There are sparse data on the role of thevaginal microbiome (VMB) in pregnancy among pregnant women living with HIV (PWLWH) and its association with spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB). We conducted a scoping review to assess associations between vaginal microbiota and sPTB among PWLWH. Three studies were included, representing a total of 180 PWLWH out of 652 total pregnancies. All studies used modern DNA sequencing methods (16S rRNA amplification, metagenomics, or metatranscriptomics). PWLWH had higher VMB richness and diversity compared to HIV-uninfected pregnant women and higher sPTB rates in two of three studies. A higher proportion of sPTB among PWLWH was observed in those with Lactobacillus-deficient, anaerobe-dominant vaginal microbiota. In two of three studies, higher concentrations of vaginal inflammation markers were associated with increased VMB richness and diversity. HIV status was independently associated with sPTB. It is unclear if increased vaginal microbial diversity among PWLWH or increased vaginal inflammation contributes more to PTB, but HIV does appear to alter the VMB in pregnant individuals and may also affect PTB rates in microbiome-independent pathways. Given the limited number of studies, heterogeneity in sample size, sample collection methods, and inconsistent results it is difficult to causally link HIV, VMB, inflammatory cytokines, and sPTB.

Preliminary findings of the TB-HEART Study: prevalence of cardiac pathology among newly diagnosed patients with tuberculosis with and without HIV in Zambia

Abstract Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) burden is rapidly increasing in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where tuberculosis and HIV prevalence remain high.(1-3) Recent data suggest pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is associated with increased CVD morbidity.(4) However, the mechanisms of cardiac injury remain poorly understood. Purpose The TB-HEART study is a cross-sectional and natural history study consecutively recruiting participants with newly-diagnosed PTB, living with and without HIV in Zambia. The primary outcome is the burden of cardiac pathology in PTB patients with and without HIV. Methods Participants with bacteriologically-proven PTB, consecutively recruited from an outpatient settings in Zambia, undergo detailed clinical and functional assessments including point-of-care and standard two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography. Participants are reviewed at completion of TB treatment when all assessments are repeated. The target sample size is 250 participants with PTB, with and without HIV, matched 2: 1 to participants without PTB, stratified by HIV. Results Since 1 November 2023, we have recruited 73 participants with a mean age of 35.3±10.9 years of whom 51/73 (69.9%) are male and 19/73 (23.5%) are living with HIV. Baseline characteristics including cardiovascular risk factors, TB symptoms, anthropometry and clinical and functional observations at presentation, stratified by HIV status, are summarised in Table 1. We detected significant cardiac pathology (defined as left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &amp;lt;51% and/or pericardial effusion &amp;gt;2cm in depth) in 8/65 (12.3%) participants for whom 2D-echocardiography had been completed. Median LVEF was 61.2% (IQR 57.7-67.8). LVEF was normal in 59/65 (91%); mildly abnormal in 5/65 (7.7%); and moderately abnormal in 1/65 (1.5%) participants, respectively. Pericardial effusion &amp;gt;0.5cm was detected in 16/65 (24.6% ) participants and maximum effusion depth was &amp;gt;2cm in 2/16 (3.1%), 1-2cm in 12/16 (75%) and &amp;lt;1cm in 2/16 (12.5%). 2D-echocardiography findings, stratified by HIV-status, are described in Table 2 alongside two echocardiography stills of typical pericardial effusion findings in one participant. Conclusions Our preliminary results demonstrate a higher than expected prevalence of cardiac pathology among participants with PTB with and without HIV, which ranges from 1-7% in autopsy studies and case series.(5-7) The most common cardiac pathology was pericardial effusion. Further analyses will include cardiac biomarkers; repeat clinical and echocardiographic assessments at TB treatment completion; and comparator data, to determine associations between prevalent cardiac pathology and PTB controlling for HIV and TB status, respectively. This may have important implications for clinical practice to prevent complications such as constrictive pericarditis; and policy design to better integrate TB and HIV patient services with preventative care to reduce future CVD risk.Table 1 - Baseline characteristicsFigure 1 and Table 2

Disparity in receiving destination treatment for heart failure patients according to HIV status

Abstract Background Patients living with HIV (PLWH) are well known to be at higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. However, PLWH with end-stage HF (ESHF) might not be considered for definitive treatments equally as their HIV-negative counterparts. Methods National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database was queried to identify ESHF patients hospitalized to receive left ventricular assist device (LVAD) or undergo heart transplantation (HTX). In-hospital outcomes of this population were stratified based on HIV status. Results Weighted data of a total of 16,700 ESHF patients was retrieved, out of which 65 patients (0.2%) had a positive HIV status. Out of 65 PLWH with ESHF, 35 patients (53.8%) received LVAD, and 30 patients (46.1%) received HTX, which were comparable to their HIV-negative counterparts (58.4% and 43.1%, respectively). Although PLWH had a longer length of stay (39.7±35.6 days vs. 49.5±, 42.3 days, p=0.3) and higher hospital charges ($1,458,527±$ 1,509,873 vs. $1,113,344±$953,830) than HIV negative counterparts, the difference was not statistically significant. Mortality rate did not differ between HF patients based on HIV positive status or the bridge/destination treatment they had received. Conclusions Although the proportion of PLWH with HF who received HTX has decreased over the last few years, the proportion of those who received LVAD has been on a compensatory rise. HIV positive status is not associated with a higher mortality rate but increases the length of stay and hospital charges.

HIV is associated with subtle impairments in left ventricular function: insights from a large prospective cohort study of well-treated people with HIV

Abstract Background Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has become a treatable, chronic condition, but people with HIV still face an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease, including heart failure. Purpose To assess echocardiographic alterations in left ventricular (LV) function in a contemporary cohort of well-treated people with HIV compared to the general population. Methods We included 744 people with HIV frequency matched 1:1 on age and sex with controls from the general population. Both people with HIV and controls underwent echocardiography, physical examination, questionnaires and blood sampling according to similar study protocols. LV systolic dysfunction was defined as LV ejection fraction (LVEF) &amp;lt;50% or absolute global longitudinal strain (GLS) &amp;lt;16%. LV diastolic function was defined as abnormal if the following was true for half or more available parameters: (1) average E/e’&amp;gt;14, (2) septal e’ velocity &amp;lt; 7 cm/s or lateral e’ velocity &amp;lt;10cm/s, (3) tricuspid regurgitation velocity &amp;gt;2.8 m/s, (4) left atrial volume index &amp;gt;34ml/m2. Associations between HIV status and LV function were assessed using linear and logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, total cholesterol and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Among people with HIV, the association between HIV-specific characteristics and LV function were assessed using logistic regression models with adjustment for the same potential confounders. Results Mean age was 53.4 years and 88% were male. For people with HIV, median time since HIV diagnosis was 18 years and 99% received antiretroviral therapy. People with HIV had lower adjusted mean absolute GLS [17.6 vs. 18.5%, p&amp;lt;0.001], E/A ratio [1.0 vs. 1.2, p&amp;lt;0.001] and average e’ [9.5 vs. 10.5 cm/s, p&amp;lt;0.001] than controls, while LVEF and E/e’ were not significantly different between people with HIV and controls (Figure 1). HIV was associated with impaired systolic function as assessed by GLS [odds ratio 1.70, 95% CI: 1.17-2.46, p=0.005], but not when assessed by LVEF [odds ratio 1.06, 95% CI: 0.78-1.45, p=0.69](Figure 2). Living with HIV was not associated with diastolic dysfunction compared to controls [odds ratio 0.97, 95% CI: 0.61-1.52, p=0.88], but longer HIV-duration was associated with higher odds of diastolic dysfunction among people with HIV (odds ratio 1.06, 95% CI: 1.02-1.10 per year, p=0.004). Current antiretroviral medication type, previous AIDS defining conditions, current CD4+ count and detectable viral load were not associated with LV dysfunction. Conclusion People with HIV show signs of early impairments in longitudinal LV systolic function compared to the general population. These subclinical changes may underlie the increased risk of heart failure observed in PWH.

Pericoronary adipose tissue computed tomography attenuation (PCAT) as a marker of premature CVD in asymptomatic people living with HIV (PLWH) without traditional risk factors: H-ART to heart study

Abstract Background Controversy exists regarding the contribution of HIV, ART or traditional risk factors to CVD risk in PLWH. The H-ART to Heart study investigates the prevalence of subclinical CVD in asymptomatic PLWH without cardiovascular risk factors compared to negative controls(-). Vascular inflammation inhibits local adipogenesis in pericoronary adipose tissue (PCAT) and thus can be detected on coronary computed tomography angiography (CTCA) as an increase in CT attenuation of PCAT surrounding the proximal right coronary artery (RCA). Methods This cross-sectional study compared PLWH aged 35-55yrs (diagnosed &amp;gt;10 yrs, on ART) to matched controls. Included were Caucasian men who have sex with men(MSM) and Black African/Caribbean women (BW) with traditional risk factors excluded (hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, kidney disease, smoking, depression, inflammatory conditions, etc.). Detailed vitals, 10 year CVD risk calculation (Q-RISK 3) were recorded. CTCA were performed with novel analysis using PCAT to assess for coronary inflammation (Figure 1.) Results 98 participants were recruited (49M; 51 PLWH). Mean Q Risk 3 (10yr CVD risk - %) was low across the groups (HIV+MSM 4.65±2.1, HIV-MSM 3.88±2.7;p=0.29; HIV+BW 2.03±1.3, HIV-BW 1.38±0.98 p=0.66). 79 participants (42 PLWH; 37 controls) completed a CTCA with only 2 PLWH having clinically significant disease (CAD-RAD 3+ ie. &amp;gt;50% luminal stenosis) and none in the control group. (p=0.49) The CT scans of 69 patients were assessed for peri-coronary adipose tissue (PCAT) density, 2 were ruled out due to a small non-dominant RCA. The PCAT density of PLWH was higher than that of the controls (-71.2±27.6 vs -75.5±30.3 P=&amp;lt;0.05). Multivariate linear regression demonstrated that HIV status was an independent predictor of coronary inflammation (p=0.037) after adjusting for age, gender and BMI. Conclusion PWLH without traditional CV risk factors did not have significant evidence of more clinically relevant stenosis than controls on CTCA. However PCAT demonstrated a higher signal of coronary inflammation, despite stable disease, compliance with ART and low CVD risk scores. PLWH remain at risk of CV disease, this study supports the rationale for early preventative strategies for CVD prevention in PLWH.PCAT showing HIV inflammation Vs Control

A cross-sectional study on the perceived risk of COVID-19 and its association with the usage patterns of e-cigarettes among adolescents and young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria

The study aimed to assess the perception of a higher risk of COVID-19 infection among young people who used e-cigarettes, and its association with a change in the use of e-cigarettes during the pandemic in Nigeria. A secondary analysis of the Nigerian component of a multi-country online survey data, which was obtained from adolescents and young adults on e-cigarette use from November 1st to December 30th, 2021, was conducted. Multi-nominal regression analyses were done to determine the associations between the dependent (use of e-cigarettes) and independent (perception that e-cigarette users are more likely to be infected with COVID-19) variables after adjusting for confounders (health status, COVID-19 status, HIV status, anxiety level, age and sex). Of the 568 respondents (52.8% male), 122 (21.5%) perceived that e-cigarette users were more likely to be infected with COVID-19. In addition, 188 (33.1%) respondents increased e-cigarette smoking during the pandemic. A greater percentage of participants who perceived that e-cigarette use is associated with a greater risk of COVID-19 infection, and a significantly higher percentage of participants with high levels of anxiety reported decreased e-cigarette use (28.6% versus 13.3%, p = 0.029). The perception that e-cigarette use increased the risk for COVID-19 was associated with higher odds of an increase in e-cigarette use (AOR: 1.328) and lower odds of a decrease in e-cigarette use (AOR: 0.580) during the COVID-19 pandemic, though these associations were not statistically significant. The persistence of e-cigarette use among the youth in Nigeria despite awareness of COVID-19 risks highlights the need for stronger public health interventions. Simply providing information on risks is insufficient; targeted strategies addressing addiction, social factors, and accessibility are crucial for meaningful behavioural change.

HIV DNA Levels in Persons Who Acquired HIV in the Setting of Long-Acting Cabotegravir for HIV Prevention: Analysis of Cases from HPTN 083 and 084.

We evaluated HIV DNA levels in individuals who received long-acting cabotegravir (CAB-LA) or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) pre-exposure prophylaxis in the HPTN 083 and 084 trials and had HIV DNA testing performed to help determine HIV status. HIV DNA testing was performed using peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples collected after a reactive HIV test was obtained at a study site. DNA was quantified using droplet digital PCR (lower limit of detection [LLOD]: 4.09 copies/million PBMCs). Final HIV status and the timing of the first HIV-positive visit were determined by an independent adjudication committee based on HIV test results from real-time site testing and retrospective testing at a centralized laboratory. HIV DNA testing was performed for 133 participants [21 HIV-positive (7 CAB-LA arm, 14 TDF/FTC arm) and 112 HIV-negative; 1-6 tests/person]. For persons with HIV, the time between the first HIV-positive visit and collection of the first sample for DNA testing was a median of 81 days for those receiving CAB-LA (range 41-246) and 11 days for those receiving TDF/FTC (range 3-127). Four (57.1%) of the seven CAB-LA cases with infection had a low initial DNA result [three detected <LLOD; one near the LLOD (4.2 copies/106 PBMCs); in 2/4 cases, the DNA level was still <10 copies/106 PBMCs ≥40 weeks after the first HIV-positive visit. In contrast, only 3/14 (21.4%) of the TDF/FTC cases had a low or negative initial DNA test result (one not detected; two <10 copies/106 PBMCs). In this study, the time between the first HIV-positive visit and the first DNA test was longer in the CAB-LA cases than the TDF/FTC cases. Despite this difference, low or undetectable DNA levels were more frequently observed in the CAB-LA cases. This suggests that CAB-LA exposure may limit seeding of the HIV reservoir in early infection.

HIV risks and transactional sex among Swedish-born MSM and foreign-born MSM in Sweden

Abstract Background Transactional sex, which includes exchanging sex for material goods, services, or money, is a key HIV risk factor. Risk patterns associated with transactional sex among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Sweden, where buying sexual services is illegal, have not been examined earlier. This study aims to assess whether transactional sex (both buying and selling), country of birth, and migration-related factors (described by country of origin) are associated with self-reported HIV status among MSM in Sweden. Methods We analyzed secondary data from the 2017 European MSM Internet Survey (EMIS-2017), including participants reporting to live in Sweden (n = 4443). Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, we aimed to understand factors related to involvement in transactional sex and risk of HIV acquisition. Results Among the respondents, 5.4% reported living with HIV, with 8.8% of foreign-born MSM and 4.8% of Swedish-born MSM. The multivariable analysis showed that both selling and buying sex in the past five years increased the odds of reporting a positive HIV serostatus among all participants. Stratifying by transactional sex exposure and country of birth showed an HIV prevalence increase for all groups. Foreign-born selling or buying sex ever in the last five years had the highest prevalence of all groups (ranging from 17.8 to 19.1%). Other factors associated with a positive HIV status were age, outness, sex with a woman in the past twelve months, and condom use. Conclusions The relatively high reported HIV prevalence supports the need for HIV prevention, including the scale-up of access to pre-exposure prophylaxis to foreign-born MSM. A transparent discussion about risk factors and socioeconomic structures contributing to risk behaviors, including transactional sex, is needed. Key messages • Engaging in transactional sex increases the HIV risk among MSM in Sweden, particularly among foreign-born MSM. • HIV prevention needs to address the socioeconomic factors contributing to risky behaviors, such as transactional sex.

PCSK9 inhibitors in HIV patients with dyslipidemia

Abstract Introduction Cardiovascular disease has become increasingly prevalent in the HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) population. Antiretroviral therapy and HIV itself independently increase the risk of dyslipidemia. While statins are currently the predominant therapy to treat dyslipidemia in HIV patients, drug-drug interactions and adverse drug events can limit their use. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a naturally occurring inhibitor of the LDL-receptor pathway. PCSK9 inhibitors offer an alternative in patients who cannot tolerate or need additional therapy in addition to statin for optimal dyslipidemia management. Purpose The purpose of this study is to compare major adverse cardiovascular events in HIV patients on a PCSK9 inhibitor (evolucumab, alirocumab, inclisiran) vs patients not on a PCSK9 inhibitor. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted using electronic medical records from a global federated health research network. The TriNetX network was searched on February 10, 2024, including records from 2020 to 2024. Patients were included based on a diagnosis of HIV status and concomitant dyslipidemia. Patients with HIV and dyslipidemia on a PCSK9 inhibitor were propensity-score matched for age, sex, race, and comorbidities with patients who were not on a PCSK9 inhibitor. The outcomes were mortality, myocardial infarction, heart failure and stroke. Results A total of 485 patients were included in the study. PCSK9 inhibitor use associated with 9% lower odds of all-cause mortality (odds radio, .29; 95% CI, 0.18-0.48; p&amp;lt;.0001). PCSK9 inhibitor use was also associated with 8% lower odds of heart failure (odds radio, .63; 95% CI, 0.47-0.85; p&amp;lt;.0023). No significant associations were noted for myocardial infarction (odds radio, .87; 95% CI, 0.63-1.21; p=0.406) or stroke (odds radio, .67; 95% CI, 0.45-1.01; p=0.052). Conclusion The role of dyslipidemia in HIV is challenging due the complex pathophysiology of HIV. There is an apparent increased risk of cardiovascular disease from the infection itself as well current antiretroviral therapies. While current guidelines recommend the use of statins as first line therapy for dyslipidemia in this population, the drug-drug interaction of statins with ARTs, as well as their side effects, limit their use at times. PCSK9 inhibitors are associated with lower odds of all-cause mortality and heart failure. No significant association was seen for myocardial infarction or stroke. They should be considered as an early intervention alongside statins in HIV patients with dyslipidemia. Further research should be done for the long term safety and tolerance of this therapy as well as cost-effectiveness and access to PCSK9 inhibitors in this population.

Low HIV Viral Load Suppression and Its Implications for Controlling HIV among Refugee Adolescents and Youth Living in Refugee Settlements in Uganda: A Cross-sectional Analysis.

Viral load suppression (VLS) is considered crucial in the global efforts to end the HIV/AIDS pandemic and young people lag behind adults in this important indicator. However, little is known about VLS among refugee adolescents and youth (RAY), a vulnerable group, often ignored by research, with multiple intersecting risk factors and unique challenges. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of VLS and examine associated risk and protective factors among RAY in refugee settlements in Uganda, a country severely affected by the HIV/AIDS pandemic and currently hosting the most refugees in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We analyzed cross-sectional data from a pilot cluster randomized trial with 180 participants (ages 13-30) recruited from 20 health centers in three refugee settlements between July and December 2023. We employed a hierarchical (mixed-effects) logistic regression model to examine the association between selected demographic, psychosocial, and economic factors and VLS. The prevalence of VLS among RAY was very low at just 52%. Factors associated with VLS included financial stability, adherence self-efficacy, and HIV status disclosure. Having financial savings was associated with VLS (adjusted odds ratio:2.68; 95% CI: 1.48-5.11; p = 0.003). Treatment support from others including teachers and health care providers had five-fold odds of VLS (5.0, 1.64-15.24; p = 0.005). Conversely, older age and interactions between stigma/self-efficacy and stigma/HIV status disclosure were associated with viral load non-suppression. This study highlights the urgent need for tailored interventions targeting economic and psychosocial hardships like poverty, stigma, and food insecurity to enhance HIV VLS and other treatment outcomes among RAY.

Relationships Among COVID-19-Related Service Uptake, HIV Status, Drug Use, and COVID-19 Antibody Status Among HIV Testing Intervention Participants in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

People living with HIV (PLWH) and people who use drugs are vulnerable populations who may face barriers to accessing health services and may have irregularities in immune function. People with undiagnosed HIV infection may be particularly likely to have compromised immune function. However, research about whether/how HIV status is related to COVID-19-related health outcomes has been equivocal, and research on the predictors of COVID-19-related health service access/uptake has been limited in Sub-Saharan African settings. Among 470 participants of a peer-recruitment-based HIV-testing intervention in KwaZulu-Natal, we examined whether HIV status and/or hard drug use were associated with uptake of COVID-19 testing and vaccination, and whether they moderated the relationship between COVID-19 vaccination status and COVID-19 IgG antibody status. Women were significantly more likely than men to report testing for COVID-19 (OR = 1.84; p = 0.002) and being vaccinated (OR = 1.79; p = 0.002). Neither HIV status nor drug use was associated with likelihood of getting tested or vaccinated. Vaccinated participants (90% of whom obtained vaccines more than 6 months before the study) were significantly more likely to test positive for COVID-19 IgG antibodies (OR = 6.86; p < 0.0005). This relationship held true for subgroups of PLWH and participants with previously undiagnosed/uncontrolled HIV infection, and was not moderated by HIV status or hard drug use. These findings may suggest that both people who use drugs and PLWH were served as well as other people by KwaZulu-Natal's COVID-19 response. However, gender-based disparities in COVID-19 service uptake suggest that special care should be taken during future COVID-19 outbreaks or other new epidemics to improve access to related healthcare services among men in this region.

The Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Birth Outcomes: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on pregnancy outcomes at a major tertiary hospital in Abuja, Nigeria. Design: A cohort study was conducted. Methods: HIV-infected pregnant women who initiated HAART during pregnancy for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (pMTCT) were recruited, alongside a randomly selected group of HIV-uninfected pregnant women. Results: A total of 489 pregnant women participated, including 237 HIV-infected and 252 HIV-uninfected women. HAART initiation during pregnancy was significantly associated with higher mean birth weights (p = 0.0007). While there were 30 cases of low birth weight in the HIV-infected group compared to 21 in the HIV-uninfected group, HAART was not significantly associated with low birth weight (OR 1.59, p = 0.1182). There were 6 stillbirths in the HIV-infected group and 5 in the uninfected group, with no significant association between HIV status and stillbirth (OR 1.28, p = 0.6836). However, 29 preterm deliveries occurred in the HIV-infected group compared to 8 in the uninfected group, showing a strong association between HIV infection and preterm deliveries despite HAART initiation (OR 4.25, p = 0.0002). Conclusion: HIV-infected women receiving HAART during pregnancy have a significantly reduced risk of low birth weight but face an increased risk of preterm delivery.

People living with HIV/AIDS in the Kibera informal Settlement in Nairobi City, Kenya: Is there any gender difference in Factors related to antiretroviral Therapy?

Objective: To identify gender differences in behavioural factors and treatment related factors of ARV therapy as a predictor to treatment adherence. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: A quantitative study using a standardized PLWHA questionnaire was conducted in the Kibera informal settlement in the capital, Nairobi, Kenya. Data were collected by community health volunteers during home visits in cooperation with ART health facilities. Results: The observed sample consisted of a total of 272 persons living with HIV/AIDS in the Kibera informal settlements, of which 64.3% were women and 35.7% were men. We found a significantly higher rate of the behavioural risk factors cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking in men compared to women. There was no significant difference in the factors of patients’ medical history between men and women. A significant difference was found in the source of ARV treatment therapy, travelling costs to ARV treatment facilities, loss of income due to visiting an ARV treatment facility and extra costs related to ARV treatment between the men and women in our study group. Another significant difference was observed in disclosure related factors - the HIV status of the current sexual partner, and the current sexual partner being on ARV therapy and disclosing this information to the current sexual partner. Conclusion: Alcohol drinking and smoking cigarettes were the most common behavioural risk factors and were more prevalent in men. Women significantly dominated in treatment related factors of ARV therapy.

Impact of HIV-Related Stigma on Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence, Engagement and Retention in HIV Care, and Transition to Adult HIV Care in Pediatric and Young Adult Populations Living With HIV: A Literature Review.

HIV-related stigma is associated with negative effects on mental health and lower health-related quality of life in pediatric and young adult populations living with HIV. We reviewed literature on the impact of HIV-related stigma on suboptimal antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence, engagement and retention in HIV care, and transition to adult HIV care in children, adolescents, and young adults living with HIV. PubMed and Embase® were searched for publications reporting relevant data published from January 1, 2012, to April 13, 2023. The output was not a systematic review; it was a targeted literature review. Overall, 67 studies were selected for analysis based on pre-specified criteria (eg, quality). Most quantitative studies supported negative associations between HIV-related stigma and ART adherence (n = 8/11), engagement and retention in HIV care (n = 3/4), and transition to adult HIV care (n = 2/3) in pediatric and young adult populations living with HIV. Qualitative studies reported that stigma was a barrier to ART adherence (n = 26), engagement and retention in HIV care (n = 18), and transitioning to adult HIV care (n = 11). Prominent interview themes across all topics included anticipated stigma, enacted stigma, and fear of HIV status disclosure. Results reaffirm that HIV-related stigma is a significant barrier to ART adherence, engagement and retention in HIV care, and transition to adult HIV care among pediatric and young adult populations living with HIV, potentially impacting virologic suppression, onward transmission, and longer-term health. Additional interventional studies are needed to evaluate and reduce the impact of stigma in these important populations.

Discussion of HIV and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections with Sex Partners of Nigerian Men who have Sex with Men and Transgender Women: Implications for Interventions to Promote Safer Sex Practices.

Discussion of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among sex partners facilitates risk reduction. We evaluated HIV/STI-related communications, including broad assessment of any self-reported discussion of the topic and specific discussion of each partners' HIV status, among a historically marginalized and presently criminalized community of sexual and gender minorities (SGM) in Nigeria. From 2013-2018, we enrolled SGM aged 18+ in Lagos or 16+ in Abuja who reported anal sex with men. At enrollment and 3-, 9-, and 15-month follow-up visits, participants were asked about their sexual behaviors and communications with main sexual partners (MSP) and casual sexual partners (CSP). Questions included "have you talked with your [MSP/CSP] about sexually transmitted infections and HIV?" Multivariable robust Poisson regression with generalized estimating equations was used to estimate adjusted relative risks (aRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for factors potentially associated with HIV/STI-related communications with some or all of each type of sexual partner. Among 2795 SGM enrolled with median age 23 years (interquartile range 20-27), questions about HIV/STI-related communications with MSP were answered by 2436 (87.2%) and with CSP by 2398 (85.9%). Communication with MSP was reported by 68.1% (1659/2436), of whom 897 (54.1%) discussed their own HIV status and 925 (55.8%) discussed their partner's status. Communication with CSP was reported by 43.9% (1052/2398), of whom 389 (37.0%) discussed their own HIV status and 385 (36.6%) discussed their partner's status. Among participants with both MSP and CSP, HIV/STI-related communication with MSP was more common among participants with higher than secondary education (aRR 1.40 [95%CI 1.24-1.58)], who were divorced/separated/widowed (aRR 1.19 [95% CI 1.06-1.33]), who discussed their HIV status with CSP (aRR 1.18 [95%CI 1.10-1.25]), discussed CSP's HIV status (aRR 1.20 [95%CI 1.13-1.27]), and used a condom at last sex with CSP (aRR 1.16 [95%CI 1.08-1.25]). HIV/STI-related communication with CSP was more common among participants with higher than secondary education (aRR 1.36 [95%CI 1.12-1.66]); who were divorced/separated/widowed (aRR 1.38 [95%CI 1.13-1.69]), who discussed their HIV status with MSP (aRR 1.47 [95%CI 1.27-1.69]), who discussed CSP's HIV status (aRR 1.22 [95%CI 1.06-1.40]) and used a condom at last sex with CSP (aRR 1.22 (95%CI 1.08-1.38]). HIV/STI-related communications with main and casual sex partners were both associated with safer sex with CSP. HIV prevention and treatment programs for SGM should promote open communications in sexual relationships and consider deployment of modern strategies to facilitate disclosure, especially in settings with criminalizing legislation.

“What If He Tells Others”: Negotiating Disclosure of Children’s HIV-Positive Status Amid Stigma in a South African Rural Community

In this study, we explore how HIV-related social stigma in a South African rural township community informs parents’ and caregivers’ decisions to disclose their children’s HIV-positive status to them. To achieve the aim of the study, we conducted qualitative in-depth interviews with 12 parents and caregivers of HIV-positive children between the ages of seven and 14 years in a rural area based in Mpumalanga in South Africa. We found that, despite the development in HIV education across the country, HIV-related stigma is prevalent at a social level in rural townships and serves as a barrier to disclosing children’s HIV-positive status. We established that the parents and caregivers use “passing” as a stigma management strategy where they conceal their children’s HIV-positive status from them and instead tell them that they are infected with less stigmatised medical conditions such as asthma and tuberculosis. Based on these findings, we argue that, although education on HIV is widespread in South Africa, HIV-related stigma is still prevalent in some rural townships. This stigma compels parents and caregivers to avoid disclosing their children’s HIV-positive status to them and instead employ stigma management strategies that will maintain the concealment of their children’s HIV status.

Non-classical monocyte levels correlate negatively with HIV-associated cerebral small vessel disease and cognitive performance.

Despite antiretroviral treatment (cART), aging people living with HIV (PWH) are more susceptible to neurocognitive impairment (NCI) probably due to synergistic/additive contribution of traditional cerebrovascular risk factors. Specifically, transmigration of inflammatory CD16+ monocytes through the altered blood brain barrier (BBB) may exacerbate cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD), a known cause of vascular cognitive impairment. PWH on cART (n=108) and age, sex, and Reynold's cardiovascular risk score-matched uninfected individuals (PWoH, n=111) were enrolled. This is a longitudinal observational study but only cross-sectional data from entry visit are reported. Neuropsychological testing and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed. CSVD was diagnosed by Fazekas score ≥1. Flow cytometric analyses of fresh whole blood were conducted to evaluate circulating levels of monocyte subsets (classical, intermediate, and non-classical) and markers of monocyte activation (CCR2, CD40, PSGL-1, TNFR2 and tissue factor). ELISAs were used to measure sCD14, ICAM, and Osteoprotegerin. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and linear regression models were performed to study the effects of HIV status, CSVD status, and their interaction to outcome variables such as cognitive score. Two-sample t-tests and correlation analyses were performed between and within PWoH with CSVD and PWH with CSVD participants. PWH with CSVD (n=81) had significantly lower total cognitive scores, higher levels of NCMs and soluble CD14 and intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) as compared to PWoH with CSVD group (n=68). sCD14 and ICAM1 were positively correlated with each other indicating that monocyte and endothelial activation are associated with each other. Cognition was negatively correlated with NCMs, especially in the PWH with CSVD group. Among other blood biomarkers measured, osteoprotegerin levels showed mild negative correlation with cognitive performance in individuals with CSVD irrespective of HIV status. Elevated levels of NCMs may contribute to neuroinflammation, CSVD and subsequent cognitive impairment. This finding is of particular relevance in aging PWH as both HIV and aging are associated with increased levels of NCMs. NCMs may serve as a potential biomarker to address these comorbidities. Further longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate whether changes in NCM levels are associated with changes in CSVD burden and cognitive impairment.

Prevalence of hazardous alcohol consumption and associated factors among HIV-positive pregnant women attending public hospitals in Northwest Ethiopia: a multicentred cross-sectional study

BackgroundAlcohol is a major public health problem in pregnant women due to its harmful effects on pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes. Therefore, assessing the prevalence and the factors associated with...

HIV retesting among people living with HIV in Lesotho in 2022.

Despite widespread HIV testing in sub-Saharan Africa, regular testing among at-risk populations is crucial for effective prevention. However, reports increasingly indicate retesting among people living with HIV (PLHIV), a group that would not require additional testing since they would already have received a confirmed diagnosis. We describe the demographic characteristics of PLHIV retesters in Lesotho, report the average number of HIV tests post-diagnosis among PLHIV, and share motivations for retesting. In August 2022, a nationally representative cohort in Lesotho participated in a cell phone survey about their HIV status and testing history. Study participants were recruited from a face-to-face survey conducted in 2020, Lesotho Population Based HIV Impact Assessment survey. Of the 1523 participants called, 1111 participants responded (72.9%) and 266 reported living with HIV. We found 18.8% of people living with HIV (PLHIV) reported retesting at least once for HIV, and 58% of PLHIV who reported retesting were likely or very likely to retest for HIV in the coming year. The main reason PLHIV reported retesting was because a health care worker offered the test (61.7%) followed by self-initiated testing to confirm their status (29.1%). Among male PLHIV who had a history of retesting, 92.0% were very likely or likely to retest, compared to only 30.6% of female PLHIV. We found almost a fifth of PLHIV in Lesotho reported a history of retesting for HIV, and 58% of PLHIV were likely or very likely to retest for HIV in the coming year. Educating providers and men living with HIV could reduce retesting among PLHIV.