HIV Primary Care Clinic Research Articles

1549Spectrum of Healthcare Engagement in an HIV Primary Care Clinic within the District of Columbia

1549Spectrum of Healthcare Engagement in an HIV Primary Care Clinic within the District of Columbia

Aberrant drug-related behaviors: a qualitative analysis of medical record documentation in patients referred to an HIV/chronic pain clinic.

Due to rising rates of opioid addiction and overdose among individuals on chronic opioid therapy, aberrant drug-related behaviors (ADRBs) are an important and challenging issue. Our objective was to qualitatively investigate the documentation of ADRBs in the medical record. Manually abstracted provider notes from an HIV primary care clinic were analyzed using content analysis methods. Categories of ADRBs identified included patients requesting opioids, obtaining nonprescribed opioids, and becoming emotional about opioids. We also identified several types of provider language used when documenting ADRBs, including purely descriptive language and emotional language such as labeling, frustration, and concern, and responses such as setting conditions for opioid prescription and action-oriented language. The impact of including emotional language in the medical record is unknown. Development of instruments that can be used to facilitate ADRB documentation, as well as evidence-based approaches to addressing ADRBs, is needed.

Acceptability of bone antiresorptive therapy among HIV-infected adults at different stages of antiretroviral therapy.

PurposeBoth HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) are associated with significant decreases in bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture rates. To prepare for a randomized controlled trial of prophylactic bone antiresorptive therapy during ART initiation, we assessed the acceptability of this strategy, bone health knowledge, and fracture risk among HIV-infected adults.MethodsHIV-infected adults with no history of osteoporosis were recruited from one tertiary and one primary care HIV clinic. Participants completed a questionnaire and underwent chart review. The primary outcome was the proportion of respondents expressing interest in taking prophylactic bone antiresorptive therapy in conjunction with ART.ResultsOf 112 respondents, 25.0% were ART naïve, 23.2% had been taking ART for ≤1 year, and 51.8% had been taking ART for >1 year. Half (51.9%) indicated interest in taking short-course prophylactic bone antiresorptive therapy; this did not differ by ART status (53.6% among ART-naïve, 51.3% among ART-treated; P=0.84, chi-square test). In exploratory multivariable analysis adjusted for ART status, a greater number of pills taken per day was positively associated with this outcome (adjusted odds ratio [OR] =1.12 per pill, 95% confidence limit [CL] =1.01, 1.25), while male sex was inversely associated (adjusted OR =0.05, 95% CL =0.01, 0.24). Among those willing to take therapy, most (80.4%) were willing to do so for “as long as needed” and preferred weekly dosing (70.9%) to daily dosing (12.7%).ConclusionsHalf of this sample would be willing to take bone antiresorptive therapy together with ART, with preferences for weekly dosing and for whatever duration may be required. These data will inform the design of future trials to protect bone health in HIV.

Preliminary outcomes of a pilot physical therapy program for HIV-infected patients with chronic pain

Chronic pain in HIV-infected individuals is common and often undertreated. Physical therapy (PT) is an evidence-based nonpharmacologic treatment for chronic pain. Our objective is to present the results of a pilot PT program in an HIV pain/palliative care clinic, which is embedded within a Ryan White-funded multidisciplinary HIV primary care clinic. Medical records of HIV-infected patients participating in a PT program between November 2012 and July 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Pain scores on a 0–10 scale and cost data were collected and analyzed. Among 43 patients referred, 27 collectively attended 86 sessions. Median age of enrolled patients was 54 (IQR 49–58). Sixteen (59%) were African-American and 20 (77%) had an undetectable HIV viral load. Mean pain score at initial visit was 6.5 (SD = 1.1). The average session-level decrease was 2.6 (SD = 1.7) and patient-level decrease was 2.5 (SD = 1.2). The largest payors were Medicare managed care (28%), Medicaid (21%), and Ryan White grant-related funds (18%). When the first four months of the program are excluded to account for slow start-up, the program's monthly net revenue during the remaining five months was $163. We present preliminary data from a low-cost pilot PT program integrated into an HIV clinic in a primary care setting associated with clinically significant improvements in pain. Further investigation into the implementation of such programs is essential.

Active Injection Drug-Abuse Offsets Healthcare Engagement in HIV-Infected Patients

Active injection drug use (IDU) is a behavior with the potential to offset healthcare engagement for those with HIV. At the Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center, we identified 316 patients with a history of addiction during an 11-year period while actively engaged in routine visits to our HIV-primary care clinic. Among all IDU, active-abuse was determined in 141/316 (45 %). There were 120 clinically relevant blood stream infection (BSI) episodes. HIV/HCV co-infection (95 %) and use of antiretroviral therapy (76 %) were common at the time of BSI. The majority of BSIs occurred among those with active-IDU (72/120, 60 %). Active-IDU behavior was associated with more thrombotic disease (12 vs. 2 %, P = 0.001) and more frequent hospitalization (1.1/year ± 1.2 vs. 0.8/year ± 1.1, P = 0.03). When compared to drug-users with no active injection practices or those with remote IDU, active-IDU was associated with an increase in all-cause mortality (43 vs. 27 %, P = 0.003) and a decrease in age-adjusted survival (HR 1.7, CI 1.16-2.51, P = 0.007). Addressing addiction has the potential to impact avoidable medical complications and contribute to the continued, overall health of patients linked to HIV-care.

P3.237 An Assessment of STD Screening Practices in New Patients Attending an HIV Primary Care Clinic

BackgroundSince 2003, national guidelines recommend that all new HIV patients undergo screening for sexually transmitted diseases (STD) during their initial visit. We evaluated STD screening practises in new patients attending...

O08.3 Barriers to Bacterial STI Screening of HIV+ Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) in HIV Primary Care Settings

BackgroundIn the U.S., bacterial STI disproportionately affect HIV+ MSM. Screening for STI in HIV care settings remains suboptimal, but barriers have not been fully elucidated.MethodsAs part of a CDC initiative...

Reducing heavy drinking in HIV primary care: a randomized trial of brief intervention, with and without technological enhancement

In HIV-infected individuals, heavy drinking compromises survival. In HIV primary care, the efficacy of brief motivational interviewing (MI) to reduce drinking is unknown, alcohol-dependent patients may need greater intervention and resources are limited. Using interactive voice response (IVR) technology, HealthCall was designed to enhance MI via daily patient self-monitoring calls to an automated telephone system with personalized feedback. We tested the efficacy of MI-only and MI+HealthCall for drinking reduction among HIV primary care patients. Parallel random assignment to control (n = 88), MI-only (n = 82) or MI+HealthCall (n = 88). Counselors provided advice/education (control) or MI (MI-only or MI+HealthCall) at baseline. At 30 and 60 days (end-of-treatment), counselors briefly discussed drinking with patients, using HealthCall graphs with MI+HealthCall patients. Large urban HIV primary care clinic. Patients consuming ≥4 drinks at least once in prior 30 days. Using time-line follow-back, primary outcome was number of drinks per drinking day, last 30 days. End-of-treatment number of drinks per drinking day (NumDD) means were 4.75, 3.94 and 3.58 in control, MI-only and MI+HealthCall, respectively (overall model χ(2) , d.f. = 9.11,2, P = 0.01). For contrasts of NumDD, P = 0.01 for MI+HealthCall versus control; P = 0.07 for MI-only versus control; and P = 0.24 for MI+HealthCall versus MI-only. Secondary analysis indicated no intervention effects on NumDD among non-alcohol-dependent patients. However, for contrasts of NumDD among alcohol-dependent patients, P < 0.01 for MI+HealthCall versus control; P = 0.09 for MI-only versus control; and P = 0.03 for MI+HealthCall versus MI-only. By 12-month follow-up, although NumDD remained lower among alcohol-dependent patients in MI+HealthCall than others, effects were no longer significant. For alcohol-dependent HIV patients, enhancing MI with HealthCall may offer additional benefit, without extensive additional staff involvement.

Impact of a Computer-Assisted, Provider-Delivered Intervention on Sexual Risk Behaviors in HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex With Men (MSM) in a Primary Care Setting

Innovative strategies are needed to assist providers with delivering secondary HIV prevention in the primary care setting. This longitudinal HIV clinic-based study conducted from 2004-2007 in a Birmingham, Alabama HIV primary care clinic tested a computer-assisted, provider-delivered intervention designed to increase condom use with oral, anal and vaginal sex, decrease numbers of sexual partners and increase HIV disclosure among HIV-positive men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM). Significant declines were found for the number of unprotected insertive anal intercourse acts with HIV+ male partners during the intervention period (p = 0.0003) and with HIV-/UK male partners (p = 0.0007), as well as a 47% reduction in the number of male sexual partners within the preceding 6 months compared with baseline (p = 0.0008). These findings confirm and extend prior reports by demonstrating the effectiveness of computer-assisted, provider-delivered messaging to accomplish risk reduction in patients in the HIV primary care setting.

Characteristics of an Ambulatory Palliative Care Clinic for HIV-Infected Patients

Many HIV-infected patients in the current treatment era have substantial symptom burden, but few HIV palliative care clinics have been described. Our objective was to describe the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) HIV palliative care clinic (HPCC) and compare it to the overall HIV clinic. We conducted a chart review of patients referred to the HPCC between April 2008 and June 2011. We evaluated the reason for referral and other issues addressed during palliative care visits. Patient Reported Outcome (PRO) data was used to assess depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (PHQ-A), and substance abuse (ASSIST). Among 124 patients, mean age was 44 (range 27-64), and median CD4 count was 352 cells/mm(3) (IQR 209-639). Depression (43, 35%), anxiety (40, 32%), and current 8 (7%) or prior 68 (56%) substance abuse occurred at higher rates than in the overall HIV clinic (p<0.05). Pain was the most common reason for referral (118, 95%); most was chronic (113, 90%) and included back pain (26, 21%) and neuropathic pain (15, 12%). Other problems commonly addressed by the palliative team included nonpain symptoms such as depression (39, 48%) and anxiety (17, 21%), insomnia (25, 30%), and constipation (26, 32%). This is the first description of a palliative care clinic embedded within an HIV primary care clinic in a developed country that sees patients at all stages of illness. Chronic pain and nonpain symptom management in patients with psychiatric and substance abuse comorbidities are important components of ambulatory palliative care for HIV-infected patients.

Factors contributing to dropping out from and returning to HIV treatment in an inner city primary care HIV clinic in the United States

Although advances in pharmacotherapy have enabled people living with HIV/AIDS to live longer, fuller lives, some leave medical care, resulting in sub-optimal treatment and increased health risk to themselves and others. Forty-one patients who dropped out of an urban, publically funded primary care HIV clinic were contacted and encouraged by outreach staff to return. Participants were interviewed within two weeks of returning, and themes associated with dropping out and returning were elicited and content analyzed. Dropping out was associated with drug/alcohol use, unstable housing/homelessness, psychiatric disorders, incarceration, problems with HIV medications, inability to accept the diagnosis, relocation, stigma, problems with the clinic, and forgetfulness. Returning was associated with health concerns, substance abuse treatment/recovery, stable housing, incarceration/release, positive feelings about the clinic, spirituality, and assistance from family/relocation. Because a large number of patients reported substance abuse, depression, and past suicide attempts. Clinic staff should assess substance use, depression, and suicidal ideation at each primary care visit and encourage patients to obtain substance abuse treatment and mental health care. Future interventions could include providing SBIRT and/or onsite mental health and substance abuse treatment, all of which may boost retention.

Direct Questioning Is More Effective Than Patient-Initiated Report for the Detection of Sexually Transmitted Infections in a Primary Care HIV Clinic in Western Kenya

In resource-limited settings, detection of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) often relies on self-reported symptoms to initiate management. We found self-report demonstrated poor sensitivity for STI detection. Adding clinician-initiated questions about symptoms improved detection rates. Vaginal examination further increased sensitivity. Including clinician-initiated screening in resource-limited settings would improve management of treatable STIs.

Evaluation of Regional HIV Provider Quality Groups to Improve Care for People Living with HIV Served in the United States

HIVQUAL-US is a capacity-building quality initiative for federally-funded HIV primary care clinics. Since 2004, HIVQUAL-US has supported the formation of regional groups, geographically-clustered clinics that build quality management capacity through collective learning about quality improvement. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine members' experiences participating in groups and their self-reported quality management and improvement outcomes related to HIV primary care. Interviews were conducted with a sample of three HIVQUAL-US coaches who facilitated 11 regional groups and with nine of the clinic representatives participating in the regional groups. The regional groups were heterogeneous in composition, focus and style, but shared common activities. Benefits included implementation of group quality improvement projects and opportunities for sharing activities and challenges. Improved performance in targeted areas, enhanced understanding/use of improvement methods, and increased quality management capacity were reported outcomes. Regional groups can effectively promote peer-to-peer learning, develop leadership, strengthen quality management capacity, and improve quality of care for the HIV population.

Retention: Building a Patient-Centered Medical Home in HIV Primary Care through PUFF (Patients Unable to Follow-up Found)

Here, we describe our patient-centered medical home (PCMH) quality improvement retention project conducted by a Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) Ryan White-funded Primary Care HIV clinic. The single urban academic clinic serving 2,776 active HIV positive patients identified 25.8% (716/2,776) patients who had not been retained in care within the prior six months during two separate six-month interval analyses. Multiple modalities including a retention specialist, a secure clinic phone message line, algorithms, flyers, brochures, database, and staff education were built to facilitate re-engagement. The project located 87.7% (628/716) patients who had not been retained. The retention specialist was directly responsible for the return of 16.2% (116/716) patients. Results from the project demonstrated that a formalized approach is a necessary component to effective retention efforts. We believe that this work will provide a strategic framework for the development of randomized control trials to formally evaluate an HIV retention intervention.

Dental Anxiety and the Use of Oral Health Services among People Attending Two HIV Primary Care Clinics in Miami

We examined factors associated with dental anxiety among a sample of HIV primary care patients and investigated the independent association of dental anxiety with oral health care. Cross-sectional data were collected in 2010 from 444 patients attending two HIV primary care clinics in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Corah Dental Anxiety Scores and use of oral health-care services were obtained from all HIV-positive patients in the survey. The prevalence of moderate to severe dental anxiety in this sample was 37.8%, while 7.9% of the sample was characterized with severe dental anxiety. The adjusted odds of having severe dental anxiety were 3.962 times greater for females than for males (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.688, 9.130). After controlling for age, ethnicity, gender, education, access to dental care, and HIV primary clinic experience, participants with severe dental anxiety had 69.3% lower adjusted odds of using oral health-care services within the past 12 months (vs. longer than 12 months ago) compared with participants with less-than-severe dental anxiety (adjusted odds ratio = 0.307, 95% CI 0.127, 0.742). A sizable number of patients living with HIV have anxiety associated with obtaining needed dental care. Routine screening for dental anxiety and counseling to reduce dental anxiety are supported by this study as a means of addressing the impact of dental anxiety on the use of oral health services among HIV-positive individuals.

Primary and Behavioral Healthcare Integration: Threat or Opportunity for Addiction Treatment Organizations?

Nationwide, health care systems are experiencing an increasingly rapid pace of health reforms, especially in burgeoning areas such as health homes, accountable care organizations, which emphasize the growing need for bidirectional integration of primary care and behavioral health. Several articles in this issue of the Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research explore care that requires collaboration between primary and behavioral health: “Predictors of primary care physicians’ self-reported intention to conduct suicide risk assessments” by Lisa M Hooper et al., “Outcomes associated with a cognitive-behavioral chronic pain management program implemented in three public HIV primary care clinics” by Jodie Anne Trafton et al., and the “Relationship between neighborhood characteristics and recruitment into adolescent family-based substance use prevention programs” by Hilary F. Byrnes et al. However, is this emphasis on integration a threat or opportunity for specialty addiction treatment organizations? A recent U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration–U.S. Health Resources and Services Administration Center for Integrated Health Solutions survey 1 identified a growing number of specialty addictions treatment organizations that partner with community health centers, methadone treatment centers that qualify as Federally Qualified Health Centers, and residential treatment programs that offer primary care services onsite. Even state alcohol and drug authorities are focusing on integration at annual provider meetings and state training academies. In communities, specialty addiction treatment organizations have long held relationships with primary care practices. Historically, these relationships have ensured physicals for individuals entering residential care, interim services for pregnant women and individuals using intravenous drugs, and, more recently, medication interventions as a part of addiction treatment. New integration models serve to enhance providers’ opportunities to reach individuals in earlier stages of addiction, and the earlier treatment that follows could assuage damage to their bodies and improve overall treatment outcomes. Developing recovery plans which incorporate overall health, including exercise, prevention, and specific public health goals for chronic health problems, support recovery. In terms of Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT), specialty addiction professionals fill a gap in primary care settings by supporting “referral to treatment.” Without this involvement of addiction professionals, SBIRT programs often fail when a patient requires a

Integrating a web-based, patient-administered assessment into primary care for HIV-infected adults.

Providers routinely under diagnose at risk behaviors and outcomes, including depression, suicidal ideation, substance abuse, and poor medication adherence. To address this, we developed a web-based, self-administered patient-reported assessment tool and integrated it into routine primary care for HIV-infected adults. Printed results were delivered to providers and social workers immediately prior to patient appointments. The assessment included brief, validated instruments measuring clinically relevant domains including depression, substance use, medication adherence, and HIV transmission risk behaviors. Utilizing the Institute for Healthcare Improvement's Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) approach to quality improvement, we addressed issues with clinic flow, technology, scheduling, and delivery of assessment results with the support of all levels of clinic staff. We found web-based patient-reported assessments to be a feasible tool that can be integrated into a busy multi-provider HIV primary care clinic. These assessments may improve provider recognition of key patient behaviors and outcomes. Critical factors for successful integration of such assessments into clinical care include: strong top-level /ort from clinic management, provider understanding of patient-reported assessments as a valuable clinical tool, tailoring the assessment to meet provider needs, communication among clinic staff to address flow issues, timeliness of delivery, and sound technological resources.

A Case Illustration About the Importance of Integrating Women's Anal Health in an HIV Primary Care Clinic

A 49-year-old African American woman (S.A.) has been receiving HIV specialty and primary care in an urban hospital-based adult HIVoutpatient clinic since 2001. She has also been followed by colorectal surgery and HIV gynecology clinics. Her social history includes a 45-pack/year tobacco habit and crack cocaine use since 1982, but she has denied alcohol use. S.A. presented to the emergency room in March 1997 with shortness of breath, and the hospital admitted her with presumptive Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia. She tested positive for HIVinfection, and her CD41 T cell count was 7 cells/mm 3 . Her surgical history was significant for a Bartholin cyst incision and drainage 15 years prior. Her discharge medications included sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and azithromycin with a follow-up appointment in the adult HIV clinic scheduled for 2 weeks later; she was not started or discharged on antiretroviral therapy (ART). She failed to follow up in the adult HIVoutpatient clinic but was subsequently admitted in 1998 for orbital cellulitis and cytomegalovirus retinitis with blindness, and in 1999 for seizures, at which time she was diagnosed with cryptococcol meningitis. The last admission note indicated that the patient had not taken her ART in 5 months; however, the names of the medications that she was previously on were not specified. S.A. was lost to follow-up until July 2001 when she was brought to the emergency room from

Reliability of the Lay Adherence Counsellor Administered Substance Abuse and Mental Illness Symptoms Screener (SAMISS) and the International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) in a Primary care HIV Clinic in Cape Town, South Africa

HIV infection is associated with an increased prevalence of common mental disorders and with the development of HIV associated neurological disorders (HAND). The aim of this research was to determine the reliability of lay adherence counsellors in the administration of the substance abuse and mental illness symptom screener (SAMISS) for common mental disorders and International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) for HAND in a South African sample of 269 people living with HIV/AIDS and on HAART in a primary healthcare setting. We used a cross-sectional design with each patient assessed by a mental health nurse and counsellor, 1 week apart. Reliability was fair for the SAMISS overall (κ = 0.39, CI(95) 0.29-0.49, P < 0.01), but was higher for the substance abuse component compared to the mental illness component. Reliability for the IHDS between counsellors and nurses was slight (κ = 0.11, CI(95) 0.00-0.27, P < 0.02). Counsellors tended not to miss symptoms, and detected symptoms more often than nurses for the both the SAMISS and IHDS. Strategies to improve the ability of primary healthcare providers to screen for neurocognitive disorders as well as avoiding over-detection of mental illness and substance abuse symptoms need to be developed and implemented for the primary healthcare setting.

Outcomes Associated with a Cognitive-Behavioral Chronic Pain Management Program Implemented in Three Public HIV Primary Care Clinics

In patients with HIV/AIDS, chronic pain is common and analgesics pose serious risks. Cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT) provide an alternative. This study evaluated feasibility and impact of a CBT-based pain management program in three public primary care clinics for HIV patients. The program included a workbook and 12-weeks of group CBT sessions. HIV-positive patients with chronic moderate to severe pain were invited to participate in the program and were assessed at enrollment, 6, 12, and 24weeks. Despite only moderate group attendance, program enrollment was associated with significant improvements in pain intensity, pain-related functioning, anxiety and acceptance, and mental health. At 24weeks, effect sizes for pain outcomes were -0.83 for pain intensity and -0.43 for functioning. The pattern of change in outcomes was consistent with predictions based on cognitive-behavioral theory. Effects were observed at all clinics. Adding CBT-based pain management into primary care may provide important benefits for patients with HIV/AIDS.