HIV-infected AIDS Research Articles

WORKSHOP PERAN REMAJA DALAM PENANGGULANGAN HIV AIDS MENUJU ELIMINASI 2030

The government has put together a strategy to stop the spread of HIV AIDS both at the central and regional levels. One of the prevention efforts that must be done together by all levels of society is health education, especially in the youth group. Adolescents are the focus of all strategies to combat its spread and are the most vulnerable group to HIV AIDS infection. Objective: to increase knowledge and influence the attitudes of teenagers in efforts to prevent and combat HIV AIDS. Method: using the lecture and discussion method conducted at the Royal Resto Function with a total of 33 participants. Results: the average participant was able to answer correctly regarding HIV AIDS and the role of teenagers as peer educators. Conclusion: teenagers understand their role in efforts to prevent and combat HIV AIDS towards elimination by 2030.

Atypical perianal and buttocks epidermal-dermal necrosis in Human Monkeypox. Histopathological study of the lesion in Peru

We report the histopathological study of a large, black, crusted lesion with symmetrical distribution in both buttocks and perineum, never described, in a man who has sex with men (MSM) and proctitis associated with Human Monkey Pox Virus (hMPXV) and HIV-AIDS infection never treated. A 39-year-old male, homosexual, HIV-AIDS without Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), was admitted to a hospital in Lima, Peru, with papulopustular lesions on the body and perianal area. Days later, a large, crusty, black lesion with a symmetrical distribution appeared on the buttocks and perineum. The tissue culture was negative. Wedge biopsy of the lesion showed typical MPXV cytopathogenics lesions in addition to fibrin micro thrombosis in the underlying papillary dermis. The histopathological findings of the scabby and black lesion are the classic ones described by Stagles, except for the phenomenon of fibrin micro thrombosis in the papillary dermis, a novel cytopathogenic effect of MPXV with clinical relevance (epidermal-dermal necrosis).

Factors influencing adherence to anti-retroviral therapy in amazonian indigenous people living with HIV/AIDS

BackgroundIndigenous communities in Peru has been historically affected by high mortality rates attributable to HIV-AIDS infection, associated with a low access to health services, and socio-cultural barriers. In this context, the study aimed to describe factors associated with antiretroviral treatment adherence in people from Awajun and Wampis indigenous communities, living with HIV-AIDS in a Peruvian Amazonian region.MethodsA cross-sectional study was completed with a consecutive sample of people from indigenous communities (Awajun or Wampis) living with HIV, who were receiving antiretroviral treatment for at least the last three months. Participants were recruited between October 1 and December 30, 2021, from four districts of Bagua and Condorcanqui provinces in the Amazonian region. An ad-hoc questionnaire was used to collect information about demographic, economic, and socio-cultural factors and access to health services. The Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) was used to evaluate adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Multivariate logistic regression analysis with backward stepwise was performed to explore factors that might influence adherence.ResultsOf the 208 participants, 28.8% reported complete adherence to antiretroviral treatment. The multivariate logistic regression showed that occupation (aPR: 1.86; 95%CI 1.15–3.02), economic income (aPR: 0.64; 95%CI 0.41–0.99), and adverse reactions to antiretroviral therapy (aPR: 0.36; 95%CI 0.18–0.70) were related to complete adherence to medication.ConclusionOnly a third of participants reported complete adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Factors associated with adherence to antiretroviral medication were related to socioeconomic conditions and adverse reactions to the therapeutic scheme. Interventions to improve adherence in indigenous people living with HIV should consider these factors in order to develop effective implementation strategies.

Pencegahan Resiko Penularan HIV/AIDS dengan Edukasi Stop Free Sex pada Remaja di SMA Negeri 1 Ciamis

Introduction: Adolescents are a group that is physically and psychologically vulnerable to HIV infection. Changes in adolescents result in a high desire to try new things, so that adolescents become the main focus of efforts to overcome the spread of the HIV-AIDS virus (Veronika, et al, 2012). Adolescent knowledge about HIV/AIDS prevention is very important, one of the roles of youth here is to seek information related to HIV-AIDS transmission and how to prevent it. Objective: Can improve the quality of education and knowledge of students about HIV-AIDS. Method: The research design used qualitative research methods by observing directly the participant's response to the material presented by the teacher involving 35 students of SMA Negeri 1 Ciamis. Result: Knowledge and understanding is one of the factors in preventing the risk of HIV-AIDS infection in adolescents. Before the counseling was conducted, the presenter asked the participants questions related to HIV-AIDS. 3 participants answered correctly, but the problem faced was that some participants did not know the process of transmission and how to prevent HIV-AIDS, because before delivering the material the participants did not know information about HIV-AIDS. The results of observations before and after the participants' knowledge extension activities increased. Conclussion: The implementation of activities in general went smoothly and received appreciation from the school, especially the principal. After counseling, knowledge increases and gives good responses and answers the questions given correctly.

An Efficient Synthesis of N'',N'''-Bis[(E)-phenylmethylidene]carbonic Dihydrazide Derivatives and Their Evaluation as α-Chymotrypsin Inhibitors

N'',N'''-Bis[(E)-phenylmethylidene]carbonic dihydrazide, azotic ligands with lone electron pairs, have wide range of applications in catalysis, medicine, corrosion, and analytical chemistry. Keeping this broad range of applications in view, we have developed a new green method for the rapid synthesis of N'',N'''-Bis[(E)-phenylmethylidene]carbonic dihydrazide and its derivatives. By using a new protocol, a range of carbonic dihydrazides 1-22 has been synthesized in excellent yields. All synthesized compounds have been characterized by elemental analyses, 1H-NMR, EI-MS and HR-MS. These carbonic dihydrazides have also been synthesized via conventional method. On comparisons of new and conventional methods, it is evident that newly developed solvent-free method is more proficient, high yielding, and simple. As protease inhibitors are known to inhibit not only proliferation of cancer cell lines but also to cure hepatitis C virus and HIV aids infections, therefore, all purified and characterized compounds have also been evaluated for their potential to act as in vitro α-chymotrypsin (an enzyme belongs to protease family) inhibitors. Among tested compounds, ten compounds have shown varying degree of α-chymotrypsin inhibition potential.

PENYULUHAN DAMPAK INFEKSI HIV AIDS KEPADA MASYARAKAT DESA LUMBAN PEA TIMUR, KABUPATEN TOBA

Community Service (PkM) is carried out by the Faculty of Medicine Universitas Methodist Indonesia by providing counselling the effect of HIV Infections and AIDS. PkM was held on 8-11 June 2022 at Lumban Pea Timur, Balige,Toba District, North Sumatera. The method used is to provide counselling/lectures and provide motivation, then followed by question and answer to obtain results and solutions as a form of problem’s solving and obstacles faced. The results of PkM with counselling are very effective considering that there are still many people who do not get information about HIV infections and AIDS. With this counselling, the public becomes aware of the HIV_AIDS Infections problem. Thus, it is hoped that the people of Lumban Pea Timur will aware and know how to prevent their community from HIV-AIDS Infections.

Exploration of the Nursing Intervention of Positive Psychological Theory on HIV Infected AIDS Patients

Exploration of the Nursing Intervention of Positive Psychological Theory on HIV Infected AIDS Patients

Misconception, Misbelieve of Child sexual Abuse and Cure of HIV in Transkei, South Africa: A Case Report

Background: South Africa has one of the highest numbers of rapes in the world, and Transkei, a former black homeland, now a part of the Eastern Cape Province, is one locality with many child rapes. The unemployment, poverty and crime levels are very high in the region. Objective: To highlight the problem of sexual abuse and HIV in the Transkei region of South Africa. Case History: This report presents a victim of rape, a two-year-old female child, who was brought to the Umtata General Hospital in the evening with profusely bleeding per vaginum. She was sexual assaulted by a HIV positive caretaker adult male in his 30s, acting on a mistaken belief that sex with a virgin will cure an HIV-infected person or AIDS sufferer of his illness. The young mother of the victim has also experienced a rape in her childhood, and her husband was murdered a year ago in front of her child. She does not know about her father and was raped in her childhood by a foster father. The history, the physical examination and the uneventful antiretroviral therapy are discussed in this manuscript. Conclusions is drawn and preventive steps are suggested. Conclusion: There is a high misconception and strong misbelief in child sexual abuse and a cure of HIV infection in the Transkei region of South Africa.

Sensitivity and optimal control analysis of HIV/AIDS model with two different stages of infection subpopulation

We study optimal control analysis of HIV/AIDS model with two different stages of infection subpopulation. There are two controls, antiretroviral (ARV) treatment is given to HIV-infected subpopulation, and HAART (highly active antiretroviral treatment) is given to full-blown AIDS subpopulation. Before that, we analyze the sensitivity of parameters which can be used to determine the most parameter take effect in the spread of HIV virus. We apply the sensitivity analysis to all the parameters appear in the reproduction number. Furthermore, we apply optimal control theory to minimize HIV-infected and full-blown AIDS subpopulation, and the cost related to the implementation of control strategies using the Pontryagin's Minimum Principle. We prove an existence of a optimal control pair. Numerical solution is conducted by solving the optimally system using the sweep backward and forward method. The results show that giving control pair in the model can decrease the infected and the full-blown AIDS subpopulations significantly.

Plunging Ranula as Initial Manifestation of HIV-AIDS: A Case Report and Literature Review

Introduction: Ranulas are defined as the extravasation of mucus into an intraoral cystic cavity produced by an injury to the excretory ducts or the acini of the sublingual gland. Plunging ranulas are generated when the salivary collection penetrates the mylohyoid through a dehiscence of its fibers, invading the submandibular space. The close relationship between these lesions and HIV-AIDS infection has been reported since 2004, with a 75.88% rate of positive cases. The objective of this article is to present the management of patient with a plunging ranula, which made it possible to address the diagnosis of HIV-AIDS. Case Report: A 28-year-old male patient presented with a painless and fluctuating swelling in the laterocervical space and the floor of the mouth, which produced dysphagia and dyslalia. Serological tests for HIV were carried out and had a reactive result. Surgical treatment was performed via intraoral approach, with a favorable evolution at 12 months of follow-up. Conclusion: Ranulas, and particularly plunging ranulas, should be considered in the group of oral lesions associated with HIVAIDS infection, as they may even be the initial manifestation of the disease.

Trend incidence of HIV-AIDS according to different diagnostic criteria in Campinas-SP, Brazil from 1980 to 2016.

The objective of this study was to analyze the temporal trend of the incidence coefficients of HIV-AIDS infection via a retrospective ecological study and segmented regression in individuals older than 13 year reported at SINAN between 1980 and 2016. Of the 14,204 reported cases, 70.9% were male and 39.5% were white. The AIDS criterion presented growing incidence from 1986 to 1996 with Annual Percentual Change (APC) of 108.5% per year between 1983 and 1989 (CI: 90.3 - 128.4), between 1989 and 1998 the APC was 13.2% (CI: 8.2 - 18.3) and APC reduction in the period from 1998 to 2016, -6.2% (CI: -7.4 - -4.9). High coefficients of the death criteria between 1988 and 2002 (4.7/100,000 inhabitants), with a noticeable decrease after 1995. The growth of the HIV+ criteria from 2000 onward was observed, reaching 30.2 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2016. Although incidence rates still remain high in the municipality, these trends are consistent with the positive impact of early detection policies and access to clinical and therapeutic follow-up of individuals with HIV and AIDS in Campinas.

Stability analysis and optimal control of a fractional HIV-AIDS epidemic model with memory and general incidence rate

We investigate the celebrated mathematical SICA model but using fractional differential equations in order to better describe the dynamics of HIV-AIDS infection. The infection process is modelled by a general functional response and the memory effect is described by the Caputo fractional derivative. Stability and instability of equilibrium points are determined in terms of the basic reproduction number. Furthermore, a fractional optimal control system is formulated and the best strategy for minimizing the spread of the disease into the population is determined through numerical simulations based on the derived necessary optimality conditions.

An Important Role for CD4+ T Cells in Adaptive Immunity to Toxoplasma gondii in Mice Lacking the Transcription Factor Batf3.

Immunity to Toxoplasma gondii at early stages of infection in C57BL/6 mice depends on gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production by NK cells, while at later stages it is primarily mediated by CD8 T cells. We decided to explore the requirement for CD4 T cells during T. gondii infection in Batf3-/- mice, which lack CD8α+ dendritic cells (DCs) that are necessary for cross-presentation of cell-associated antigens to CD8 T cells. We show that in this immunodeficient background on a BALB/c background, CD4 T cells become important effector cells and are able to protect Batf3-/- mice from infection with the avirulent strain RHΔku80Δrop5 Independently of the initial NK cell activation, CD4 T cells in wild-type and Batf3-/- mice were the major source of IFN-γ. Importantly, memory CD4 T cells were sufficient to provide protective immunity following transfer into Batf3-/- mice and secondary challenge with the virulent RHΔku80 strain. Collectively, these results show that under situations where CD8 cell responses are impaired, CD4 T cells provide an important alternative immune response to T. gondiiIMPORTANCEToxoplasma gondii is a widespread parasite of animals that causes zoonotic infections in humans. Although healthy individuals generally control the infection with only moderate symptoms, it causes serious illness in newborns and those with compromised immune systems such as HIV-infected AIDS patients. Because rodents are natural hosts for T. gondii, laboratory mice provide an excellent model for studying immune responses. Here, we used a combination of an attenuated mutant strain of the parasite that effectively vaccinates mice, with a defect in a transcriptional factor that impairs a critical subset of dendritic cells, to studying the immune response to infection. The findings reveal that in BALB/c mice, CD4 memory T cells play a dominant role in producing IFN-γ needed to control chronic infection. Hence, BALB/c mice may provide a more appropriate model for declining immunity seen in HIV-AIDS patients where loss of CD4 cells is associated with emergence of opportunistic infections.

Construction of Mathematical Model between HIV-AIDS and Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Transmission in a Population

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that attacks and damages the immune system of the human body so that it is easily attacked by various diseases. A collection of diseases that attack the body is called AIDS. HIV-AIDS is very contagious and deadly. Until now, there is no medicine, serum, vaccine that can cure sufferers of the HIV. HIV-AIDS infection is transmitted through 3 ways: vertically (from mother to child), sexual relations (homosexual, heterosexual and transsexual), and horizontally through inter-blood contact (sharing of contaminated needles, transfusion of contaminated blood, etc.). Sexual intercourse is the biggest cause of transmission. This research discussed construction of mathematical model of HIV-AIDS and LGBT transmission based on the interaction between infected and susceptible individuals in a population.

Nef Dimerization is Required for Antagonism of the Host Cell Restriction Factor, SERINC5

HIV‐1 Nef is a virulence factor that is essential for immune escape of HIV‐infected cells, viral pathogenesis and AIDS progression. Nef lacks intrinsic biochemical activity, functioning instead by interacting with host cell effector proteins to hijack multiple signaling and endocytic pathways. Many Nef functions depend on dimerization of the protein, including enhancement of viral infectivity, replication, and immune cell receptor downregulation. Work in our lab, through both X‐ray crystallography and virological assays, has shown that distinct hydrophobic residues (L112, Y115, F121) are key in Nef dimer formation, and disruption of these residues significantly impairs many Nef functions. Pharmacologic disruption of the Nef homodimer may therefore represent a novel approach to antiretroviral therapy.Here we investigated whether Nef dimerization is required for antagonism of the host cell restriction factor SERINC5 (S5). S5 is a potent suppressor of HIV‐1 infectivity that is antagonized by Nef via binding and downregulating S5 from the surface of infected cells, preventing its incorporation into nascent virions. For our studies, HIV‐1 virions were produced in 293T cells transfected with the HIV‐1 provirus and S5, Jurkat WT and S5‐knockout cells, or donor PBMCs (which naturally express high levels of S5). Viral supernatants were harvested from these “producer” cells and normalized for p24 AlphaLISA. Infectivity of producer‐cell viruses was assessed using TZM‐bl reporter cells, which couple the HIV‐1 LTR to expression of luciferase. Mutation of conserved Nef residues essential for homodimerization (L112A/D, Y115D, F121A) reduced the infectivity of HIV‐1 produced from all three producer cell lines in a S5‐dependent manner. S5 incorporation into virions was increased in the presence of Nef dimer interface mutants, suggesting that dimerization is important in its ability to exclude S5 from newly synthesized virions. Recruitment, downregulation, and endocytic trafficking of S5 by wild type and dimerization‐defective Nef mutants were also examined via confocal microscopy. Nef dimer interface mutants also failed to induce colocalization of S5 with Rab7+ late endosomes, suggesting that Nef dimerization is essential for S5 internalization and degradation via the lyso‐endosomal pathway. By contrast, Nef mutants retained their ability to interact with both S5 and subunits of the AP‐2 clathrin adaptor protein essential for S5 endocytosis, as shown via bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that downregulation of S5 and subsequent enhancement of viral infectivity requires Nef homodimerization, providing further support for pharmacological targeting of Nef quaternary structure in HIV‐1 cure strategies.

Incidence of epilepsy and brain toxoplasmosis in hospital Mario Rivas, Honduras

The presence of neurological alterations is a frequent manifestation in patients with HIV, especially focal onset epilepsy. The cerebral toxoplasmosis represents the main cause of occupational injury in an immunological patient for HIV related to a CD4 T lymphocyte count less than 100/uL. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in which the clinical characteristics associated with cerebral toxoplasmosis were determined, as well as the alterations in the main encephalographic alterations and the findings in neuroimaging studies (cranial tomography or cerebral magnetic resonance). All patients underwent a complete medical history including history of neurological diseases. A total of 26 patients with a diagnosis of HIV-AIDS infection and cerebral toxoplasmosis were evaluated, of which 15 (57.7%) were women. The age of the patients ranged between 23 and 65 years (standard deviation 11,081). The manifestation by which the patients were admitted (main symptom) were altered state of consciousness (2, 7.7%), acute psychotic outbreak (4, 15.3%), headache (1, 3.8%), seizures (10, 38.5 %), focal motor deficit (5, 19.2%), vertigo (1, 3.8%), diarrhea (1, 3.8%), fever (1, 3.8%) and alteration of cranial nerves (1, 3.8%). Differents findings was found in patients: slow-wave, spike-slow wave complex, polymorphic slow wave. Toxoplasmosis is a frequent opportunistic infection in patients with HIV, with epilepsy being one of the main manifestations of this. Neuroimaging studies (brain CT or brain MRI) allow diagnosis. The encephalogram study is frequently associated with alterations in patients with toxoplasmosis. Timely diagnosis is associated with a good prognosis in our patients.

A Minimal HIV-AIDS Infection Model with General Incidence Rate and Application to Morocco Data

We study the global dynamics of a SICA infection model with general incidence rate. The proposed model is calibrated with cumulative cases of infection by HIV–AIDS in Morocco from 1986 to 2015. We first prove that our model is biologically and mathematically well-posed. Stability analysis of different steady states is performed and threshold parameters are identified where the model exhibits clearance of infection or maintenance of a chronic infection. Furthermore, we examine the robustness of the model to some parameter values by examining the sensitivity of the basic reproduction number. Finally, using numerical simulations with real data from Morocco, we show that the model predicts well such reality.

Do risk factors increase measurement of hepatitis B, C signs and HIV-AIDS among middle-aged and older IDUs in southwest Iran?

Purpose Injecting drug use addiction is a main factor in hepatitis B, C infection and HIV–AIDS infection. The purpose of this paper is to measure seroprevalence of hepatitis B, C virus and HIV–AIDS amongst injecting drug users (IDUs) and its influencing factors. Design/methodology/approach The cross-sectional method was used in mid-2017 in Ahwaz city, southwest Iran. In total, 133 IDUs, aged 29–71 years (mean age=48.21 ± 10.4), were chosen from Aria addiction treatment centre. The data were collected on demographic and behavioural characteristics. In addition, serum samples were screened for those diseases. Findings In a total of 131 IDUs, 2 (1.5 per cent) were HIV+, 16 (11.7 per cent) HCV+ and 8 (6.1 per cent) HBV+. There was a significant correlation between diseases and IDU. Results of multiple regression stated that IDU was a more predicting variable as β=0.76 and the model was able to predict 74.1 per cent of the variance, F (3, 35)=12.42, ρ<0.001, R2=0.741, OR=3.01, 95% CI [1.44, 3.83]. The synchronised pairwise effect of age, imprisonment and IDU with GLM analysis was significant, F (2, 114)=20.433, ρ<0.000, η HCV + 2 = 0.609 , η HBV + 2 = 0.616 , and η HCV + 2 = 0.612 , λWilks’=0.056. The infection rate among IDUs was significant and the most important risk factor for these infections has been intravenous drug use, together with age of misusing and imprisonment. Research limitations/implications The non-cooperation of two samples, lack of participation of three addiction rehabilitation centres in Ahwaz city, the end of cooperation in the first two months of the implementation of the plan, and the lack of consistency of the three serum samples in the cases (two cases) were limitations of the study. Practical implications Based on the results, the following suggestions could be presented: establishing “Intervention Clubs” for treatment in the peripheral urban areas for the participation of women drug users – the responsible organisation is Cultural and Social Deputy of Ahwaz Municipality Organisation. Integration of “Small Self-caring Groups” in Sepidar Women’s Penitentiary in the East Ahwaz region – the responsible organisation is Khuzistan Province Prisons Organisation (the southwestern Iranian prisons authority); constructing “Community-based Committees” to increase the level of social intervention – the responsible organisation is the Iran Drug Control Headquarters at Iranian Presidential Office; screening of injecting drug use in the populations at risk, especially girls and women in marginalised areas – the responsible organisation is Deputy Director of Prevention and Treatment of Addiction in the Iran Welfare and Rehabilitation Organisation; establishing an “Patient Treatment Center” in high-risk areas along with directing drug users and supervising the relevant authorities – the responsible organisation is Deputy Police Commander on Social Assistance; providing education to families involved with addiction in the “Neighborhood Parks” – the responsible organisation is Deputy for Health Affairs. Social implications They are mixed with practical implications as well. Originality/value The comprehensive harm reduction plan and prison-related issues of IDUs with shared syringe along with the pairwise age and imprisonment need to consider the above factors.

Evaluation of dental students' knowledge and patient care towards HIV/AIDS individuals.

The aim was to evaluate the knowledge of the students of dental students regarding patients care towards HIV positive individuals. Two hundred and eighty-three dental students (pre-clinical, n=45; clinical, n=238) answered an electronic questionnaire, approaching biosafety procedures, oral manifestations of AIDS and knowledge of HIV infection. Data were present as an average from findings from students of nine different semesters, grouping them by pre-clinical (1-4) and clinical (5-9) semesters, from two different university campuses. Furthermore, data were analysed using the t test and chi-square test. Students' mean age was 24years. Amongst 14 oral manifestations questioned, Kaposi sarcoma, oral candidiasis, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and herpes simplex were more associated with HIV. Over 90% of the respondents would be concerned about becoming infected with HIV after a needle stick injury and were willing to be tested for HIV; know that HIV/AIDS patients can contaminate dental care professionals, that needle perforation can transmit HIV, and that medical professionals are more prone to cross-contamination. Regarding the use of physical barrier, almost all participants use disposable mask, goggles, cap and procedure gloves with all patients; the use of disposable lab coat and two pairs of gloves were the least used with all patients. Participating students have good knowledge on biosafety in the management of HIV/AIDS patients, as well as on the most commonly associated oral manifestations. However, there is a need for improvement on some topics related to HIV/AIDS, especially regarding less known oral lesions, and HIV diagnostic tests.

Implementation Standard Precaution of Risky Dental Treatments on Patient with HIV-AIDS in X Public Health Center Yogyakarta

Health services are currently required to do services by following with implementation standard precaution has been established, to create good quality services. Infection that needs to be alert for the dental health care professional is the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Implementation standard precautions need to be applied to a patient with HIV-AIDS or non-HIV-AIDS infection on risky dental treatments. Qualitative research with case studies. The approach in this study is content analysis. Analyzing the contents of interview results, direct observation, and document observation. Direct observation of PLHIV patients was done perfectly: hand hygiene 46.7%, PPE 95.5%, safe injection 100%, waste and sharp object management 75%, patient care equipment 80%, linen management 100%, environmental management 53.3%, employee health protection 0%, and cough ethics 0%. Results of documents observations related to hand hygiene, patient care equipment, and environmental management are well listed; related to PPE, management of waste and sharp objects, and employee health protection are listed but not yet complete; and related to safe injections, linen management, and cough ethics are not listed on document in X Public Health Center Yogyakarta. Implementation standard precaution overall is quite good and still needs to improved to prevent and control infections, especially HIV-AIDS infections in X Public Health Center Yogyakarta.