Hit Count Research Articles

Comparative study on fracture evolution in steel fibre and bar reinforced concrete beams using acoustic emission and digital image correlation techniques

In recent decades, the demand for sustainable construction practices has increased, but raw materials such as reinforcing steel remain scarce. Therefore, steel fibres have emerged as a popular and sustainable choice in the construction industry, offering a cost-effective alternative to traditional steel bar reinforcement for both flatwork and elevated structures. The purpose of this study is therefore to compare the performance of fracture behaviour between steel fibre-reinforced concrete (SFRC) and steel bar-reinforced concrete (SBRC) beams subjected to three-point bending. The fracture process was monitored by using two non-invasive techniques: acoustic emission (AE) and digital image correlation (DIC). The damage level was identified by characterizing the parameter-based AE data such as hit rate, energy release, count, rise time, amplitude, and signal strength. DIC images were employed to visualise the crack propagation in parallel with the AE data. To further understand the fracture characteristics, the integration of 2D source localization of AE events (based on local AE fracture energies) with DIC results was investigated. The parameter-based AE results showed that SBRC beam experienced a high density of AE hits with large peak amplitude events that were accelerated during the pre-peak loading phase. The Ib-value analysis revealed that SBRC beam exhibited a higher degree of fracture magnitude during the primary crack development process than SFRC beam. Following the main cracking stage, SFRC beam demonstrated an improved post-cracking softening behavior and superior ability to arrest crack propagation compared to SBRC beam. The integration of local AE fracture energy and DIC results provided a novel approach for a better understanding of the fracture behaviour in both SFRC and SBRC beams. This study’s findings contribute to more precise monitoring of fracture evolution in SFRC and SBRC beams, ultimately improving the selection process for primary reinforcement in flatwork and elevated structures.

Acoustic Emission Time-Space Evolution Characteristics of the Bond Behavior of Recycled Aggregate Concrete-Filled Steel Tubes

In order to effectively observe the damage behavior of the interface between steel tube and concrete, and to reveal the law of time-space evolution and the bond failure mechanism of the bond, the Acoustic Emission (AE) non-destructive monitoring technology was used to monitor the process of repeated push-out tests of concrete-filled carbon steel tube (CFST), recycled aggregate concretefilled carbon steel tube (RACFST), and recycled aggregate concrete filled stainless steel tube (RACFSST) specimens. F-S (force-slip) curve and strain distribution were obtained from the tested specimens, in addition to various acoustic emission (AE) parameters such as hit count, energy release rate, and time difference localization points. To establish a relationship between the acoustic emission characteristic parameters, the normalized characteristic parameters, and the F-S curve, we took into account the time-space evolution process of interface bonding failure and developed a constitutive model incorporating the concept of macro-interlocking. The results show that for peak bonding strength, CFST is slightly lower than the RACFST specimen in the first load cycle, while in the second to fourth load cycles, CFST > RACFST > RACFSST. The AE localization points show a continuous and linear distribution, and the time-space evolution characteristics of AE localization points in the first load cycle show a extension from the two ends-middle-lower middle. In the second and fourth load cycles, the positioning points are concentrated in the elastic stage and the upper intermediate stage. The macro-interlocking directly affects the bonding interface characteristics, and the macro-interlocking coefficient defined can quantitatively describe the macro-interlocking of the steel tube and predict the τ-S curve of the RACFST under repeated load cycles.

Damage evolution and destabilization precursors in granite under splitting load at different temperatures

Brazilian splitting acoustic emission (AE) tests were conducted on the granite specimens that were heated at the temperatures from 50 to 600 °C to investigate the mechanical and damage characteristics of granite under high temperatures and splitting load in deep drilling. The results indicate that temperature variations significantly alter the mechanical characteristics and AE properties of granite, thereby influencing the evolution of fractures. At the temperature above 500 °C, the tensile strength of granite decreases significantly and the proportion of shear-induced damage modes increases. Furthermore, the rate of fracturing also exhibits a noticeable increase. Damage parameter mutation points on the damage parameter evolution curves of hit counts and energy counts were defined to determine the rock damage precursor. Mutation points based on hit counts arrive earlier than rock instability signals. The greater the damage is, the earlier the mutation points arrive. This time difference can be used to identify rock destabilization signals.

A Preliminary Tomography Inversion Study on the Palu Koro Fault, Central Sulawesi Using BMKG Seismic Network

The Palu Koro Fault, which frequently causes solid and destructive earthquakes, is the most exciting aspect of Central Sulawesi’s tectonics. We used local earthquake data from the area in this preliminary study. Our preliminary investigation entails analyzing local seismic data and estimating the velocity structure and hypocenter location using a tomographic approach that employs P-wave arrival times from the Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics earthquake observation network from 2010 to 2019. We use a 1-D initial velocity structural model in this tomographic inversion method, and the results are evaluated using the checkerboard test, derivative weight sum, and ray hit count. To the west and east of the Palu Koro Fault area, preliminary tomographic inversion results show a relatively high seismic velocity. These areas are interpreted as West Sulawesi Mandala and East Sulawesi Mandala Poso Fault and Wekuli Fault. The low-velocity anomaly is found near the Palu Koro Fault. Because of the high-speed thrusting, the relocated hypocenters also clustered around the Palu Koro Fault area. In the following activity, we will determine the speed structure of the S wave, which is expected to provide better geological information in the interpretation.

Characterization, identification and life prediction of acoustic emission signals of tensile damage for HSR gearbox housing material

PurposeThis study aims to ensure the operation safety of high speed trains, it is necessary to carry out nondestructive monitoring of the tensile damage of the gearbox housing material in rail time, yet the traditional tests of mechanical property can hardly meet this requirement.Design/methodology/approachIn this study the acoustic emission (AE) technology is applied in the tensile tests of the gearbox housing material of an high-speed rail (HSR) train, during which the acoustic signatures are acquired for parameter analysis. Afterward, the support vector machine (SVM) classifier is introduced to identify and classify the characteristic parameters extracted, on which basis the SVM is improved and the weighted support vector machine (WSVM) method is applied to effectively reduce the misidentification of the SVM classifier. Through the study of the law of relations between the characteristic values and the tensile life, a degradation model of the gearbox housing material amid tensile is built.FindingsThe results show that the growth rate of the logarithmic hit count of AE signals and that of logarithmic amplitude can well characterize the stage of the material tensile process, and the WSVM method can improve the classification accuracy of the imbalanced data to above 94%. The degradation model built can identify the damage occurred to the HSR gearbox housing material amid the tensile process and predict the service life remains.Originality/valueThe results of this study provide new concepts for the life prediction of tensile samples, and more further tests should be conducted to verify the conclusion of this research.

Analysis Of Differentially Expressed Genes By RNA-Sequencing In 38 Cases of Rasmussen Encephalitis: New Insights on Non-Inflammatory Pathways (P12-9.002)

<h3>Objective:</h3> To analyze aberrant gene expression pathways involved in the pathophysiology of Rasmussen Encephalitis (RE) in a large cohort of brain specimens from affected children. <h3>Background:</h3> RE is a rare cause of pharmacoresistant epilepsy, characterized by progressive hemispheric inflammation resulting in seizures and, if left untreated, hemiplegia, hemianopia and cognitive decline. Data on gene expression in this condition are lacking. <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> We conducted RNA-sequencing of flash-frozen resected epileptogenic tissue from 38 children with RE. Control brain tissue included 10 brain specimens from perilesional resected areas in different patients with focal cortical dysplasia. RNA-sequencing was performed using standard protocol on Illumina HiSeq 2x150bp sequencing, single index platform with polyA selection library prep. After extraction of normalized gene hit counts, we utilized the <i>DESeq2</i> package with R version 4.2.1. The Wald test was used to generate p-values and log2 fold changes. Genes with an adjusted p-value &lt; 0.05 were called as differentially expressed genes (DEG) for each comparison. Gene enrichment analysis was then performed with the Reactome platform. <h3>Results:</h3> We identified 6184 upregulated and 3789 downregulated genes in RE vs. controls. Functional gene clustering analysis showed overrepresentation of several pathways involved in neuroinflammation including interferon alpha/beta (p=7.77E-11) and gamma (p=1.17E-12) signaling, IL-4/IL-13 (p=1.15E-2), IL-10 (p=2.18E-2) signaling, class I MHC-mediated antigen processing (p=4.22E-5), and non-inflammatory pathways such as nonsense-mediated RNA decay (p=2.04E-3), translation elongation cycle (p=5.42E-4). We observed downregulation of multiple neuronal pathways: neurotransmitter receptors and postsynaptic signal transmission (p=3.79E-7), activation of NMDA receptors (p=1.72E-5), GABA receptor activation (p=3.19E-2), glutamate binding (p=2.1E-2), presynaptic depolarization and Ca channel opening (p=1.49E-2). Extra-neuronal downregulated genes included: transcriptional regulation of MECP2 (p=4.49E-4), L1CAM interactions (p=1.51E-3), signaling by NTRKs (p=3.93E-2), calmodulin pathway (p=2.05E-1). <h3>Conclusions:</h3> With this study, we contribute to expanding the knowledge of pathophysiological inflammatory and non-inflammatory processes involved in Rasmussen’s encephalitis. <b>Disclosure:</b> Dr. Bartolini has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as an Editor, Associate Editor, or Editorial Advisory Board Member for American Academy of Neurology. The institution of Dr. Chan has received research support from TSC Alliance. Ms. Lob has nothing to disclose. Ms. Wu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Uzun has nothing to disclose. Dr. Oluigbo has nothing to disclose. The institution of Dr. Gaillard has received research support from all federal or foundation grants, NINDS, NIDCD, NICHD, NSF ,PERF. Dr. Chang has nothing to disclose. Gary W. Mathern has nothing to disclose. The institution of Dr. Liu has received research support from NIH/NINDS.

Trust evaluation of health websites by eliminating phishing websites and using similarity techniques

SummaryEvery user uses a search engine to find health information from websites. Content‐rich health websites are considered in our research as wrong information in these websites can threaten life. Search engines give a list of URLs related to their search keyword. Generally, the user follows the top websites displayed by the search engine. Newly constructed websites do not have ratings, hit counts, and reviews. The search engine does not display newly constructed websites in their top rank. In such a case, the newly constructed website with the same content as the website displayed at the top of the search engine loses the user's trust. Another problem is; the phishing website URLs are also displayed by the Google Search engine, which appear similar to the genuine websites. To solve the problem and enhance the trust of health websites which is not at the top of the search engine among users, we have proposed an approach that extracts all URLs based on the keyword. It identifies all legitimate URLs using a Machine Learning classifier. Address bar features, Domain name features, HTML, and JavaScript features were identified for the dataset of getting legitimate URLs. Three classifiers (Decision Tree, Random Forest, and Support Vector Machine) were trained and evaluated. Decision Tree has the highest training accuracy, 94.125, testing accuracy, 92.75, and precision score of 96.97. The cross‐validation score of all three models is almost 93. Therefore, Decision tree is used to identify legitimate websites. After getting the list of legitimate URLs, all the content of the legitimate website is extracted. A Semantic Similarity between top‐rank legitimate website content and legitimate websites is found using Natural language processing techniques. Then the websites are ranked based on similarity and the value of the trust is assigned from highly trustable to less trustable. We have compared and correlated our results with the Web of Trust, a reputation tool for trust analysis, and have achieved a positive correlation. Thus, our approach removes phishing websites and enhances the trust in other websites that are not at the top of the search engine.

Equity/Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, and Other EDI Phrases and EDI Policy Frameworks: A Scoping Review

Equity, equality, diversity, inclusion, belonging, dignity, justice, accessibility, accountability, and decolonization are individual concepts used to engage with problematic social situations of marginalized groups. Phrases that put together these concepts in different ways, such as “equity, diversity and inclusion”, “equality, diversity, and inclusion”, “diversity, equity and inclusion”, “equity, diversity, inclusion, and accessibility”, “justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion”, and “equity, diversity, inclusion, and decolonization” are increasingly used, indicating that any one of these concepts is not enough to guide policy decisions. These phrases are also used to engage with problems in the workplace. Universities are one workplace where these phrases are used to improve the research, education, and general workplace climate of marginalized students, non-academic staff, and academic staff. EDI policy frameworks such as Athena SWAN and DIMENSIONS: equity, diversity, and inclusion have been also set up with the same purpose. What EDI data are generated within the academic literature focusing on EDI in the workplace, including the higher education workplace, influence the implementation and direction of EDI policies and practices within the workplace and outside. The aim of this scoping review of academic abstracts employing SCOPUS, the 70 databases of EBSCO-HOST and Web of Sciences, was to generate data that allow for a detailed understanding of the academic inquiry into EDI. The objective of this study was to map out the engagement with EDI in the academic literature by answering seven research questions using quantitative hit count manifest coding: (1) Which EDI policy frameworks and phrases are mentioned? (2) Which workplaces are mentioned? (3) Which academic associations, societies, and journals and which universities, colleges, departments, and academic disciplines are mentioned? (4) Which medical disciplines and health professionals are mentioned? (5) Which terms, phrases, and measures of the “social” are present? (6) Which technologies, science, and technology governance terms and ethics fields are present? (7) Which EDI-linked groups are mentioned and which “ism” terms? Using a qualitative thematic analysis, we aimed to answer the following research question: (8) What are the EDI-related themes present in relation to (a) the COVID-19/pandemic, (b) technologies, (c) work/life, (d) intersectionality, (e) empowerment of whom, (f) “best practices”, (g) evaluation and assessment of EDI programs, (h) well-being, and (i) health equity. We found many gaps in the academic coverage, suggesting many opportunities for academic inquiries and a broadening of the EDI research community.

Evolution characteristics of acoustic emission and strain energy for deep granite under different damage stages

The first underground research laboratory (URL) as the research platform for the deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) in China is being built in a deep granite rock mass. The damaged characteristics and mechanical properties of the deep granite under loading seriously influence the URL’s construction safety and disposal function for HLW. Therefore, this paper investigates the damaged characteristics and mechanical properties of the Beishan deep granite used in various confining pressure levels through a series of triaxial compression and acoustic emission (AE) tests. Based on the crack volumetric strain model, the crack stress thresholds of the deep granite specimens under various confining pressure levels were acquired. The damage development of the specimens used in five confining pressure conditions was analyzed, and the evolution of AE parameters and strain energy of the deep rock under different damage stages were explored. The studied results shown that the crack stress thresholds of the deep granite rose linearly with the increasing confining pressure, but their stress ratios remained relatively constant under various confining pressure levels. Under the rock loading tests, the designed confining pressure levels influenced the AE hit count and AE accumulative count development under the rock damage process. The high-frequency points of the AE hit count coincide with the AE accumulative count increasing, and the maximum value of the AE hit count of the specimens used in different confining pressure conditions appears in the postpeak stress‒strain stage. Additionally, with the axial strain of the loading rock rising in the prepeak stress‒strain stage, all the strain energy (including total energy U, elastic energy Ue and dissipated energy Ud) continues to rise, and in the postpeak stress‒strain stage, Ue stored inside the rock is quickly released, resulting in the Ue/U decreasing and Ud/U increasing.

A local earthquake tomography on the EAF shows dipping fault structure

The East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) is a left-lateral transform fault zone located between the Anatolian and Arabian plates. In this study, in order to image the upper crustal structure beneath the eastern segments of EAFZ, 3D seismic velocity variations are computed using local earthquake tomography. The initial catalog for the tomography process consists of 2200 well-located earthquakes recorded at 49 seismic stations around the study region between 2007 and 2020. 1D initial velocity model is constructed based on previous studies in the region. The maximum number of iterations and the velocity perturbations which sustain the linearity of the inversion are determined based on the detailed tests. Reliable zones of the final model are decided based on the Derivative Weighted Sum and Hit Count distribution. The resulting velocity model displays a clear velocity contrast across the surface trace of the EAFZ down to a depth of 12 km. While the Anatolian side of the fault displays higher velocities associated with the ophiolitic units in the region, the south of the fault zone is represented by lower velocities due to sedimentary deposits. The vertical cross-sections of tomographic models show a north dipping fault between Palu and Çelikhan. The complete earthquake catalog is relocated using the 3D velocity model. Together with the obtained velocity model, the relocated hypocenters indicate that the dip of the EAFZ is not uniform, the Palu segment dips to the north with an angle of ~80°, while the Pütürge and Erkenek segments dip to the north with a lower angle of ~60?70°.

마그네슘 합금 판재(AZ31B)의 인장 변형에서 AE 신호 발생 특성 분석

In this study, acoustic emission (AE) signals associated with the behavior of materials in the magnesium alloy (Mg AZ31B) tensile test were analyzed. The AE sensor was attached with the material to measure the AE signals. During the tensile experiment, the AE sensor measured the elastic waves generated inside the specimen. The AE parameters, such as, the signal energy, duration, and frequency centroid, were studied. We also analyzed the effect of the materials size and tensile speed on the AE signals. As a result, the lowest frequency centroid value occurred at the yield and fracture points. As the width and length of the specimen increased, the number of hit counts increased and the peak frequency occurred. Other AE parameters, such as, the duration and frequency centroid, were not affected. As the tensile speed increased, the hit decreased and the frequency centroid decreased in the elastic region. It was found that in the detection of the yield and fracture deformation, the number of counts, and frequency centroid were appropriate.

Risk Narrative of Emergency and Disaster Management, Preparedness, and Planning (EDMPP): The Importance of the ‘Social’

Risk perception, literacy, communication, narrative, governance, and education are important aspects of emergency and disaster management, preparedness, and planning (EDMPP) as they for example influence and direct EDMPP policies and actions. A thorough understanding of the ‘social aspects of risk is important for EDMPP, especially in relation to marginalized populations who are often overlooked. Technologies are increasingly employed for EDMPP. How these technology applications identify and engage with the ‘social’ of risk in general and the ‘social’ of risk experienced by marginalized populations is important for EDMPP. Equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) and similar phrases are employed as policy concepts to improve research, education, and participation in the workplace for marginalized groups such as women, Indigenous peoples, visible/racialized minorities, disabled people, and LGBTQ2S including in workplaces engaging with EDMPP which includes universities. The aim of this scoping review was to generate data that allows for a detailed understanding of the risk related discussions within the EDMPP academic literature as these discussions shape EDMPP policies and actions. The objective of this scoping review study was to map out the engagement with risk, specifically the social aspects of risk, in the EDMPP-focused academic literature with a focus on (a) EDMPP in general, (b) COVID-19, (c) EDMPP and marginalized groups, (d) EDMPP and patients, and (e) EDMPP and technologies (artificial intelligence, machine learning, machine reasoning, algorithm design approaches such as Bayesian belief networks, e-coaching, decision support systems, virtual coaching, automated decision support, e-mentoring, automated dialogue and conversational agents). Using the academic databases SCOPUS, Web of Sciences, and databases accessible under Compendex and EBSCO-HOST and performing hit count frequency searches of online and downloaded abstracts and thematic analysis of downloaded abstracts the study reveals a lack of coverage on the social aspects of risk and engagement with risk concepts such as risk perception, risk governance, risk literacy, risk communication, risk education and risk narrative especially in conjunction with marginalized groups and technologies employed in EDMPP decision support. Our findings suggest many opportunities to further the EDMPP academic inquiry by filling the gaps.

Experimental Study on Coal Specimens Subjected to Uniaxial Cyclic Loading and Unloading

The paper represents a test investigation of the mechanical properties and acoustic emission (AE) characteristics of low-strength coal specimens subjected to cyclic loading and unloading. From the lab tests, the following conclusions can be obtained: (1) The axial strain is very well linear with the loading–unloading cycle number, and the circumferential and volumetric strains are approximately quadratic functions with the loading–unloading cycle number; (2) Under the same loading stress interval, the elastic modulus firstly increases and then remains stable with the loading–unloading cycle number. In addition, the higher the maximum stress of a loading–unloading cycle, the more significant the plastic strengthening effect produced by this cycle; (3) The damage calculated by the cumulative AE hit count can better reflect the fact that the damage has been increasing in the loading phase and keeps basically unchanged in the unloading phase. So, the AE hit count, as a damage variable, can better describe the damage development of coal specimens. (4) The significant fluctuation of the AE b value can be used as the precursor of coal specimen failure. Additionally, the AE b value decreases rapidly at coal specimen failure. (5) The closer to the loading–unloading cycle of coal specimen failure, the more accurate the predicted “maximum magnitude” at coal specimen failure.

Forecasts on CMB lensing observations with AliCPT-1

AliCPT-1 is the first Chinese cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiment aiming for the high-precision measurement of CMB B-mode polarization. The telescope, currently under deployment in Tibet, will observe in two frequency bands centered at 90 and 150 GHz. We forecast the CMB lensing reconstruction, lensing-galaxy, and lensing-cosmic infrared background (CIB) cross-correlation signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for AliCPT-1. We consider two stages with different integrated observation times, namely “4 module*yr” (first stage) and “48 module*yr” (final stage). For lensing reconstruction, we use three different quadratic estimators, namely temperature-only, polarization-only and minimum-variance (MV) estimators, using curved sky geometry. We take into account the impacts of inhomogeneous hit counts and mean-field bias due to incomplete sky coverage. In the first stage, our results show that the 150 GHz channel can measure the lensing signals at 15cr significance with the MV estimator. In the final stage, the measurement significance will increase to 31σ. We also combine the two frequency data in the harmonic domain to optimize the SNR. Our results show that the coadding procedure can significantly reduce the reconstruction bias in the high multiple range. Owning to the high quality of the polarization data in the final stage of AliCPT-1, the EB estimator will dominate the lensing reconstruction in this stage. We also estimate the SNR of cross-correlations between AliCPT-1 CMB lensing and other tracers of the large scale structure of the universe. For its cross-correlation with Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) galaxies/quasars, we report the cross-correlation SNR = 10–20 for the four redshift bins at 0.05 < z < 2.1. In the first stage, the total SNR is approximately 32. In the final stage, the lensing-galaxy cross-correlation can reach SNR = 52. For lensing-CTB cross-correlation, in the first stage, the cross-correlations between AliCPT-1 lensing and Planck CIB 353, 545 and 857 GHz channels are approximately SNR =18,19, and 23, respectively. In the final stage, the cross-correlations can reach SNR = 25,33 and 42. Due to the strong correlations between frequency bands, the total lensing-CIB cross-correlations by combining the three frequencies in Planck CIBs are SNR = 23 and 43 for the AliCPT-1 first and final stages, respectively.

Experimental investigation of key infrared radiation signals on rock during damaging process

Rock instability and failure are the intrinsic causes of mining disasters and slope slippage in deep underground engineering. Capturing and identifying the precursor signal of the rock fracture during the stress-induced rock failure process is crucial for safe construction. In this paper, the infrared radiation and acoustic emission (AE) experiments of red sandstone, marble and granite under uniaxial loading were conducted. The infrared radiation characteristics of different rock samples during the deformation and fracture process were investigated. Valid infrared radiation temperature (VIRT) is proposed to document the damage evolution of rocks, which showed the abrupt variations around the peak stress. And the changes of VIRT were almost identical with AE hit counts at the fractured moment of rocks. In addition, the new indicator effective VIRT values (GIRT) and total GIRT counts (GIRTs) based on the Grubbs criterion are defined to further accurately and succinctly reveal the damage and fracture characteristics of rock via temporal and spatial distribution of infrared information. The experimental results show that the sudden change of GIRT and the GIRTs on different rocks before reaching the peak stress, and the GIRT is randomly distributed over the observation area in the initial deformation. However, concentrated GIRT distribution occurred at the serious damage and macro cracks position. Therefore, GIRT and GIRTs can be used as a harbinger for rock failure, and these indicators provided a reference for predicting disasters in mining and engineering.

DALock: Password Distribution-Aware Throttling

Large-scale online password guessing attacks are widespread and pose a persistant privacy and security threat to users. The common method for mitigating the risk of online cracking is to lock out the user after a fixed number (K) of consecutive incorrect login attempts. Selecting the value of K induces a classic security-usability trade-off. When K is too large, a hacker can (quickly) break into a significant fraction of user accounts, but when K is too low, we will start to annoy honest users by locking them out after a few mistakes. Motivated by the observation that honest user mistakes typically look quite different from an online attacker’s password guesses, we introduce DALock, a distribution-aware password lockout mechanism to reduce user annoyance while minimizing user risk. As the name suggests, DALock is designed to be aware of the frequency and popularity of the password used for login attacks. At the same time, standard throttling mechanisms (e.g., K-strikes) are oblivious to the password distribution. In particular, DALock maintains an extra “hit count" in addition to “strike count" for each user, which is based on (estimates of) the cumulative probability of all login attempts for that particular account. We empirically evaluate DALock with an extensive battery of simulations using real-world password datasets. In comparison with the traditional K-strikes mechanism, our simulations indicate that DALock offers a superior simulated security/usability trade-off. For example, in one of our simulations, we are able to reduce the success rate of an attacker to 0.05% (compared to 1% for the 3strikes mechanism) whilst simultaneously reducing the unwanted lockout rate for accounts that are not under attack to just 0.08% (compared to 4% for the 3-strikes mechanism).

Computer Science

Possible for science itself, conceptually, to have and will understand differently, let alone science also seen as technology, such as computer science. After all, science and technology are viewpoints diverse by either individual, community, or social. Generally, it depends on socioeconomic capabilities. So it is with computer science has become a phenomenon and fashionable, where based on the stream of documents, various issues arise in either its theory or implementation, adapting different communities, or designing curriculum holds in the education system. Generally, there are gaps between rich and poor, masculine and feminine, and basic sciences, engineering, and social sciences in accessing and using computer science. In particular, there have been various developments in hardware, software, and brain-ware from computer science in the application. There are recurring problems shortly, in the same or different places, both in developed and technologically lagging countries. Although computer science is still new, it has provided various innovations through research, which is proven by many documents. Therefore, following the growth of computer science - documents in the reputable indexed database, Scopus - there are clues for showing the trends. That is, dividing documents into three-time sessions: sloping, increasing and decreasing. That is by using a growth graphic. Then equip it with some parameters: topics and the weights from hit counts of databases. It gives the meaning as an interpretation to support the reviews. Therefore, this paper will provide a commentary related to that growth. It is for showing that despite the spread of studies, at the last time-session, the issues were always present simultaneously at the same time in accumulation. That is for describing a study title of computer science about what the world already has, going, and will understand about computer science. It is a view regarding its philosophy, basic science, applications, and technology as concepts and solutions that make computer science the primary foundation for skills and professions in the 21st century through the education system. Therefore, other scientific fields such as informatics, computer engineering, information science, information technology, and data science, which are at the crossroads of computer science, are also scientific fields that raise different issues.

Drinking behavior at the beginning and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: results of aliterature review

Hintergrund und Ziel der ArbeitEs ist bekannt, dass der Alkoholkonsum und -missbrauch sowie alkoholinduzierte Probleme in wirtschaftlich schwierigen Zeiten zunehmen – was frühere SARS-Studien belegen. Das Review untersucht weltweite Veränderungen des Alkoholkonsums unter dem Einfluss der aktuellen SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie.Material und MethodenEs wurden die Datenbanken PubMed, Ovid, Cochrane Library, Scopus, PsycINFO und Web of Science mit Stichtag 11.01.2022 verwendet. Es fand sich eine initiale Trefferzahl von 791 Publikationen. Nach Lesen von Titel und kamen noch 62 Texte infrage. Nach Sichtung des Volltexts wurden 40 Studien in dieses Review einbezogen.ErgebnisseStudienergebnisse lagen aus Nord- und Südamerika, Europa, Asien und Ozeanien vor. Es zeigte sich sowohl ein Anstieg als auch eine Reduktion des Alkoholkonsums. Studien, die über mehrere Wellen der Pandemie untersuchten, fanden einen Alkoholanstieg in Relation zur Dauer der Pandemie. Das Binge-Drinking spielte dabei eine große Rolle. Es gab sehr große regionale Unterschiede beim Anstieg des Alkoholkonsums: von ca. 10 % der Befragten auf > 45 %. In den meisten Studien war der Alkoholkonsum bei 40–50 % der Befragten etwa gleich und bei 30–40 % verringerte er sich.DiskussionWeitere Studienverläufe unter anhaltender Pandemie sind wichtig. Da die untersuchte Bevölkerung überwiegend im berufstätigen Alter war, erscheinen betriebliche Präventionsmaßnahmen bei erhöhter Stressbelastung für einen Teil der Befragten mit erhöhtem Alkoholkonsum als sinnvoll.Zusatzmaterial onlineDie Online-Version dieses Beitrags (10.1007/s10049-022-01031-x) enthält eine Übersicht der Artikel zum Thema Alkoholkonsum in Pandemiezeiten.

A Method Based on Muon System to Monitor LHCb Luminosity

LHCb is one of the four main experiments running at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) of the European Organization for Nuclear Research. Since 2010, it has been collecting data to study the Physics of b and c quarks. For the past three years, the experimental apparatus underwent significant upgrades to be ready for a new round of data collection, expected to start in June 2022. The new apparatus is designed to be able to run at an instantaneous luminosity five times larger than the previous one, which was 2.0×1032 cm−2s−1, and the whole detector readout will be at a 40 MHz rate. It is worth noticing that the luminosity at the LHCb interaction point, for the characteristics of the detector, needs to be reduced with respect to the luminosity provided by LHC. Major changes in the different subdetectors were required, along with complete modifications of the trigger schemes. The LHCb collaboration is developing and studying different methods for the on-line measurement of luminosity at the LHCb impact point, crucial for the monitoring of correct machine operation and for most experimental physics studies. The present work describes a procedure based on hit counting in the muon detector for an on-line luminosity monitor. The performance and the precision achieved with this method in tests carried out on past data collected are presented, together with proposals for future upgrades.

SpotFuzz: Fuzzing Based on Program Hot-Spots

AFL is the most widely used coverage-guided fuzzer, which relies on rough execution information to assign seeds energy, which can lead to waste. We track the program executed by AFL and discover that the hit counts of each edge might vary greatly when using different seeds as inputs. Some seeds, which are continuously given too much energy, experience very high hit counts of several edges without new crashes or edges being explored, which results in invalid execution and waste of performance. We also define time-consuming edges and discover that they only occupy a small part of the program. In this paper, we define invalid execution edges and time-consuming edges as hot-spots and propose a fuzzing solution SpotFuzz to solve energy waste caused by the above hot-spot phenomenon. It allocates seeds with more hot-spots during execution and uses less energy to reduce energy waste. Moreover, it preferentially selects seeds with less time-consuming edges as test cases, allowing for more edges to be explored in a limited time. We implement an SpotFuzz prototype based on AFL and test it on several real programs for 600 CPU days. The experimental results show that minimizing the invalid and time-consuming execution of edges can improve the fuzzing efficiency. On average, SpotFuzz could find 42.96% more unique crashes and 14.25% more edges than AFL on GNU Binutils and tcpdump.