Historical Division Research Articles

Zion's Final Destiny: The Development of the Book of Isaiah: A Reassessment of Isaiah 36-39 (review)

Hebrew Studies 34 (1993) 193 Reviews seemingly post-587 oracles of 33:1-20 and 34:17-22. Attention to these factors would have made a good book better. Leslie C. Allen Fuller Theological Seminary Pasadena. CA 91182 ZION'S FINAL DESTINY: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BOOK OF ISAIAH: A REASSESSMENT OF ISAIAH 36-39. By Christopher R. Seitz. Pp. xii + 228. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1991. Cloth. A diachronic approach, shaped by B. Duhm's "epic-making" commentary (Das Buch Jesaia, HKAT 3.1; Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1892), has dominated Isaiah-scholarship for nearly a century. According to this view, the book of Isaiah is a series of independent compositions. While chaps. 1-35 are the product of the Assyrian period, the remainder belongs to the Persian period, with chaps. 40-55 reflecting the middle of the sixth century and chaps. 56-66 the Restoration in the first half of the fifth century . The narrative included between First- and Deutero-Isaiah (chaps. 3639 ) has been assumed to be secondary to its parallel in 2 Kgs 18:13-20:19 and to function as a late editorial appendix, with no organic connection to the original composition of First Isaiah. However, this scholarly consensus has been challenged recently by the redactional school that tries to understand the whole book as the result of a dynamic editorial process. The objective of this volume is to provide a unified theological reading of the book as a whole, although the author accepts the classical separation of Isaiah's composition into three historical divisions as an undeniable premise. He is occupied, however, with two key questions concerning its growth and thematic integration: (1) why the material beyond First Isaiah was attached to this particular collection of prophecies, and (2) how this additional material grew to constitute the Deutero-Isaianic literature. These questions, which until a dozen years ago or so would have been dismissed as uncritical topics from the pre-scientific era of prophetic research, are characteristic of the new direction in current biblical scholarship and the study of Isaiah in particular. Seitz does not speak precisely about Isaiah as a unified literary composition ; rather, he joins synchronic and theological readings to treat the book as a continually growing body of tradition, with the Deutero-Isaianic ma- Hebrew Studies 34 (1993) 194 Reviews terial relying on the material in First Isaiah. He questions the idea that independent pieces were mechanically glued together, proposing instead that the later material is dependent on the earlier Isaianic literature. He also claims that the prose appendix in Isaiah 36-39 does not rely on the account in Kings, but rather constitutes a unified narrative which reflects directly on First Isaiah and inspired Deutero-Isaiah's language. Isaiah 39:5-7 even paves the way for the notion of the exile, which constitutes the subjectmatter for the remainder of the book. For Seitz, the book of Isaiah revolves around two key historical events: the Assyrian siege of Jerusalem in 701 B.C.E. and the city's fall to the Babylonians in 587 B.C.E. The first of these is the subject of Isaiah 36-39, while chaps. 40-66 are based on the second. According to him, the message of the book as a whole emerges out of the relationship between these events: the first part's judgment prophecies are not an end in themselves, but pave the way for the salvation oracles of the second. Seitz claims that this theological cycle, which revolves around the historical frame of salvation , punishment, and allusion to salvation, explains why the additional material was attached to First Isaiah and not to the work of another prophet. First Isaiah itself combines the two prophetic categories, judgment and salvation. It is also characterized by an emphasis on Zion theology, according to which Zion was God's eternal city. This leads Seitz to find a single theological message in the entire book of Isaiah: just as God's miraculous intervention kept Sennacherib, king of Assyria, from ultimately destroying Jerusalem in 701 B.C.E., so too does Zion theology assure that salvation can be expected after the city's fall in 587 B.C...

The Origins of the Scottish Plantations in Ulster to 1625: A Reinterpretation

There is no question that the plantation of Ulster during the reign of James I had a profound effect on the course of British history. However, the nature of that plantation has been either misrepresented or misunderstood. In order to overcome this problem, we must address two provocative questions: (1) Were the Scots-Irish, the largest group of settlers, predominantly Celtic or non-Celtic ethnically and culturally? and (2) If they were mainly Celtic, why were they better able than non-Celts to establish viable settlements in Ulster, a predominantly Celtic area? A reexamination of the origins of the pre-1625 Scottish settlers and their methods of settlement indeed casts the problem of the Ulster Plantation in a new light.For the last two decades, historians have begun to question the portrayal of the Scots-Irish, or Ulster Scots, as frugal, hardworking, anglicized Presbyterian Lowlanders who brought the light of civilization to a benighted Celtic backwater. For example, Nicholas Canny correctly dismisses the “myth” of Ulster's material transformation by pointing out that the province, unlike Leinster and Munster, was settled by British planters from less economically advanced areas of the archipelago. But, again, he does not adequately examine the cultural and ethnic background of the dominant Scots-Irish. Traditionally, they have been classed as “Lowland,” non-Celts rather than as “Highland,” Celtic Scots. These designations are misleading because they oversimplify Scotland's historical and cultural divisions that had been in place as early as the Norman invasion.

Decolonizing the English Past: Readings in Medieval Archaeology and History

Historians, anthropologists, archaeologists, and sociologists are accustomed to categorizing the inhabitants of the rural farming households of medieval England as peasants without questioning the disciplinary implications of imposing such a category on historical subjects. Foundational categories, such astheworker,thepeasant,thewoman, become so familiar that they appear natural and divert us from studying the historical and power-charged processes involved in their constructions, past and present. The century-old debate over views of medieval English peasants as bound statically by custom, on the one hand, or as dynamically diverse or mobile, on the other, perhaps expresses embedded disciplinary tensions in the historic division of labor between anthropology (including archaeology) and history. From their disciplinary formation in the early modern period, anthropology and history together have constructed and guarded an imaginary but nevertheless potent boundary between the historical and the primitive, a boundary that divided the European colonizer from the non-European colonized and that within Europe divided the historical past from the traditional past. Who gets an anthropology and who gets a history therefore becomes a question of historic and power-charged disciplinary practices. As a foundational category, “peasant” straddles both disciplines and both divisions of the past, historical and traditional.In this essay, I wish to examine the powerful yet unacknowledged ways in which these disciplinary practices inform medieval peasant studies. I shall focus especially on the study of the material culture of the medieval English peasantry. Both history and archaeology claim the medieval English peasant to justify disciplinary narratives.

Public History and Research in Military History: What Difference Has It Made?

WRITING IN 1969 Professor Allen R. Millett observed writing on American participation in World War II and Korea is dominated by the armed forces historical agencies [who] have produced, in the last twenty years, a staggering amount of scholarly writing for public consumption.... One sometimes feels that the rest of us are the historical division's country cousins.' Millett's observation reflected the unprecedented success and influence which the public history activities of the armed forces had had on American historical writing about World War II. At the time ofMillett's article the Army's office of the Chief Military History had already produced over fifty volumes of its massive U.S. Army in World War II, the largest collaborative historical work in English ever attempted. The Navy's unofficial official history, U.S. Naval Operations in World War II, by Samuel Eliot Morison had been completed and become a perennial best-seller and the Air Force and Marine Corps had completed their own multi-volume histories.

The Importance of Relating Medicine and Public Health

The historical division between medicine and public health is arbitrary and not in the best interest of the health of the American public. Combating the major causes of death and disability requires integration of medicine and public health by government and academia.

India's Federalism under Stress

The hallmark of a federal form, A.V. Dicey wrote some 20 years ago, is that the people desire union, and must not desire unity. 1 If in fact they were to unite, it would no longer be a federal but a unitary government. Thus, two seemingly contradictory forces are involved: the desire of federating units for national unity and their desire to retain individual independence. While India attempted to carve out a federal form of government, the emphasis all along has been on ways of keeping it together in the face of polycentrism and historical divisions. Accordingly, India is called a Union of States. To get a clear picture of India's federalism, one needs to understand the several regional, linguistic, and religious divisions in the country (with 15 recognized languages in 25 states and seven union territories) and analyze the constitutional distribution of powers, devolution of resources, role of governors, emergency powers, the dominant party theme, planning, AllIndia services, the decentralization of power scheme, and other provisions and processes, including Article 3 empowering Parliament to change the boundaries of any state. This article, however, confines itself to an examination of only two of these facets and their net impact on Indian federalism: (1) the use (or misuse) of the exercise of emergency powers, with particular reference to the case of Tamil Nadu, and (2) the decentralization scheme under the Panchayati Raj Bill of 1989.

Journals Indexed by the AHA Resource Center forHospital Literature Indexand HEALTH Database­

The American Hospital Association (AHA) Resource Center indexes journals for the Health Planning and Administration (HEALTH) database and Hospital Literature Index (HLI). These journals, designated special list health journals, are selected to provide access to a wide and balanced coverage of hospital and health care administration and health policy literature. This article provides background information on HEALTH and HLI and describes special list health journals in detail (including historical information, information sources, and broad subject divisions). It also discusses AHA policies relating to journal and article selection and current subject distribution of special list health journals.

A STUDY OF THE FORMATION OF ANCIENT CHANNELS ON THE NORTH CHINA PLAIN

By using the interpretation of large-scale topographic maps, plot and trace of remote sensing images, textual criticism of historical geographical data, field investigation and description, and analysis and measurement of core samples, a research has been conducted on the reconversion, stage division and historical period division of the ancient channels within a buried depth of 50 m on the North China Plain. It has been found that ancient channels in this region are characterized by typical marks of fluvial facies deposition. The development level of ancient channels is strictly controlled by basement tectonics, and their formation and evolution are completely conditioned by geographic environment. Human activities have played an increasingly important role in channel changes and ancient channel formation.

Chromosomal passengers: Toward an integrated view of mitosis

The major events of mitosis have traditionally been considered to represent two distinct pathways and have been studied by two separate groups of workers. The chromosomal events (chromosome condensation and sister chromatid disjunction) have been the principal focus for one group, while the cytoskeletal events (nuclear envelope breakdown, chromosomal movements, cytokinesis) have been the focus for the other. This historical division is epitomized by the view of many cell biologists, which was aptly caught by Mazia's comparison of the role of the chromosome arms in mitosis to that of "the corpse at the funeral" which "provide a reason for the proceedings but do not take an active part in them" (Mazia 1961). More recent studies have demonstrated that the role of the chromosomes in mitotic movements is somewhat more active than this. That the kinetochore may play an important role in chromosome movements has long been suspected (see early references in Mazia 1961) but was only proven rather recently (Brinkley et al. 1988; Gorbsky et al. 1987; Nicklas 1989). This has led to a burst of recent interest in all aspects of kinetochore structure and function. Our studies have led us to ask whether chromosomes may play an even more extensive role in the events of mitosis. We suggest here that in addition to their active role in movements, the chromosome may make important structural contributions to the anaphase spindle and cleavage furrow, which are normally thought of as "cytoskeletal" functions. These structural contributions may be made by members of a new class of "chromosomal passenger" proteins that use the chromosomes as a means of conveyance so that they are correctly positioned at the metaphase plate to carry out their nonchromosomal functions during anaphase and the subsequent mitotic events.

Apostrophe, Prayer, and the Structure of Satire in The Man of Law’s Tale

Apostrophe, Prayer, and the Structure of Satire in The Man ofLaw's Tale Ann W Astell Purdue University TEMAN OF LAw's TNE h.s figmcd prnmincntly in the ongoing debate about the teller-tale relationship in The Canterbury Tates. 1 Is The Man ofLaw's Tate primarily a satire exposing the hypocrisy of its pilgrim narrator?2 Or is it a pious legend about its saintly heroine, more properly called "The Tale of Custance"? The historical division of critics into two camps suggests that auditors are hearing two different voices in the tale, the narratorial "I" isolated as direct discourse and the oppositional "I" of Custance herself as a speaking subject. 1 Pointing to the tenuous relationship between the Head/ink, the "poverty prologue," and the pious legend in rhyme-royal stanzas, Bernard F. Huppe and others have insisted that "the Tale must speak for itself without regard to its particular dramatic setting or its narrator." See Huppe, A Reading ofthe Canterbury Tales (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1964), p. 96. See also John Tatlock, "The Man of Law's Tale," in The Development and Chronology a/Chaucer's Works (Gloucester: Peter Smith, 1963), pp. 172-88. Arguing on different grounds, David Lawton, in Chaucer's Narrators (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1985), has insisted that "lines using a narratorial 'I' in the body of any of the tales cannot be used to demonstrate a point about the ostensible teller" (p. 104). Observing that narrator's voice in all of Chaucer's "high-style" stories (including The Man ofLaw's Tale) is virtually the same (pp. 76-105),Lawton restricts the applicability of speech-act theory to the prologues of tales, excluding the tales themselves (cf. p. 4). C. David Benson makes an argument similar to Lawton's in "Their Telling Difference: Chaucer the Pilgrim and His Two Contrasting Tales," ChauR 18 (1983): 61-76. H. MarshallLeicester,Jr., in "The Art oflmpersonation: A General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales," PMLA 95 (1980): 213-24, was among the first to discredit the dramatic model by shifting emphasis away from the voices of pilgrims ro the voicing of the tales themselves. 2 For excellent treatments of the appropriateness of the tale's assignment to the Man of Law as a satiric object, see Warren Ginsberg, The Cast of Character: The Representation of Personality in Ancient and Medieval Literature (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1983), pp. 144-51; Roger Ellis, Patterns a/Religious Narrative in the Canterbury Tales (Totowa, N.J.: Barnes and Noble Books, 1986), pp. 119-68; Alfred David, "The Man ofLaw versus Chaucer: A Case in Poetics," PMLA 82 (1967): 217-25; Chauncey Wood, "Chaucer's Man of Law as Interpreter," Traditio 23 (1967): 149-90. 81 STUDIES IN THE AGE OF CHAUCER Chaucer's additions to his source, Nicholas Trevet's Anglo-Norman Chronique, chiefly consist of (1) apostrophe, exclamatio, and rhetorical questions interjected by thenarrator, and (2) prayers uttered by Custance.3 I argue that Chaucer's additions effectively convert a saint's legend into a satire through the systematic opposition of two rhetorical figures-apos­ trophe (assigned to the narrator) and prayer (assigned to Custance)-that punctuate the unfolding plot line and provide a divergent commentary on the events being related.4 Not only does Chaucer oppose the viewpoints of the tale's heroine and her pilgrim narrator in a conflictus of providential and fatalistic orderings ofexperience, but he assigns to each a characteristic figura that has its proper sign value, its power to define not only the individualpersonae as such, but also the differences between them. Cus­ tance's prayers do more than characterize her as a saint. As direct discourse they give Custance a voice and personal genre, allowing her to speak for herselfand thusprovidea counterinterpretation ofeventsotherwiserelated to the audience only by the shortsighted narrator. The tale itself is episodic, its story line punctuated by five sea voyages, its chronology spanning all of Custance's adult life, the setting for its action changing from Rome to Syria to England and back again. The natural division of the tale into discrete episodes lends itself to narrative intrusion and provides ample opportunity for the teller...

A revision of the Australian Clambidae (Coleoptera : Eucinetoidea)

This revision is based on recent systematic collections in Australia. As a result of it 12 new species are described (Sphaerothorax halieyi, sp. nov., S. lawrenceanus, sp. nov., S. victoriae, sp. nov., Clambus alienus. sp. nov., C. bornemisszai, sp. nov., C. cooyar, sp. nov., C. hangayi, sp. nov., C. inaequalis, sp. nov., C. sphaericus, sp. nov., C. sternalis, sp. nov., C. stewarti, sp. nov., C. terraereginae, sp. nov.), and the specific status of two synonyms reinstated [Sphaerothorax rufocastaneus (Lea) and S. pubiventris (Lea)]. A clear historical biogeographic division, through southern Queensland was found between a Gondwana-type fauna consisting largely of indigenous Australian lineages in the south and an Oriental Region-related tropical fauna in the north. The presence of a widely distributed oriental species in northern Queensland (Clambus formosanus Endrödy-Younga) was ascertained, and a species common with South Africa was found (Clambus simsoni Blackburn).

The grand reversal: On thecorsoandricorsoof human way of life

Abstract The rapidly emerging pattern of globally interconnected society is characterized by the transition from labor to knowledge as a major new form of capital. The underlying cause of this momentous transformation is the powerful process of reintegration of all previously deintegrated, atomized or specialized ways. After an outswing (corso) of progressive specialization we are encountering (first time in human history) the beginning of a rebound (ricorso) towards the final integration. We study three basic historical divisions which have now exhausted their progressive potential: (1) Division of task is being replaced by the reintegration of task; this is manifested by rapidly declining number of separate parts in our products. (2) Division of labor is being replaced by the reintegration of labor; this is manifested by the narrowing of the gap between producer and consumer, ultimately leading towards widespread self‐production and self‐service of products. (3) Division of knowledge is being replaced b...

<sc>robert j. watson</sc>. <italic>History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</italic> Volume 5, <italic>The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy, 1953–1954</italic>. Washington, D.C.: Historical Division, Joint Chiefs of Staff. 1986. Pp. xvi, 441

robert j. watson. History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Volume 5, The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy, 1953–1954. Washington, D.C.: Historical Division, Joint Chiefs of Staff. 1986. Pp. xvi, 441 Get access Watson Robert J.. History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Volume 5, The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy, 1953–1954. Washington, D.C.: Historical Division, Joint Chiefs of Staff. 1986. Pp. xvi, 441. Benjamin Franklin Cooling Benjamin Franklin Cooling Office of Air Force History Washington, D.C. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 94, Issue 1, February 1989, Pages 238–239, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/94.1.238 Published: 01 February 1989

Ironies of Inclusion: Social Class and Deinstitutionalization

This paper discusses changes in the social organization of mental institutionalization as they relate to developments in the wider social and economic environment. Despite dramatic changes in the system of inpatient psychiatric care during the last three decades, the historic division of labor between the private and the public system (with the latter treating the poor, the unemployed, and the nonwhite) has not ceased to exist. At the same time, under the influence of the postwar trend towards greater political integration of disadvantaged and marginal groups into society's central value systems, treatment of the mentally ill has become less segregated and more voluntary. An important implication of these two interacting trends--the changed legal position of the patient vis-à-vis the provider and the deteriorating economic position of the user of public psychiatric facilities--has been the exceeding irrelevance of one of the basic tenets of psychiatric care: that clinical treatment precedes social functioning. With two vignettes of chronic patients the article illustrates how symptoms and survival are fused in the contemporary, inclusionary system of care.

The challenge of aging in the Peruvian Andes

It seems clear that without drastic action to curb forces such as the out-migration of the young, the condition of the rural elderly in Peru will only worsen. While resources are just beginning to be marshalled to meet some of the needs of the urban elderly, it is unlikely that governmental resources will soon become available to address the needs of the rural aged. Further, longstanding historical divisions based on race and ethnicity permeate the Andes, perpetuating inequities in the delivery of health and social services.

The Simmons-Harvard Graduate Program in Public Health Nursing, 1953-1961: an experiment in nursing education.

AbstractThis historical study recalls the evolution, contributions, and demise of a graduate public health nursing program. The Simmons College‐Harvard School of Public Health Graduate Program in Public Health Nursing existed for eight years from 1953 to 1961. The account of the program's design and cooperative, interdisciplinary approach is based on historical documents, oral histories, interviews, and professional publications. Supported by the Rockefeller Foundation, the program borrowed the best from two fields: nursing education and public health theory and practice. It relied on institutional cooperation, and highcaliber faculty, students, and curriculum. The program succeeded in preparing students for leadership positions in the nursing field. It failed to sustain the interest of a significant number of students and also failed to become a model for other institutions. The historical division within public health nursing practice, a division that supported two distinct educational tracks—graduate schools of public health and graduate schools of nursing—is one factor that led to the demise of the program.

Research and Publications in the National Park Service

THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE'S embryonic expansion into historic preservation during the 1930s, coupled with National Park Director Horace Albright's personal interest in history, made development of a professional capability in the discipline inevitable. In September 1931, Verne E. Chatelain, former head of the Department of History and Social Studies at Peru College in Nebraska, joined the Washington NPS office staff, where he set up a historical division within the Branch of Research and Education.' Less than two months after he assumed his new duties, Chatelain convened a meeting to develop guidelines for discharging the Park Service's recently assumed responsibilities. The conferees lacked precedents and extensive experience, and, as a result, their propositions were tentative in nature. But they did conclude (1) that while their activity was primarily concerned with rather than research, education presupposes accurate scientific knowledge and (2) that historians needed to conduct the appropriate level of original research and writing to function effectively.2 The quality of research performed during the 1930s set an example of competence that compared favorably with the work of colleagues in other agencies and the academic community, earning the Park Service a reputation for intellectual integrity. Postwar successors continued that tradition, often in the face of institutional indifference and severe budgetary restrictions. The authors employed the methodologies learned in graduate school and produced narrative studies, the better examples of which reflected fidelity to documentary sources. After 1966, an increasing number of park historians began to deal with cultural features in natural and recreation areas. Some of their projects

Protestant Worship Today

“It is not unusual to find cities where Protestant churches of varying demoninations as well as Roman Catholic churches are using the same lessons in worship. As these Christians interact and converse in their day-to-day lives, they are discovering a unity in their worship that transcends historic boundaries and divisions, a unity of commitment to the centrality of Jesus Christ as witnessed to in Scripture. … Those responsible for liturgical renewal are asking two questions: ‘Is it Christian?’ and ‘Is it equipping the saints for their ministry?’ These are the questions by which worship reforms should be evaluated.”

From the Atlantic to the Great Lakes: A History of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the St. Lawrence Seaway

Journal Article From the Atlantic to the Great Lakes: A History of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the St. Lawrence Seaway. By William H. Becker. Washington: Historical Division, Office of Administrative Services and The Corps, the Environment, and the Upper Mississippi River Basin. By Raymond H. Merritt. Fort Belvoir: Historical Division Get access Fredrick J. Dobney Fredrick J. Dobney Loyola University, New Orleans Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 72, Issue 4, March 1986, Pages 937–938, https://doi.org/10.2307/1908907 Published: 01 March 1986

Global Issues and Perspectives on Working with Women

Because social workers and their clients are primarily women, women's concerns should be moved from the periphery of the profession to its center. This issue is linked in this article to existing global political realities regarding women and social work policies and practice. In this regard, three concepts are discussed: the historical division between sex and race, which has reached international proportions, the social work ethic of self-determination, and the primacy of perceptions of and about women.