History Of Self-injury Research Articles

The motives for non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents with psychiatric disorders

BackgroundNon-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is an intentional act that results in physical damage to one’s body, without the intent to commit suicide. In recent years, self-injurious behaviors, including non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), have increased, especially among adolescents and young adults. The objective of this study was to investigate the motives for NSSI among adolescents with psychiatric disorders.MethodsAdolescents aged 12 to 18 years including patients admitted to the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at a state hospital in Babol (northern Iran) and outpatients referring to this center were included in the research. Data collection occurred between February 2021 and September 2021 from a sample of 140 participants. All subjects were given a demographic questionnaire and an inventory of statements about self-injury (Klonsky and Glenn). Moreover, a structured interview was conducted with all to diagnose the nature of the underlying disorder by a child and adolescent psychiatrist.ResultsA total of 140 adolescents with mean age 16.25 ± 1.48 years were assessed. Eighty-five (60.7%) of them were girls. Sixty-five (46.4%) individuals were inpatients and 75 (53.6%) were outpatients; 78 (55.8%) had a history of NSSI and 62 (44.2%) cases had no history of self-injury. The most common method of self-injury was Wounding or cutting a part of the body (n = 56(40.0%)). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) emerged as the most common psychiatric diagnosis among individuals with a history of NSSI. Emotion regulation was the most common motive for self-injury (p = 0.004). The prevalence of self-injury was higher among adolescent girls (p = 0.049). There was no significant relationship between self-injury and inpatient or outpatient status (p = 0.342).ConclusionsOur findings indicate that NSSI in adolescents is not limited to a specific or single motive; instead, multiple factors contribute to its occurrence. NSSI methods can also vary, and all should be considered when examining this behavior.

Risk Factors of Alcohol Use Disorders Among Inpatients with Schizophrenia: An Institutional-Based Cross-sectional Survey.

This study aimed to elucidate the risk factors associated with alcohol use disorders (AUDs) among inpatients with schizophrenia at a specialized mental hospital in Baoding city, China. This cross-sectional survey comprised 301 comorbid patients. Three binary logistic regression models were used to investigate the factors linked to AUDs in patients with schizophrenia. Propensity score matching analysis was conducted to validate inconsistent variables identified by the regression models. Significant differences were observed between the comorbid and non-comorbid groups concerning sex (P < .001), disposition (P = .049), smoking habits (P < .001), place of residence (P = .010), family relationships (P = .002), family history of mental disorders (P = .008), history of alcoholism (P = .003), onset latency (P = .005), impulsivity (P < .001), suicide or self-injury history (P < .001), and obvious aggressive behavior (P < .001) in univariate analyses. The area under the curve values for the three regression models were 0.83 (P < .001), 0.80 (P < .001), and 0.81 (P < .001), respectively. Binary logistic regression and propensity score matching analyses indicated that introverted disposition, smoking, acute onset, impulsivity, and suicide or self-injury history were independent risk factors associated with AUDs in inpatients with schizophrenia with an odds ratio of > 1. Introverted disposition, smoking, acute onset, impulsivity, and suicide or self-injury history were independently associated with the AUDs in inpatients with schizophrenia. Future studies should prioritize longitudinal studies to discern the evolving dynamics of potential confounding risk factors.

Non-suicidal self-injury motivation scale in a community sample of adolescents: a methodological study

BackgroundThe prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury among South Korean adolescents has increased significantly, requiring academic attention. This methodological study aims to develop a non-suicidal self-injury motivation scale for adolescents and evaluate its validity and reliability.MethodsIn the first phase of scale development, the factors constituting self-injury motivation were identified through a literature review and analysis of online counseling data from self-injuring adolescents. In the second phase, 45 initial preliminary items were derived based on the identified factors, and 38 preliminary items were selected through content validation by experts. In the scale validation phase, the survey was conducted using 38 items. Data were collected from adolescents with a history of self-injury, using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) involving 715 participants and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) involving 537 participants. The EFA involved 27.0% male and 73.0% female participants, with a mean age of 16.83 years, and the CFA involved 20.7% male and 79.3% female participants, with a mean age of 16.15 years. The data collected were tested for validity and reliability using SPSS 28.0 and M-plus.ResultsThe EFA yielded four factors and 24 items. The factors were named interpersonal influence, emotion regulation, sensation seeking, and anti-suicide, and the scale had an explanatory power of 55.8%. In the CFA, the fit of the 23-item model after deleting one item with low standardized factor loadings was x2 = 1081.52 (p < .001), CFI = 0.829, RMSEA = 0.084, and SRMR = 0.075, confirming the acceptability of the self-injury motivation scale for adolescents. The scale evaluation results for convergent validity and discriminant validity met the criteria. The reliability test results showed that the overall reliability (Cronbach’s α) was 0.88, and the reliability (Cronbach’s α) of each factor was 0.89 for interpersonal influence, 0.83 for emotion regulation, 0.63 for sensation seeking, and 0.80 for anti-suicide, satisfying internal consistency.ConclusionIn this study, the self-injury motivation scale for adolescents in the community comprised four factors and 23 items. The scale can be used to examine self-injury motivation among adolescents in the community and to develop self-injury prevention intervention programs.

Evaluating the Safety of Assessing and Factors Associated With Suicidality and Self-Injury Within a Remote Online Assessment Among Sexual Minority Men in the United States

Research suggests that sexual minority individuals are at increased risk of suicide compared with the general population. As technology continues to develop in sophistication and accessibility, a growing number of research and therapeutic interventions utilize web-based assessments. To facilitate future research on assessing and responding to suicidal thoughts and behaviors, we describe the implementation of procedures for doing so in the context of a limited-interaction, remote cohort study. We describe factors associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviors among sexual minority men (SMM) that can guide risk/benefit assessments in future studies. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the sample in terms of self-injury/suicidality. Bivariate χ2tests were conducted to explore differences in these indicators by age, race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, health insurance, region, education, and self-ranked socioeconomic status. Additionally, logistic regressions were used to examine associations between demographic characteristics, various psychosocial syndemic factors, and the four measures of self-injury/suicidality. In addition, we describe the experiences completing the suicidality follow-up protocol within the study. We conducted a nationwide study of 10,607 participants and found that 27.8% had a history of self-injury, 5.6% in the past year, 21.0% had attempted suicide, 18.2% experienced suicidal ideation, and 9.4% had thoughts of killing themselves. Logistic regressions revealed that depression, everyday discrimination based on sexual orientation, childhood sexual assault, and intimate partner violence were the strongest predictors of self-injury and suicidality. Study participants experienced high rates of self-injury and suicidality. Effective protocols can be developed to assess and respond to suicide risk in web-based SMM studies.

Untangling the link between experiential avoidance and non-suicidal self-injury: a multidimensional approach

ABSTRACT Objective Experiential avoidance, an individual’s unwillingness to experience uncomfortable internal feelings/emotions, has been found to be associated with history of self-injury. This association is mainly found in studies that use global measures of experiential avoidance. However, experiential avoidance is purported to be a multidimensional construct. This study aims to test both unidimensional and multidimensional measures of experiential avoidance and their associations with self-injury. Method University students (n = 632, M = 25.01, SD = 7.13, 78.8% female, 70.9% with lived experience of self-injury) completed well-validated self-report measures of self-injury, experiential avoidance (The Brief and the Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire). Results As expected, all sub-scales of multidimensional measure of experiential avoidance were highly correlated with the global score for experiential avoidance. The global measure of experiential avoidance differentiated individuals with no history, with past history, and recent history of self-injury. When assessed using the multidimensional measure, only the sub-factors behavioural avoidance and repression and denial differentiated those with no history of self-injury from those with recent history and those with recent history from those with past history of self-injury. Conclusion Findings raise the possibility that associations between experiential avoidance and self-injury may be down to two specific aspects of experiential avoidance, namely 1) behavioural avoidance and 2) repression/denial. If true, this will have important theoretical, clinical, and measurement implications for research into self-injury.

The trajectory of anxiety and depressive symptoms and the impact of self-injury: A longitudinal 12-month cohort study of individuals with psychiatric symptoms.

Individuals reporting self-injury are at greater risk of several adverse outcomes, including suicide. There is reason to be concerned how these individuals cope when stressful life events increase. This study aimed to investigate the trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms and the predictive value of self-injury history in individuals with psychiatric symptoms during the unique and stressful conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. In a longitudinal population cohort study (N = 1810) ranging from 2020 to 2022, anxiety (measured by Generalized Anxiety Disorder, GAD-7) and depressive symptoms (measured by Patient Health Questionnaire, PHQ-9) were self-reported monthly during 12 months. Latent growth curve models with and without self-reported self-injury history as predictors were conducted. Overall, anxiety and depressive symptoms decreased from baseline, but remained at moderate severity at follow-up. Individuals reporting suicidal or nonsuicidal self-injury reported significantly higher symptom severity at baseline. In addition, individuals reporting suicidal self-injury demonstrated a slower rate of decline in the symptom load over the course of 12 months. Over the course of 12 months, anxiety and depressive symptoms decreased in individuals with psychiatric symptoms, but still indicate a psychiatric burden. Individuals with a history of self-injury could be more vulnerable in face of stressful conditions such as those experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic.

A text mining approach to characterizing interpersonal stress among individuals with a nonsuicidal self-injury history

A text mining approach to characterizing interpersonal stress among individuals with a nonsuicidal self-injury history

Trajectories of adolescent suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms during partial hospitalization: Clinical and demographic characteristics as predictors of change.

Partial hospital programs (PHPs) are a vital mental health service for youth at risk for suicide. Yet, few studies have examined trajectories of suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms, two important risk factors for suicidal behavior, over the course of care. Moreover, little is known about factors that may impact these trajectories among youth in PHPs. The present study examined trajectories of suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms, as well as clinical and demographic predictors of these changes, among youth enrolled in two PHPs. A sample of 253 youth (Mage = 15.3; SD = 1.4; range = 12-18; 68.8% female; 63.2% White; 75.1% non-Hispanic/Latino/a/x) completed repeated measures of suicidal ideation severity and depressive symptoms during treatment. Trajectories of these outcomes were examined using two separate latent growth models. Recent history of self-injurious behaviors and demographics were tested as predictors of trajectories using a taxonomic approach. Overall, suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms declined over the course of care. Sex, history of self-injury, and sexual identity were associated with variability in one or both trajectories of change. Results suggest individual variability in the rate of change among youth in PHPs. Such information may be used to aid in treatment planning and quality improvement efforts within PHPs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Premenstrual disorders and gender differences in adolescent mental health

BackgroundGender differences in mental health emerge in adolescence. The timing coincides with the development of premenstrual disorders (PMDs). Here, we examine the association between PMDs and adolescent mental health in the context of gender differences. MethodsA cross-sectional analysis comprising 21,239[10,563 (49.7 %) girls] individuals aged 10–19 years from the Santai Youth Mental Health Promotion Cohort in China. Possible PMDs, major depression disorder (MDD), general anxiety disorder (GAD), history of self-injury, and high suicide-risk status were surveyed using standard questionnaires. We used logistic regression to contrast the prevalence of outcomes between girls with and without PMDs, and boys. ResultsThe prevalence rates of possible MDD and GAD were comparable between girls without PMDs and boys [OR1.03 (0.96–1.11) and 0.99 (0.92–1.07)], whereas a higher burden was observed in girls with PMDs [OR4.76(4.31–5.26) and 3.86(3.50–4.27), respectively]. Moreover, MDD/GAD prevalence among premenarchal girls was comparable to their peer boys. Greater gender differences in self-injury and high suicide-risk status were also found for girls with PMDs [OR 4.70 (4.22–5.24) and 7.49 (6.6–8.5)] than that for girls without PMDs [OR1.45(1.33–1.59) and 1.81 (1.62–2.03)]. LimitationGirls with PMDs may have overreported depressive and/or anxiety symptoms due to the overlap of symptomology. ConclusionsThe greater gender differences in adolescent mental ill-health among girls with PMDs lend support to the hypothesis that PMDs play an important role in the gender disparities in adolescent mental health, particularly in depression and anxiety.

Negative and Positive Emotional Reactivity in Women With and Without a History of Self-Injury.

In trying to better understand why certain individuals self-injure, researchers have proposed high emotional reactivity for negative emotions may influence vulnerabilities and predispose individuals to react to stressful situations in a dysregulated manner, thus engaging in non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). However, the role of emotional reactivity for positive emotions in those with a history of NSSI is still unclear. Thus, the present study sought to examine group differences in the reactivity of (a) negative and (b) positive emotions in young adults with and without a history of NSSI engagement, and (c) to evaluate whether the reactivity of positive emotions could predict NSSI engagement when controlling for reactivity of negative emotions. The sample consisted of 96 female students who reported engaging in NSSI within the past 2years (Mage = 20.28years, SD = 1.65) and an age-matched female comparison group with no NSSI history (Mage = 20.43years, SD = 1.76). Results from separate MANOVAs indicated individuals with a history of NSSI reported higher negative reactivity across all aspects (emotional intensity, sensitivity, and persistence) than the comparison group, Wilk's λ = .86, F (3,188) = 10.65, p < .001, partial η2 = .145; however, no significant differences emerged for positive reactivity, Wilk's λ = .99, F (3,188) = 0.52, p = .669. Moreover, a logistic regression revealed that persistence of negative emotions was the only significant predictor of NSSI, Wald χ2 (1) = 4.54, p = .03. The present results highlight the importance of the persistence of negative emotions for individuals who engage in NSSI. Furthermore, the current study provides the first suggestion of no significant differences in positive emotional reactivity between individuals with and without NSSI; underlining the importance of focusing on negative emotional reactivity in clinical practice as well as using positive emotions to "undo" the effect of negative emotions.

Effect of Two Therapies: Compassion-Focused and Positive-Oriented on the Body Image among Female Adolescents with a History of Self-Injury

Effect of Two Therapies: Compassion-Focused and Positive-Oriented on the Body Image among Female Adolescents with a History of Self-Injury

The effectiveness and acceptability of formal versus informal mindfulness among university students with and without recent nonsuicidal self-injury: Protocol for an online, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial

BackgroundMindfulness-based programming comprising both formal (FM) and informal (IM) mindfulness practice is increasingly offered to university students. However, difficulties with emotion regulation, self-criticism, and a potentially complex relationship with their body may undermine the benefits of FM for students with a history of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), given its requirement of sustained attention on thoughts, emotions, and bodily sensations. IM may be better tolerated by these students. This protocol describes a randomized controlled trial comparing a brief FM practice, a brief IM practice, and an active control task in university students with and without recent NSSI. MethodsRecruitment began in November 2022. An online, parallel-group, single-blind, randomized controlled trial will compare a 10-min, single-session FM practice, a 10-min, single session IM practice, and a 10-min, single session active control task in university students with and without recent NSSI. Outcomes will be assessed immediately pre-intervention and within five minutes post-intervention. The primary outcome will be state mindfulness. Secondary outcomes will be state stress, state well-being, and acceptability. Students with a history of NSSI are expected to report (i) greater improvements in state mindfulness, stress, and well-being, and (ii) greater acceptability in the IM condition, relative to the FM and control conditions. This distinction is not expected to occur in the no-NSSI comparison group. ConclusionThis trial is the first to parse out the impacts of FM versus IM practice among university students with and without a history of self-injury. Findings will be relevant to academic and clinical audiences within university settings.

Mindfulness Receptivity, Dispositional Mindfulness, and Coping Self-Efficacy in University Students with and Without a History of Self-Injury

ABSTRACT Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a significant mental health concern on university campuses. It has been proposed that dispositional mindfulness, which may be fostered through mindfulness practice, may have important benefits for university students with a history of NSSI through its positive impact on coping self-efficacy. However, students’ receptivity to mindfulness practice may be an important precursor to their ability to incur the benefits of dispositional mindfulness. This study sought to explore the interrelations between NSSI history, mindfulness receptivity, dispositional mindfulness, and coping self-efficacy among a sample of 246 university students (M age = 21.53 years). Mindfulness receptivity was found to be positively predictive of coping self-efficacy; dispositional mindfulness fully mediated this relationship for participants with a history of NSSI, but did not mediate this relationship for those without such a history. Findings provide preliminary evidence for the importance of mindfulness receptivity in fostering dispositional mindfulness and coping self-efficacy in university students.

Emotion regulation as a mediator between early maladaptive schemas and non-suicidal self-injury in youth

Non-suicidal self-injury is commonly explained using an emotion regulation framework. Increasingly, early maladaptive schemas (EMS) are also used to conceptualise self-injury. However, there is an absence of research examining the relationship between EMS, emotion regulation, and self-injury. The current study attempted to address this gap by comparing youth with and without a history of self-injury on measures of emotion regulation difficulties and EMS, specifically Abandonment/Instability and Defectiveness/Shame. Specifically, we were interested in assessing whether difficulties in emotion regulation mediated the relationship between EMS and self-injury. Four hundred and three Australian secondary and university students aged between 16 and 25 years, completed measures of self-injury, EMS, and difficulties in emotion regulation. We found significant and positive relationships between Abandonment/Instability, Defectiveness/Shame and six emotion regulation difficulties. Young people with a self-injury history reported more difficulties in emotion regulation compared to those who had never self-injured. For each of the EMS, there was a direct effect on self-injury status, as well as an indirect effect via total emotion regulation difficulties. There was a significant indirect effect of Abandonment/Instability on self-injury via limited access to emotion regulation strategies. Results contribute to our understanding of mechanisms underlying the association between EMS and self-injury, that is, through emotion regulation difficulties. Results are discussed with reference to clinical implications, suggesting that targeting both EMS and emotion regulation difficulties may be appropriate when working with young self-injurers.

Non-suicidal Self-injury History Moderates the Association Between Maternal Emotional Support and Adolescent Affect During Conflict.

Onset of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is most frequent during adolescence. Etiological models indicate that abnormal affective reactivity and regulation within interpersonal contexts is related to heightened NSSI risk. The current study examined the effects of maternal emotional support on adolescent sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity and observed anger during a conflict discussion among 56 mother-daughter dyads consisting of healthy adolescents and adolescents with a history of self-injury. During the conflict discussion task, maternal emotional support and adolescent anger were coded from behavior, and cardiovascular pre-ejection period was used to index SNS responding. Results demonstrated that maternal emotional support was negatively associated with adolescent anger and SNS activity during the conflict. However, these associations were not significant among adolescents with heightened NSSI history. Maternal emotional support may serve as an interpersonal mechanism for adolescent physiological and behavioral regulation, yet may function differently among adolescents with more frequent NSSI.

Distinguishing clinical factors associated with unintentional overdose, suicidal ideation, and attempted suicide among opioid use disorder in-patients

Opioid and other drug-related overdoses and suicides are leading causes of injury death and represent a significant public health threat in the United States (U.S.). This study examined clinical factors of three patient groups from two inpatient addiction treatment facilities in Appalachian West Virginia (n = 66). Patients were classified as having: 1) unintentional overdose(s) (OD), 2) suicidal ideation or suicide attempt(s) (SI/SA), and 3) suicidal ideation or suicide attempt, and unintentional overdose (SI/SA/OD). Multinomial logistic regression models were used to determine whether adverse childhood experiences, self-injurious behaviors, substance use history, overdose history, and past year stressful life events were differentially associated with history of SI/SA/OD. Participants in the OD group were more likely to have used heroin in the 24-h preceding their most recent overdose compared to either the SI/SA or SI/SA/OD groups. The multivariable model found participants with history of SI/SA had higher adverse childhood experience scores and more participants with history of SI/SA endorsed childhood physical abuse and teen dating violence. Overall, there are characteristics that distinguish unintentional overdose from suicidal ideation and attempt. Patients with SI/SA/OD appear to have greater clinical severity. More thorough evaluation of drugs involved in overdose and history of self-injury may help distinguish future risk and inform treatment planning.

The relationship between early maladaptive schemas and the functions of self-injurious behaviour in youth

ABSTRACT Objective There is emerging research demonstrating relationships between specific Early Maladaptive Schemas and self-injurious behaviour (SIB) in young people. Evidence also highlights the importance of conceptualising SIB in terms of its motivating function, differentiating between intrapersonal and interpersonal functions of the behaviour. Despite this, there is a relative absence of evidence linking schemas and functions of SIB. The current study sought to explore the relationship between schemas and motivations for self-injury in a community sample of young people with a history of self-injury. Method 125 Australian secondary and university students aged between 16 and 25 years who reported SIB history completed the Young Schema Questionnaire and the Inventory of Statements about Self-Injury. Results Multiple regression analyses found that the schemas of Abandonment/Instability and Entitlement significantly predicted intrapersonal functions of self-injury. In contrast, Insufficient Self-Control significantly predicted interpersonal functions. Defectiveness/Shame and Entitlement predicted self-injury with suicidal intent. Conclusions We discuss the findings regarding distinct patterns in the associations between schemas and the functions of self-injurious behaviour among youth with self-injury history. The present study also highlights how schemas may help to understand the motivations behind self-injury and assist clinicians in the assessment of risk for self-injury and suicide among youth, as well as to formulate plans for treatment and early intervention. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: Young people are motivated to self-injure for a variety of reasons, including to manage internal distress (intrapersonal) and influence their external environment (interpersonal). Alongside these motivating functions, vulnerability factors, such as childhood maltreatment and intense negative emotions, predispose a young person to self-injury when confronted with stress. Early maladaptive schemas are also increasingly being identified as vulnerability factors for self-injury, particularly Defectiveness/Shame and Abandonment/Instability. What this topic adds: Young people’s motivations to self-injure are influenced by their early maladaptive schemas. Young people who self-injure for intrapersonal motivations report schemas of Abandonment/Instability, those who self-injure for interpersonal motivations report an Insufficient self-control schema, and those who self-injure with some suicidal intent report schemas of Defectiveness/Shame. This highlights that the importance of understanding both the function and the schema when working with young people who self-injure. Youth whose self-injurious behaviour is interpersonally motivated may require interpersonal skill-building. For youth who self-injure for intrapersonal or suicidal motivations, a treatment such as schema therapy may be warranted.

Multilayered

Multilayered

An examination of the relations between emotion dysregulation, dissociation, and self-injury among dissociative disorder patients

ABSTRACT Background Dissociative disorder (DD) patients report high rates of self-injury. Previous studies have found dissociation and self-injury to be related to emotional distress. To the best of our knowledge, however, the link between emotion dysregulation and self-injury has not yet been examined within a DD population. Objective The present study investigated relations between emotion dysregulation, dissociation, and self-injury in DD patients, and explored patterns of emotion dysregulation difficulties among DD patients with and without recent histories of self-injury. Method We utilized linear and logistic regressions and t-test statistical methods to examine data from 235 patient-clinician dyads enrolled in the TOP DD Network Study. Results Analyses revealed emotion dysregulation was associated with heightened dissociative symptoms and greater endorsement of self-injury in the past six months. Further, patients with a history of self-injury in the past six months reported more severe emotion dysregulation and dissociation than those without recent self-injury. As a group, DD patients reported the greatest difficulty engaging in goal-directed activities when distressed, followed by lack of emotional awareness and nonacceptance of emotional experiences. DD patients demonstrated similar patterns of emotion dysregulation difficulties irrespective of recent self-injury status. Conclusions Results support recommendations to strengthen emotion regulation skills as a means to decrease symptoms of dissociation and self-injury in DD patients.

Measurement Invariance of Perfectionism Measures in Students with and without a History of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury.

Perfectionism is a transdiagnostic process which may be implicated in the onset and maintenance of non-suicidal self-injury. No study has evaluated whether reported differences in perfectionism between individuals with and without a history of self-injury represent genuine group differences or measurement artefacts. The present study reports an investigation of the measurement invariance of two common scales of perfectionism, the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-Brief (FMPS-Brief) and the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire (CPQ), among university students (Mage = 20.48, SDage = 2.22, 75.3% female, 22.8% male) with and without a history of self-injury (total n = 711). Results revealed full residual error invariance for the two-factor model of FMPS-Brief, while the bifactor model of the FMPS-Brief and the two-factor model of the CPQ demonstrated partial metric invariance. Accounting for partial metric invariance, the bifactor model of the FMPS-Brief also demonstrated partial residual error invariance. The current findings suggest that observed differences using the FMPS-Brief reflect genuine differences in perfectionism between individuals with and without a history of self-injury. Further, while researchers using the bi-factor model can have confidence that the general factor can adequately assess group differences, differential item functioning should be considered if using the strivings and concerns factors. Finally, in the current data, the CPQ did not perform as expected in baseline model fit and future research should replicate assessments of measurement invariance in this measure.