History Of Russian Emigration Research Articles

The Study of the History of Russian Emigration by Modern Chinese Scholars (According to the Scientific Site CNKI — 中国知网)

In China and Russia in recent years, the history of Russian emigration has attracted increased interest from many scholars. The purpose of the article is to identify and systematize publications about the fate of Russian emigrants in China, posted on the site “Zhiwang” (中国知 网, www.cnki.net). The analysis of information on this topic made it possible to identify the degree of interest of Chinese scientists in the study of intellectual and cultural heritage. The authors draw attention to the scientific and educational activities of educational organizations (Harbin Normal University, Heilongjiang University, Qiqihar University, Heihe University, East China Normal University, etc.) and scientific foundations (State Social Science Foundation of China, Philosophy and Social Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province, etc.), which provided financial support and documentation support for the ongoing research. The authors of the article used their thematic focus as the main criterion for systematizing the publications of the Chinese site “Zhiwang”. The article focuses on quantitative indicators: the number of publications of Chinese scientists on the history of Russian emigration, the publication activity of the most famous Chinese Scientists-Slavists who described the fate of Russians who ended up in China. The applied value of the description by Chinese scientists of the educational and research, professional and entrepreneurial activities of Russian emigrants is noted. The opinion of Chinese scientists is emphasized that the culture (literature, painting, music) of Russian emigrants who settled in the cities of Northern China, adapted in the cultural space of the local population, left a significant mark in the history of China. The authors come to the conclusion that the cultural and historical heritage of Russian emigrants can currently be used not only to preserve national and spiritual values, but also to strengthen cultural interaction between China and Russia.

The Fate of Harbin Repatriate in the Mirror of Anthropology: Liudmila Abramova (1914-2002)

The research is devoted to repatriate Lyudmila Maksimilianovna Abramova (1914-2002) who was born in Harbin, lived in China for 40 years and moved to the USSR during the mass repatriation of the Russian population of Manchuria in the 1950s. Through the fate of Liudmila Abramova the authors attempt to reflect the peculiarities of the life of the emigrants in Northern Manchuria in the interwar period. They include the involvement of young people in fascist organizations, work in the Manchukuo authorities, survival strategies, repatriation motives, adaptation practices of repatriates, gender aspects - such as the role of a politician's wife, the participation of women in public organizations. The appeal to the personalized history is due to the fact that in the history of Russian emigration in Manchuria there are many mythologemes that distort the idea of the life and activities of emigrants. In addition, the authors had to face the problem of reconstructing the biography of a “little” person in the absence of ego documents (memoirs, letters, diaries); therefore, the research task was the use of the anthropological approach, microand macroanalysis, historical-biographical and historical-comparative methods. The article is based on unpublished archival documents involving memoirs and diaries of former Harbin residents and oral history materials.

On Self and the Era: Literary Exploits of Russian Émigrées in Africa

Within the general array of the studies on the issues of immigration during the era of intensive migration processes induced by the Russian revolution of 1917, the approach of researching into cultural self-preservation and cultural identity of the immigrants is used to a considerably lesser extent. At the same time, such an approach, especially if supplied with evidence in the form of fictional and journalistic works, is extremely important for understanding the socio-cultural adaptation of an individual to the new environment and determining the specifics of cultural integration associated with the inevitable and dramatic clash of different cultural stereotypes. The emigrant generation of Russians of the “first wave”, who found themselves in Africa, had the ability to create literature. There were many women among them, for whom literary testimony, poetry, and journalism were important. Epistolary became one of the ways of cultural expression, recreating the history of communities whose existence for a long time remained little known. The use of these sources opens up new areas of life and history of Russian emigration. Life at the crossroads of different cultural traditions, tragic awareness of their isolation from the native culture, challenging experience of learning a foreign culture, as well as the existence within the space of different traditions of life – all these marks of the cultural composure of a Russian emigré of the first half of the 20th century can be found in their journalistic and fictional works. In the works of Russian emigrants, there is a special subtlety of psychological mood, a special insight into their own lives, their “I”, and a special piercing compassion for the world around them. Hence the special lyricism of the women’s prose and poetry, despite the dramas of life reflected in them, and the specialness of their position in this world. Their literary samples are a vivid evidence of a bygone era and represent fresh inclusions in the general literary process. Combining with the poetic and prose streams of Russian emigrant literature, they join together in the general world literary process that was experienced by the 20th century.

«История культуры в изгнании»

Review of the monograph: Bazanov P. N. «Petropolsky Tacitus» in exile : the life and work of the Russian historian Nikolai Ulyanov. – Saint-Petersburg: Vladimir Dal’, 2018. – 511 p. – ISBN: 978-5-93615-196-5 The monograph by Piotr N. Bazanov is devoted to Russian historian immigrant of the second wave, professor Nickolay I. Ulyanov (1904–1985). His life like an adventure novel, his scientific and creative heritage in the book explored thoroughly and deeply which allows us to take a fresh look at the history of Russian emigration and return unfair forgotten name of expatriate historian.

А.М. Ремизов. «На вечерней заре». Глава из рукописи. Письма к С.П. Ремизовой-Довгелло. 1927 (окончание)

Authors of the publication introduce a fragment of the chapter from Remizov’s manuscript “At the Evening Dawn” into scientific circulation. It was based on the original writer ‘s letters to S.P. Remisova-Dovgello and was created by Remizov during second half of the 1940s. The manuscript is a draft of the biographical prose, reflecting Remizov’s reception of to the events that occured 20 years ago from the perspective of his refugee experience. This is why many of the subjects and characteristics of contemporaries mentioned in the letters of 1927 are supplemented and modified by the writer. This type of redaction can be seen in comparison with the original text of the letters given by publishers in the Appendix. Both corpora of letters provide rich material for reconstruction of the history of Russian emigration and creative biography of Remizov. Comments to the text of the manuscript are based on rare, previously unpublished archival materials and are supplemented by new biographical data of a number of persons connected with Remizov and his wife.

From political and intellectual biography of the Yakut emigrant Asklefeodot Afanasyevich Ryazansky (1898-1968)

The subject of this research, dedicated to mental characteristics of the world of Yakut emigration of 1917 – 1940, is the history of Yakut emigration on the example of life of the active participant in the anti-Bolshevik movement in the northeast of Russia, who fought for the alternative path of development in the XX century and the Yakut emigrant Asklefeodot Afanasyevich Ryazansky (1898 – 1968). The object of this research is the history of Russian emigration. Historical-biographical method is applies in the course of this work. The article analyzes the adaptation of the Yakut emigrant in the context of impact of external factors in China and Australia, as well as his political views. The scientific novelty is defined by the fact that the topic of Yakut emigration and “Yakut world” did not receive due coverage within the Russian historical science, although it is an important scientific problem that requires comprehensive examination on the background of Revolution of 1917 and Russian Civil war in the context of world history. The conclusion is made that along with majority of Russian emigrants of the first wave, A. A Ryazansky struggled for survival in the new conditions abroad and was able to adjust to foreign cultural environment, having become a prominent journalist in China, and later the owner of marine company in Australia. Ryazansky saw the future of his homeland (Russia) as a democratic federative state with guaranteed preservation of ethnocultural identity of the indigenous peoples of Yakutia with the possibility of receiving education.

Istoriya russkoj emigracii v Kitae: nacional'naya i kul'turnaya identichnost'

The article is devoted to the history of Russian emigration in China. The author pays special attention to the problem of its national and cultural identity. The conclusion is made about the complex, but at the same time progressive development of relations between Russia and China.

Russian Emigration of the First Wave in Germany: Humanitarian and Legal aspects of Adaptation, 1917-1920s

The article discusses the activities of Russian humanitarian, professional and public organizations in determining the legal status of Russian migrants in Europe and providing legal assistance to refugees and Russian legal entities in exile in 1917 - 1920s, as well as the trade unions of Russian lawyers in exile and their activities of legal assistance to their compatriots. The author examines the foreign policy of different states concerning the legal discrimination of Russian refugees and the geopolitical context in which the legal integration of Russian emigration took place in the societies of host countries. The study views the Russian humanitarian and legal activity as a factor in preserving the civic identity of these emigrants. The methodological basis on which this research is based is the principles of historicism and systematicity, which imply the application of the chronological method in the research process, as well as the methods of retrospection, periodization and actualization. The article explores for the first time in historiography the little-studied page in the history of Russian emigration: the creation in Germany in the 1920s of an effective system of humanitarian and legal assistance to Russian refugees aimed at clarifying their legal status and restoring the legal existence of Russian commercial enterprises in exile. For the first time in historiography, the author examines the ability of the emigrant community to self-organize in order to assert its rights in a foreign language and foreign culture society.The factors that significantly complicated the Russian emigrants' humanitarian and legal status, thereby also hindering their integration into European society, included: the long irresolution of their legal status; the significant number of legal obstacles; the ineffectiveness of officials with respect to the refugees' actual lack of rights; the legal conflict in international law that arose with the emergence of the Russian emigration phenomenon; and the unprecedented humanitarian and legal crisis of the post First World War period in Europe. Under these conditions, the Russian emigrant community nonetheless managed to develop effective mechanisms to help its compatriots in the legal sphere.

ЛИТЕРАТУРА РУССКОГО ЗАРУБЕЖЬЯ В БИБЛИОТЕЧНЫХ СПЕЦХРАНАХ

The issue of the creative heritage of writers of the Russian abroad has been studied by many domestic and foreign scientists, but the problem of their works existence in the library special collections is not studied enough. The work objective is to present the specificity of acquisition of major Russian (Soviet) library with publications of authors-immigrants, to reveal general and specific principles of collection formation and preservation inherent for special depositories based on the analysis of documents storing in the Center for Contemporary Documentation, the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art (RGALI). The methodological basis is a set of principles and approaches of historical, cultural and bibliologic nature. After the October Revolution a large number of creative intelligentsia left Russia (philosophers, writers, artists). The first wave of Russian emigration that began in 1918 was a mass and lengthy process. Among the famous writers there emigrated: I. Bunin, I. Shmelev, A. Averchenko, K. Balmont, Z. Gippius, B. Zaitsev, A. Kuprin, A. Remizov, I. Severyanin, A. Tolstoy, Teffi, Sasha Chrernyi, M. Tsvetaeva, M. Aldanov, G. Adamovich, G. Ivanov, V. Khodasevich. At the end of the World War II, the second wave of emigration began, which was no longer as mass as the first. Most of the writers and poets emigrated to Germany and the United States. The most famous among the representatives of the second wave are poets: I. Elagin, D. Klenovski, V. Yurasov, V. Morshen, V. Chinnov. The third wave of emigration started in “Khrushchev ottepel” time. A. Solzhenitsyn’s works were prohibited for publication, сriminal cases were brought against Y. Daniel and A. Sinyavsky, I. Brodsky was convicted for slothfulness, exiled to remote places. Later, V. Aksenov, V. Voinovich, V. Maksimov and others were forced to leave the USSR. Writes-emigrants stayed a great number of works created and published off the frames of Soviet census, which allow preserving historical facts for future generations The literature of the Russian emigration has always occupied a significant place in the libraries' stocks of special storage. The Russian abroad literature divides into three periods corresponding to three waves in the history of Russian emigration: 1918 – early 1940s – the first wave; mid 1940– 1950s – the second wave; late 1960s – early 1980s – the third wave. The collection of literature of the Russian Diaspora of the Russian State Library contains works of the authors of all waves of emigration. In total, over 700 thousand of documents are stored here. In the library of the Russian Academy of Sciences, works of Russian writers and scientists published after 1917 are stores in the reading room of the Russian Diaspora collection. There are significant collections in the Russian National Library – white guard newspapers and journals of the Civil war, literature of foreign centers of the Russian emigration of the 1920–1930s, as well as some works of writers of the emigration first wave. These specific library departments formed and preserved a huge literature collection of the Russian Diaspora of the XX century. Thanks to them, scientists, researchers and intellectuals had the opportunity to get acquainted with the literature of emigrant writers.

The History of Russian Emigration from China to the U.S., 1920s-1950s

The History of Russian Emigration from China to the U.S., 1920s-1950s

Materials of white emigrant Church organizations in China as a source on the Orthodox Church history

The paper deals with various aspects of the Orthodox Church history in China on the basis of a rich source materials of white emigrant Church organizations collected in one large file of the Fund 9145 Collections of individual documents of various emigrant organizations of the state archive of the Russian Federation. This file contains correspondence on specific issues as well as various flyers, brochures, newspaper articles, posters, announcements, reports, statements, notes with the characteristics of various aspects of Orthodox history and covers the time period from 1924 to 1936. Articles from the Newspapers Zarya, Gong Bao as well as a spiritual magazine Bread heavenly, etc. deal with the key issues of the transition of the Chinese clergy under the control of the Synod of bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church outside of Russia under the canonical jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate, etc. Unfortunately, despite the considerable interest in the history of Russian emigration in the second quarter of the 20th century in China, as well as in the history of Orthodoxy in the country, the documents of this file have not been widely known, although they are the supplement of the little-known pages of Orthodox history.

Z dziejów polsko-rosyjskich stosunków literackich (korespondencja Marii Dąbrowskiej i Jerzego Stempowskiego)

The study of the history of Polish-Russian relations is possible thanks to documents preserved in Warsaw archives, publications in periodicals, memoirs and epistolatory culture. A three-volume edition of the correspondence of Jerzy Stempowski and Maria Dąbrowska from the years 1926–1965 is a full source reconstruction. This correspondence has preserved not only the biographical facts of the private life of both writers, but also a wide social and historical context. Jerzy Stempowski, son of Stanisław Stempowski and author of the novel The Adventures of a Thinking Man was the long-term life partner of Maria Dąbrowska in the Forties, and the two also became intellectual partners. An acquaintance with their correspondence allows us to better recognize their place in Polish-Russian relations in the interwar and post-war periods, and the history of Russian emigration in Poland.

Фонд Раисы Гуревич-Кроль-Де Кирико-Кальцы (Раисы Лорк) в Гуманитарной библиотеке Сиены

The article strives to describe the fond of Raissa Calza (1897–1979) in the Library of Humanities of Siena and documents in it. For this purpose, the author has carried out the following tasks: she has studied Russian and foreign historiography on the issue; she has analyzed sources on the issue; and drawing on these, she has studied the biography of Raisa Calza; she has reviewed the archival fond and analyzed its documents. Having reviewed the historiography, the author comes to the conclusion that the fate of Raisa Calza, her creativity, and scientific work has been poorly studied, especially by Russian historians. There are few articles dedicated to the Calza collection in the Library of Humanities. Studying the sources (personal and business letters, diary, notebooks, memoirs, photographs, scientific works) associated with Raisa and her connections allows to identify their nature and main features and to supplement, clarify, and flesh out the biography of Raissa Calza. These documents are sources on more than everyday life and microhistory. They can be used in studying the history of Russian emigration, of Russian-Italian cultural relations, of archeology. The fate of Raisa Calza is interesting in itself, as a fate of a woman, an individual, amidst historical events of the 20th century. The chronological frameworks of the study coincide with the chronology of Raisa Calza’s documents preserved in the Siena’s library (1900s-1970s). The article includes an overview of the creation of the archive in the Library of Humanities of Siena and that of the Raissa Calza fond, which came into existence when she donated her documents to the Library in 1970s. The article studies the structure of the Raissa Calza fond: boxes I, VI – letters, postcards, telegrams, dairy, history of Gourevitch, Tumarkin and Frenkley families; II-IV – ‘Ostia’ containing materials on the excavations of Antic Ostia; V – various documents, boxes of photos. The author concludes that these sources should be introduces into scientific use. The collection proves that documents on Russian history are available not only in central state archives and private collections, but also in universities. It challenges historians to start researching universities libraries and archives. The article also names other foreign archives containing documents of Raissa Calza.

Rosyjscy emigranci i polskie podziemie w latach 1939–1948

Russian emigrants and Polish Underground in 1939–1947 AbstractThe article brings up a practically forgotten episode in the history of Russian emigration. The archival search revealed involvement of some post-revolution Russian émigrés in the fight against the Germans during World War II in the territory of occupied Poland. The persons described in this concise article are an example of unconventional behaviour. A year ago the author of the article, when asked on which side Russian emigrants fought in the World War II, answered: on the German side against the Bolsheviks. But discussions with experts and reading of some books changed my opinion; and acquaintance with the eyewitness of history, remembering the described events, is of priceless value.The article is devoted to the fate of anti-communist Russian émigrés, called Whites, engaged in the fight against the national socialist Germans and Austrians. Those are glorious examples like forgotten brothers Tumanov (unknown even to the Warsaw Rising Museum), or Jurasov, Kurochkin and Trifonov, fighting in the Polish Home Army of the Navahrudak (Nowogródek) and Vilnius (Wilno). The article has not exhausted the subject, because some other people should be mentioned, such as Alexandr Grigorovich, Jan Shalilov aka Renek, Dmitry Sokolcov or Irena Tamara Mishtal (Tamara Piotuch), and others. They conspired and fought as if against the main stream, against the easy life, or event risking their lives. This unknown, fascinating episode of the World War II history requires that many biographies of the pre-war post-revolutionary Russian émigrés living in the Second Polish Republic (aka “II Rzeczpospolita”) and fighting “for our freedom and yours” shall be studied and systematised more thoroughly. Русские эмигранты и польское подполье в 1939-1947 гг.Статья затрагивает почти забытый эпизод истории российской эмиграции. Архивные запросы позволили идентифицировать проблему вовлечения послереволюционных российских эмигрантов в борьбу с немцами во время Второй мировой войны на оккупированных польских территориях. Люди, упомянутые в этой короткой статье, являются примером нешаблонного поведения. Пишущий эти слова, еще год назад на вопрос, на которой стороне находились русские эмигранты во время Второй мировой войны – отвечал: на немецкой – против большевиков. Первые известия пришли вместе с беседами со специалистами и предложенными материалами для чтения, а бесценным стало знакомство со свидетелем истории – женщиной, помнящей и видевшей собственными глазами описанные здесь происшествия.Эта статья напоминает о судьбах антикоммунистических российских эмигрантов т. н. „белых”, вовлеченных в борьбу против национал-социалистических немцев и австрийцев. Это достойные похвалы примеры, как совсем забыты братья Тумановы (о которых не знал никто, даже Музей Варшавского восстания), или Юрасов, Курочки и Трифонов, сражавшиеся в рядах Новогрудской и Виленской Армии Краевой. Статья не исчерпывает сюжета, так как надо бы упомянуть и Александра Григоровича, Яна Шалилова псевдоним „Ренек”, Дмитрия Сокольцова или Ирену Тамару Мишталь (Тамару Пиотух), а также других. Они вели подпольную деятельность и сражались как будто бы против течения, против более легкой жизни, а даже рискуя ею.Этот захватывающий и неизвестный эпизод военной истории нуждается в более глубокой систематизации и проверке многих биографий представителей довоенной послереволюционной российской диаспоры, проживавшей во Второй Речи Посполитой и сражавшейся во время войны „за свободу – нашу и вашу”.

О.И. Пантюхов как символ единства русских скаутов

In this article the author considers history of Russian scouts movement in the emigration and role that play in this organization Chief Scout of Russia Oleg Pantuhoff. The author shows danger of crushing and disappearance of the scout organization abroad and then analyses uniting role which in this situation has played O.I. Pantjuhov. This work is written mainly for specialists of history of the Russian Scout movement, but it can be useful for historians who specialized in the history of Russian emigration and youth movements too.

Потускневшее “золото” Русского Зарубежья: Опыт Критического Очерка Новейшей Историографии Межвоенной Европейской Эмиграции

SUMMARY: In his historiographic survey Igor’ Martyniuk focuses on one of the flourishing trends of historical studies in Post Soviet Russia, namely the history and myths of Russian ( rossiiskaia ) emigration after 1917. The author explores the psychological, cultural, and intellectual conditions of post Soviet transition under which the study of emigration boomed and continues to dominate the agenda of the historical profession. Martyniuk analyzes different aspects of historiography of Russian emigration, including the social, intellectual, and political history of émigrés, the study of migration regulations of host countries, the history of Russian and non Russian nationalisms abroad by comparing the state of art in Russian and non Russian (including Western European and American) historical literature. The author observes that the impact of political and intellectual climate emigration studies in post Soviet Russia resulted in a peculiar distribution of themes and interpretations as well as in a descriptive and bibliographic character of early works. The author concludes that the present state of emigrations studies is ripe for methodological innovations, synthetic works, and conceptual discussion on history of the Russian emigration.