History Of Psychiatric Disorders Research Articles

Investigating the association of opioid prescription with the incidence of psychiatric disorders: nationwide cohort study in South Korea.

The relationship between opioid use and the incidence of psychiatric disorders remains unidentified. This study examined the association between the incidence of psychiatric disorders and opioid use. Data for this population-based cohort study were obtained from the National Health Insurance Service of South Korea. The study included all adult patients who received opioids in 2016. The control group comprised individuals who did not receive opioids in 2016, and were selected using a 1:1 stratified random sampling procedure. Patients with a history of psychiatric disorders diagnosed in 2016 were excluded. The primary end-point was the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders, evaluated from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2021. Psychiatric disorders included schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety and others. The analysis included 3 505 982 participants. Opioids were prescribed to 1 455 829 (41.5%) of these participants in 2016. Specifically, 1 187 453 (33.9%) individuals received opioids for 1-89 days, whereas 268 376 (7.7%) received opioids for ≥90 days. In the multivariable Cox regression model, those who received opioids had a 13% higher incidence of psychiatric disorder than those who did not (hazard ratio 1.13; 95% CI 1.13-1.14). Furthermore, both those prescribed opioids for 1-89 days and for ≥90 days had 13% (hazard ratio 1.13, 95% CI 1.12-1.14) and 17% (hazard ratio 1.17, 95% CI 1.16-1.18) higher incidences of psychiatric disorders, respectively, compared with those who did not receive opioids. This study revealed that increased psychiatric disorders were associated with opioid medication use. The association was significant among both short- and long-term opioid use.

Abnormal Electroencephalogram Findings and Its Correlation With Clinical Features From Pediatric Patients in Psychiatric Clinic.

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the occurrence of electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities in pediatric patients attending an outpatient psychiatry clinic at a tertiary center. We examined the rates of abnormalities and specific findings based on demographics, specific diagnoses, and clinical severity. Methods: This study included pediatric patients who underwent EEG at the outpatient psychiatry clinic. Patient demographics, psychiatric diagnosis, intellectual disability, intelligent quotient (IQ) score, family history of psychiatric disorders, and Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score were obtained through retrospective electronic health record analysis. The rate of EEG abnormalities was calculated, and specific abnormal findings were reviewed. Relationships between the rate of EEG abnormalities and diagnosis, severity, IQ, and age at EEG examination were analyzed. Results: Of 319 patients who underwent EEG, 21.3% (68 patients) of patients exhibited abnormalities, including background abnormalities (14.7%, 47 patients), interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) (10.3%, 33 patients), and a slow posterior dominant rhythm (3.8%, 10 patients). The frontal region was the most commonly affected area. Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) had the most frequent abnormalities (29.8%), followed by anxiety (16.7%), sleep (14.3%), mood (11.7%), psychotic (5%), and conduct disorders (0%). Disease severity did not correlate with the rate of EEG abnormalities. Adjusted for age, sex, severity, and family history, patients with EEG abnormalities exhibited lower IQ scores. Conclusion: EEG abnormalities were common in pediatric patients with psychiatric disorders, with background abnormalities detected as frequently as IEDs. Disease severity was not associated with EEG abnormality, while IQ scores showed a negative correlation.

Suicide by ligature strangulation and/or hanging inside a motor vehicle: a comprehensive review.

Suicide by ligature strangulation/hanging inside vehicles is uncommon, and only few cases have been reported in the literature. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive review of reported cases of suicide by ligature strangulation/hanging inside vehicles, analyzing the features of the death scene, of the ligature and furrow, autopsy findings, and causes of death. The comprehensive review was performed following the PRISMA guidelines by using the most common scientific databases. According to inclusion criteria, a total of 20 cases of vehicle-assisted strangulation/hanging were reviewed: 13 cases were assessed as ligature strangulation resulting in 7 complete decapitations and 7 other cases as hanging. All victims were young or adult males, except for one 48-year-old female. Death was assessed as suicide in all cases, except for a possible accidental autoerotic death. In 8 cases, a history of depression or other psychiatric disorders was reported. Toxicological analysis were positive in 7 cases. Hard ligature materials (nylon, steel, plastic, hemp ropes) were used in most cases, but only 13 cases had a well-demarcated furrow. In 2 cases, no internal findings of asphyxia were found. An additional case of ligature strangulation inside a motor vehicle off is also presented, where no autopsy findings of asphyxia were observed, except for a broad pale furrow and monolateral conjunctival petechiae. This study highlights the challenges in classifying suicidal hanging and ligature strangulation in motor vehicles.

Symptoms of Traumatic Encephalopathy Syndrome are Common in Community-Dwelling Adults.

The consensus criteria for traumatic encephalopathy syndrome (TES), the possible in vivo clinical syndrome associated with significant repetitive head impacts, have only been minimally studied to date. This study examined the prevalence of the proposed core clinical features of TES in a sample of healthy adults. A cross-sectional survey study was conducted through ResearchMatch, a national health volunteer registry. Participants were assessed for symptoms of TES based on the 2021 consensus criteria, including prior repetitive head impacts and core clinical features. Additional health information (e.g., concussion history, psychological health, sleep, chronic pain) was also evaluated. The consensus proposed research criteria for TES (i.e., reporting at least one progressive core clinical feature of TES, as in progressive difficulties with episodic memory, executive functioning, or neurobehavioral dysregulation) were applied to the sample. Out of 1100 participants (average age = 53.6 ± 17.7 years, 55% women), 34.6% endorsed one or more progressive core clinical features of TES. Participants with a significant history of contact sports (i.e., ≥ 5 years total, with ≥ 2 years in high school or beyond) had similar rates of endorsing a progressive core clinical feature of TES compared to those without significant histories of repetitive head impacts (36.4% vs 32.8%, respectively, χ2 = 0.52, p = 0.47). A significant history of repetitive head impacts in sports was not associated with endorsing a core clinical feature of TES in univariable or multivariable models (p > 0.47), whereas current depression/anxiety (odds ratio [OR] = 6.94), a history of psychiatric disorders (OR = 2.57), current sleep problems (OR = 1.56), and younger age (OR = 0.99) were significant predictors of TES status in a multivariable model. In a subsample of 541 participants who denied a lifetime history of contact sports, other forms of repetitive head impacts, and concussions, approximately 31.0% endorsed one or more progressive core clinical features of TES. Additionally, 73.5% of neurotrauma-naïve participants with current anxiety or depression reported at least one core progressive feature of TES, compared with 20.2% of those without clinically significant depression/anxiety symptoms. A considerable proportion of adults without a significant history of repetitive head impacts from sports endorsed core TES features, particularly those experiencing mental health symptoms. Having a significant history of contact sports was not associated with endorsing a core progressive clinical feature of TES, whereas other health factors were. These findings underscore the need for validating and refining TES criteria in samples with and without substantial neurotrauma histories.

Interleaved TMS/fMRI shows that threat decreases dlPFC-mediated top-down regulation of emotion processing

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) is thought to be a key site in the brain’s cognitive control network, supporting cognitive processes like attention and working memory [1–7]. There is also evidence that the dlPFC is engaged during anxiety regulation tasks, suggesting that anxiety regulation may be mediated in part by dlPFC activity [8–15]. However, the degree to which these two domains of processing overlap is unclear. Therefore, in the current study, we tested the hypothesis that the dlPFC regulates brain regions critical for the expression of anxiety. To do so, we used interleaved TMS/fMRI to record TMS-evoked BOLD responses during periods of threat compared to periods of safety. We hypothesized that TMS pulses would reduce activity in anxiety expression regions during threat. Forty-four healthy controls (no current or history of psychiatric disorders) were recruited to take part in a broader study. Participants completed the neutral, predictable, and unpredictable (NPU) threat task while receiving TMS pulses to either the right dlPFC or a control region. A whole brain analysis identified regions showing significant BOLD responses evoked by dlPFC stimulation. We then extracted these responses and compared those evoked during safe blocks to those evoked during unpredictable threat. We found that responses in the left insula (LI), right sensory/motor cortex (RSM), and a region encompassing the bilateral SMA regions (BSMA) showed significantly different responses during the safe blocks compare to the threat. During the safe periods, these regions showed significant BOLD deactivations. These deactivations were reduced during the threat blocks. Overall, these findings are largely consistent with the hypothesis that the dlPFC plays a role in the top-down control of emotion and suggest that dlPFC activity reduces downstream activity in emotional expression regions, but that this effect is reduced under threat.

Subclinical, long-term psychological symptoms following sport-related concussion: are athletes more depressed than we think?

ABSTRACT Introduction In adolescent and collegiate athletes with sport-related concussion (SRC), we sought to evaluate the prevalence and predictors of long-term psychological symptoms. Methods A cohort study was conducted of athletes 12–24-year-old diagnosed with SRC between November 2017 and April 2022. Athletes/proxies were interviewed on psychological symptoms (i.e. anger, anxiety, depression, and stress). Participants who scored ≥75th percentile on one or more PROMIS (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement System) measures were operationalized to have subclinical, long-term psychological symptoms. Uni/multivariable regressions were used. Results Of 96 participants (60.4% male), the average age was 16.6 ± 2.6 years. The median time from concussion to interview was 286 days (IQR: 247–420). A total of 36.5% athletes demonstrated subclinical, long-term psychological symptoms. Univariate logistic regression revealed significant predictors of these symptoms: history of psychiatric disorder (OR = 7.42 95% CI 1.37,40.09), substance use (OR = 4.65 95% CI 1.15,18.81), new medical diagnosis since concussion (OR = 3.43 95% CI 1.27,9.26), amnesia (OR = 3.42 95% CI 1.02,11.41), other orthopedic injuries since concussion (OR = 3.11 95% CI 1.18,8.21), age (OR = 1.24 95% CI 1.03,1.48), days to return-to-play (OR = 1.02 95% CI 1.00,1.03), and psychiatric medication use (OR = 0.19 95% CI 0.05,0.74). Multivariable model revealed significant predictors: orthopedic injuries (OR = 5.17 95% CI 1.12,24.00) and return-to-play (OR = 1.02 95% CI 1.00,1.04). Conclusions Approximately one in three athletes endorsed long-term psychological symptoms. Predictors of these symptoms included orthopedic injuries and delayed RTP.

Cause of Concussion With Persisting Symptoms Is Associated With Long-Term Recovery and Symptom Type, Duration, and Number in a Longitudinal Cohort of 600 Patients.

It is important for patients and clinicians to know the potential for recovery from concussion as soon as possible after injury, especially in patients who do not recover completely in the first month and have concussion with persisting concussion symptoms (C+PCS). We assessed the association between the causes of concussion and recovery from C+PCS in a consecutive retrospective and prospective cohort of 600 patients referred to the Canadian Concussion Center (CCC) at Toronto Western Hospital. Data were obtained from clinical records and follow-up questionnaires and not from a standardized database. A novel method was used to assess long-term recovery, and multi-variable Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess relationships between cause of concussion and time to recovery. We examined the subsequent recovery of patients who had not recovered after at least one month from the time of concussion. Patients were grouped into the following four causes: sports and recreation (S&R, n = 312, 52%); motor vehicle collisions (MVC, n = 103, 17%); falls (n = 100, 17%); and being struck by an object including violence (SBOV, n = 85, 14%). The MVC group had the highest percentage of females (75.7%), the oldest participants (median: 40.0 [interquartile range (IQR):30.5-49.0] years), the most symptoms (median:11.0 [IQR:8.5-15.0]), and the longest symptom duration (median: 28.0 [IQR:12.0-56.00] months). In contrast, the S&R group had the highest percentage of males (58.1%), the youngest participants (median:20.0 [IQR:17.0-30.0] years), the best recovery outcome, and shortest symptom duration (median:22.0 [IQR:8.0-49.5] months). Significant differences among the four causes included age (p < 0.001), sex (p < 0.001), number of previous concussions (p < 0.001), history of psychiatric disorders (p = 0.002), and migraine (p = 0.001). Recovery from concussion was categorized into three groups: (1) Complete Recovery occurred in only 60 (10%) patients with median time 8.0 (IQR:3.5-18.0) months and included 42 S&R, 7 MVC, 8 falls, and 3 SBOV; (2) Incomplete Recovery occurred in 408 (68.0%) patients with persisting median symptom time of 5.0 (IQR:2.0-12.0) months; and (3) Unknown Recovery occurred in 132 (22.0%) patients and was because of lack of follow-up. In summary, the cause of C+PCS was associated with the type, number, and duration of symptoms and time required for recovery, although all causes of C+PCS produced prolonged symptoms in a large percentage of patients, which emphasizes the importance of concussions as a public health concern necessitating improved prevention and treatment strategies.

The frequency of asthma and its related factors: results of the enrolment phase of Tabari cohort study

Introduction A large portion of the world’s population has asthma. This study aimed to ascertain asthma prevalence and related factors in the Tabari cohort study (TCS). Methods The TCS included 10,255 35–70-year-olds from urban and mountainous Sari (northern Iran) between June 2015 and November 2017. Education, occupation, domicile, socioeconomic position, history of psychiatric disorders, smoking (including hookah smoking), opium usage, and daily physical activity level were determined. Results The final analysis included 9939 individuals. The asthma rate was 7.4%. Multiple factors increased asthma risk, according to statistical analysis. These factors included being female (OR, 1.337; 95% CI, 1.142–1.565), retired (OR, 1.553; 95% CI, 1.205–2.002), living in the city (OR, 1.268; 95% CI, 1.083–1.484), using opioids (OR, 1.689; 95% CI, 1.299–2.197), having lower socioeconomic status (SES) (OR, 0.723; 95% CI, 0.579–0.903), history of psychiatric disorders (OR, 2.313; 95% CI, 1.826–2.930), and aged 60–70 (OR, 2.325; 95% CI, 1.765–3.064), and BMI above 30 kg/m2 (OR, 1.499; 95% CI, 1.220–1.841). Several factors increased asthma probability in multivariate regression analysis. These factors include being female (OR = 1.389, p = 0.015), ages between 60 and 70 (OR = 2.034, p < 0.001), using opioids (OR = 1.940, p < 0.001), lower SES (OR = 0.738, p = 0.012), history of psychiatric disorders (OR = 2.035, p < 0.001), BMI above 30 kg/m2 (OR = 1.518, p < 0.001), and being a smoker (OR = 1.337, p = 0.056). Conclusion This study has identified that the prevalence of asthma in the Tabari cohort group is high. In addition, it was demonstrated that various factors are related to asthma.

Transient deficit in acute stroke: a case of musical hallucinations

We reported a case of a 62-year-old female patient affected by musical hallucinations (MHs) as a transient symptom after an ischemic stroke in the right middle cerebral artery. CT scan showed widespread cortical and subcortical hypodensity associated with moderate hemorrhage involving the lentiform nucleus, insular cortex, and caudate nucleus. The patient had no history of psychiatric disorders, hearing defects, or epilepsy. MHs appeared one week after the stroke and spontaneously vanished 10 days after their onset. From our perspective, the early activation of MHs after unilateral brain injury, and their timing of resolution, can be explained according to the “interhemispheric imbalance theory”. According to this theory, in the minutes or weeks following the onset of a focal cerebrovascular event, a series of changes in global brain connectivity occur leading to a temporary imbalance in interhemispheric excitation.

Orthorexia nervosa among Tunisian medical students: Relationships with self-esteem and stress

Abstract Aims: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of orthorexia nervosa (ON) in a sample of medical students and to examine the relationship between ON, self-esteem, and perceived stress. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted through an online survey among medical students of the Faculty of Medicine of Sfax (Tunisia). Participants completed an anonymous self-administered questionnaire. We collected their sociodemographic and clinical data. ON was assessed using the self-reported scale, ORTO-15. We used the Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale and Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) to assess self-esteem and the level of perceived stress, respectively. Results: Ninety-five medical students (75 [78.9%] females and 20 [21.1%] males) were included in the study. The mean age was 25.9 ± 3.3 years. A history of psychiatric disorders was reported by 17 (17.9%) of participants, 26 (27.4%) tried to control their weight, and 39 (41.1%) were physically active. We found a tendency for ON in 49 (51.6%) participants. The mean scores were 39.19 ± 4.48 for the ORTHO-15 scale, 29.74 ± 6.59 for the Self-Esteem Scale, and 21.25 ± 6.79 for the PSS. Orthorexia was significantly correlated with the use of weight control methods (P = 0.03), physical activity (P = 0.04), and history of psychiatric disorders (P = 0.04). Neither self-esteem (P = 0.1) nor the level of perceived stress (P = 0.5) was associated with ON. Conclusions: Our study found a high prevalence of orthorexic behaviors in medical students. No association was found between ON and self-esteem and perceived stress. Further clinical and longitudinal studies are needed to identify the risk factors of ON.

Suicidal ideation amongst medical students in Shiraz, South of Iran: a cross-sectional study

Suicide is a preventable act, but irreversible once committed; Hundreds of thousands of people commit suicide annually around the globe. One of the groups at high risk of suicide is medical students. Suicidal ideation (SI) is a forerunner to suicidal attempts which could be assessed. Since there are not enough data about this issue among Iranian medical students, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of SI and risk factors among Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS) undergraduate medical students. An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2022 to February 2023 in the medical school of SUMS. Students willing to participate were recruited by stratified random sampling technique. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire along with Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSSI) and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression model were carried out using BlueSky software. The study identified that 76 out of 308 attendees (24.7%, 95% CI: 19.9%-29.5%) reported experiencing suicidal ideation. Very severe depression [AOR= 26.705, 95% CI: (8.825 – 91.046)], Severe depression [AOR= 17.142, 95% CI: (5.567 – 58.121)], positive family history of psychiatric disorders [AOR= 4.181, 95% CI: (1.773 – 10.014)], comorbid mental illness [AOR= 2.502, 95% CI: (1.123 – 5.553)], were found to be statistically related to having SI. This study showed that one out of every four undergraduate medical students at SUMS has SI, which warns everyone to plan and act to prevent the loss of more lives. Depression, family history of psychiatric disorders, and comorbid mental diseases were found to be strongly associated with SI.

Elevations in the Mitochondrial Matrix Protein Cyclophilin D Correlate With Reduced Parvalbumin Expression in the Prefrontal Cortex of Patients With Schizophrenia.

Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are linked to dysfunctions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), including alterations in parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons (PVIs). Redox dysregulation and oxidative stress may represent convergence points in the pathology of schizophrenia, causing dysfunction of GABAergic interneurons and loss of PV. Here, we show that the mitochondrial matrix protein cyclophilin D (CypD), a critical initiator of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and modulator of the intracellular redox state, is altered in PVIs in schizophrenia. Western blotting was used to measure CypD protein levels in postmortem DLPFC specimens of schizophrenic patients (n = 27) and matched comparison subjects with no known history of psychiatric or neurological disorders (n = 26). In a subset of this cohort, multilabel immunofluorescent confocal microscopy with unbiased stereological sampling methods were used to quantify (1) numbers of PVI across the cortical mantle (20 unaffected comparison, 14 schizophrenia) and (2) PV and CypD protein levels from PVIs in the cortical layers 2-4 (23 unaffected comparison, 18 schizophrenia). In schizophrenic patients, the overall number of PVIs in the DLPFC was not significantly altered, but in individual PVIs of layers 2-4 PV protein levels decreased along a superficial-to-deep gradient when compared to unaffected comparison subjects. These laminar-specific PVI alterations were reciprocally linked to significant CypD elevations both in PVIs and total DLPFC gray matter. Our findings support previously reported PVI anomalies in schizophrenia and suggest that CypD-mediated mPTP formation could be a potential contributor to PVI dysfunction in schizophrenia.

Risk Factors for Postoperative Delirium in Patients Undergoing Major Head and Neck Cancer Surgery: A Meta-analysis.

Postoperative delirium (POD) is a common and serious complication after extensive surgery. Understanding the independent and potential modifiable risk factors leading to POD in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) can provide information for future intervention trials aimed at reducing this risk. To systematically analyze influencing factors of POD in patients with HNC and identify high-risk individuals for delirium. PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, OVID, and Cochrane Library were searched for publications prior to June 2023. Comparative studies in which POD risk factors were investigated were identified following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to evaluate the study quality. Pooled odds ratios or mean differences for individual risk factors were estimated using the Mantel-Haenszel and inverse-variance methods. This review included 17 studies with a total of 4188 patients undergoing HNC surgery. The pooled prevalence of POD was 15.44%. Based on pooled analysis, 8 significant risk factors were identified including age older than 70 years, male sex, history of smoking, history of psychiatric disorder, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, albumin level, postoperative insomnia, and fluid intake. In the present study, 8 factors that correlated with POD were identified: 6 preoperative, 1 intraoperative, and 1 postoperative. The influencing factors for POD in patients with HNC were identified that can provide a reference for improving the psychological state of the patient population and further development of effective treatment interventions.

Mortalité maternelle par suicide et autres causes psychiatriques en France 2016–2018

This report, covering the period 2016–2018, confirms that psychiatric causes (largely dominated by suicides) are the leading cause of maternal mortality up to 1year after childbirth, a finding already made in the previous 2013–2015 report. There were 47 deaths from psychiatric causes in 3years, including 45 maternal suicides, giving a maternal mortality ratio (MMR) of 2.1 per 100,000 live births (NV) (95% CI: 1.4–2.6). The median time to suicide was 138days postpartum. This group represents 17.3% (16.5% for suicides) of all maternal deaths for the period. Maternal suicide is linked to an interaction of several risk factors, including a history of personal and family psychiatric disorders not always known to the obstetric team (53% of women), socioeconomic disparities (29% present social vulnerability, and 14% domestic violence), stressful events, and inadequate access to healthcare services. Psychiatric causes are among those in which the proportion of sub-optimal care and preventable deaths, i.e. 79% of cases, are the highest. An analysis of all the women who died in France of psychiatric causes during pregnancy reveals a number of recurring elements that point to the need for improvement, both in terms of the quality and organization of care, and in terms of women's interaction with the healthcare system. Screening for a history of psychiatric disorders and ongoing psychiatric pathologies must be carried out systematically at all stages of pregnancy and postpartum by all those involved, with communication with future parents on the not inconsiderable risk of perinatal depression. Finally, it is important to develop an adapted and graduated response across the country, according to resources, and to strengthen city–hospital collaboration and training for all those involved.

Disulfiraminės psichozės atvejis

Introduction. Disulfiram is one of three medications approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) to treat alcohol dependence. Patients tend to abstain from alcohol to avoid the unpleasant effects of alcohol toxicity. There may be some side effects, the most common of which are drowsiness, unusual tiredness, headache, metallic taste in mouth, skin rashes, decreased libido. Disulfiram induced psychosis is a psychiatric side effect that occurs very rarely.&#x0D; Case report. We report the case of a 33-year-old patient with nearly 15 years history of psychiatric personality disorder and alcohol dependence. Approximately 4 days of alcohol abstinence, as an inpatient he was administered disulfiram. After two weeks, the patient began to feel some side effects. He was admitted to hospital and was diagnosed with disulfiram induced psychosis.&#x0D; Discussion. The effect of disulfiram on alcohol metabolism was noticed in the 1940s. It should be used only by motivated patients who must be fully informed about the alcohol-disulfiram reaction. Disulfiram should only be started after about 10 days of sobriety, and the recommended dosage is 500 mg/day. The drug should be used with caution in people with a history of heart disease, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, cerebral damage, nephritis, liver cirrhosis, epilepsy. Caution is recommended for patients who use benzodiazepines, some antibiotics, anticoagulants, tricyclic antidepressants. There may be some adverse effects, more serious ones include changes in vision, numbness, pain or weakness in the limbs, liver cell damage, peripheral neuropathy, seizures – but these are considered to be very rare. Psychiatric side effects may include mood changes, psychotic reactions, memory impairment. Reliable data is lacking, but cases of disulfiram induced psychosis are considered to be rare. Patients taking disulfiram should be monitored carefully.

Interplay of polygenic liability with birth-related, somatic, and psychosocial factors in anorexia nervosa risk: a nationwide study.

Although several types of risk factors for anorexia nervosa (AN) have been identified, including birth-related factors, somatic, and psychosocial risk factors, their interplay with genetic susceptibility remains unclear. Genetic and epidemiological interplay in AN risk were examined using data from Danish nationwide registers. AN polygenic risk score (PRS) and risk factor associations, confounding from AN PRS and/or parental psychiatric history on the association between the risk factors and AN risk, and interactions between AN PRS and each level of target risk factor on AN risk were estimated. Participants were individuals born in Denmark between 1981 and 2008 including nationwide-representative data from the iPSYCH2015, and Danish AN cases from the Anorexia Nervosa Genetics Initiative and Eating Disorder Genetics Initiative cohorts. A total of 7003 individuals with AN and 45 229 individuals without a registered AN diagnosis were included. We included 22 AN risk factors from Danish registers. Risk factors showing association with PRS for AN included urbanicity, parental ages, genitourinary tract infection, and parental socioeconomic factors. Risk factors showed the expected association to AN risk, and this association was only slightly attenuated when adjusted for parental history of psychiatric disorders or/and for the AN PRS. The interaction analyses revealed a differential effect of AN PRS according to the level of the following risk factors: sex, maternal age, genitourinary tract infection, C-section, parental socioeconomic factors and psychiatric history. Our findings provide evidence for interactions between AN PRS and certain risk-factors, illustrating potential diverse risk pathways to AN diagnosis.

The natural history of lifetime psychiatric disorders in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder followed over half a century.

Few long-term studies have examined the life-time prevalence of comorbid psychiatric conditions in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). We therefore studied the frequency of comorbid psychiatric disorders, and their relation to onset and prognosis, in patients with OCD who were followed for almost half a century. During 1947-1953, 285 OCD patients were admitted as inpatients to a university hospital in Gothenburg, Sweden. Among those, 251 (88%) accepted a structured comprehensive psychiatric examination in 1954-1956. In 1989-1993, 176 survivors were eligible and 144 (response rate 82%) were re-examined. The same psychiatrist performed both examinations. OCD was diagnosed according to the Schneider criteria, and other mental disorders according to DSM-IV. Mean follow-up since onset was 47 years. The lifetime frequency of depressive disorders was 84.7% (major depression 43.8%), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) 71.5%, panic anxiety disorder 47.9%, agoraphobia 52.1%, specific phobias 64.6%, social phobia 47.9%, paranoid conditions 40.3% (29.1% paranoid ideation), psychotic disorders 15.3%, alcohol abuse 13.2% (men 39%, women 3%) and substance abuse 17.4%. Specific phobia most often started before OCD, while depression had a varied onset in relation to OCD. Social phobia, agoraphobia, GAD, alcohol and substance abuse, psychotic disorders and paranoid conditions most often started after OCD. Presence of GAD, psychotic disorder and substance abuse worsened prognosis of OCD. Comorbid psychiatric conditions are common in OCD patients, and have onset throughout the course. OCD signals vulnerability for other psychiatric conditions, which are important to detect in clinical practice as they negatively affect the outcome.

Abstract TP24: C-Reactive Protein, and Homocysteine as a Predictors of Post Stroke Depression Among Stroke Patients: A Meta-Analysis and Meta Regression

Background: Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a common neuropsychiatric complication of stroke associated with poor functional outcome and increased mortality. Its pathophysiology is poorly understood, however, evidence suggests that neuroinflammation in reaction to the stroke could play a role in the development of PSD. Aim: To compare C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) levels in post-stroke patients with and without PSD. Methods: We systematically searched all electronic databases from inception until May 30th 2023. We performed a conventional meta-analysis and adopted the DerSimonian and Laird random-effect model for the study variations [30]. Outcomes were reported as standard mean difference (SMD), and their corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results: A total of 12 studies with 3,230 Patients were included in this analysis. The mean age of the overall cohort was 65.7 years with PSD patients appearing to be older than non-PSD patients (mean 68.3 years versus 63.1 years). In terms of gender distribution, there were more females in the PSD group compared with non-PSD groups (44.4% versus 40.7%). Compared to patients without post-stroke depression, it was found that patients with post-stroke depression had a higher levels of baseline CRP levels [SMD 0.16, (95% CI 0.08 to 0.25), p&lt;0.001], and Hcy [SMD 0.14, (95% CI 0.05 to 0.22), p&lt;0.001]. Meta-regression was performed using covariates including age, female gender, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, CAD, widowhood and family history of psychiatric disorder. For CRP there was no effect modifier, while for Hcy it was observed that a personal history of widowhood appeared as an only significant effect modifier (coefficient 1.998, p=0.038). Conclusion: Elevated baseline levels of CRP and Hcy were significantly higher in patients that developed PSD, suggesting that both could play a role in the pathophysiology of PSD and as a potential biomarker for diagnosing risk of depression post stroke.

P1073 Opioid use Before and After First Diagnosis of Crohn’s Disease: A Swedish Nationwide Cohort Study 2008-2020

Abstract Background The ongoing opioid misuse epidemic, initially sparked by over-prescription, presents challenges in managing severe pain in Crohn’s disease (CD). Despite associated negative effects, such as narcotic bowel syndrome and susceptibility to chronic use, opioids are frequently prescribed for CD patients. However, data on the evolution of opioid use before and after the initial CD diagnosis in a European context are limited. Methods This nationwide cohort study utilized the Swedish Patient Register to identify adults with a first CD diagnosis between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2017, residing in Sweden at least two years before and three years after the diagnosis. For each CD patient, we included up to 10 reference individuals from the general population matched on birth year, sex, calendar year, and place of residence. Data on dispensed opioid prescriptions were retrieved from the National Prescribed Drug Register. Opioid use history was categorized into non-users (no dispensations), intermittent users (≥1 dispensation in 1–3 periods), and chronic users (≥1 dispensation in all periods) based on the four preceding six-month periods before the first CD diagnosis. Opioid use per six-month period was estimated from two years before to five years following CD diagnosis (corresponding index date for matched reference individuals) and coarsened exact matching was employed to account for confounding (birth year, sex, education, and history of psychiatric disorders and cancer). Results We included 12,539 incident CD patients and 116,073 matched reference individuals. During the two years before the first CD diagnosis, CD patients (and 3.9% vs 10.4% and 1.4%, respectively) were more often intermittent (22.3% vs 10.4%) or chronic (3.9% vs 1.4%) opioid users than matched reference individuals. Prior to diagnosis, opioid use per six-month period was twice as common among CD patients than in reference individuals. Following a peak in the first year after the diagnosis, the prevalence of dispensed opioids per six-month period stabilized at a three-fold level among CD patients (13.6%; 95% CI: 13.0, 14.3) compared with the reference individuals (5.5%; 95% CI: 5.4, 5.7) (Figure 1). The 6-month prevalence of opioid use five years after CD diagnosis was 7.6% (95% CI: 7.0, 8.2), 22.9% (95% CI: 21.1, 24.6), and 79.5.4% (95% CI: 73.2, 85.7) for CD patients classified as non-users, intermittent, or chronic users two years before diagnosis, respectively. Conclusion CD patients exhibited elevated opioid use two years before their initial diagnosis, which persisted at a three-fold level compared to matched reference individuals for five years post-diagnosis. This pattern persisted despite publicly-funded healthcare and modern CD therapy accessibility.

Examining the New Consensus Criteria for Traumatic Encephalopathy Syndrome in Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

In 2021, an expert panel of clinician-scientists published the first consensus research diagnostic criteria for traumatic encephalopathy syndrome (TES), a clinical condition thought to be associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy neuropathological change. This study evaluated the TES criteria in older adults and assessed associations between TES criteria and a history of repetitive head impacts. This cross-sectional, survey-based study examined the symptoms of TES, previous repetitive head impacts, and a variety of current health difficulties. To meet symptom criteria for TES, participants had to report progressive changes with memory, executive functioning, and/or neurobehavioral dysregulation. To meet the criterion for substantial exposure to repetitive head impacts via contact sports, participants reported at least 5 years of contact sport exposure (with 2+ years in high school or beyond). A sample of 507 older adults (mean age = 70.0 years, 65% women) completed the survey and 26.2% endorsed having one or more of the progressive core clinical features of TES. Those who had a significant history of contact sport exposure were not significantly more likely to meet TES criteria compared with those who did not (31.3% vs. 25.3%, p = 0.46). In a binary logistic regression predicting TES status, current depression or anxiety (odds ratio [OR] = 12.55; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.43-35.51), history of psychiatric disorders (OR = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.22-3.49), male sex (OR = 1.87), and sleep problems (OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.01-2.91) were associated with meeting TES criteria. The sport exposure criterion, age, and current pain were not significantly associated with TES status (ps > 0.05). A significant minority of participants with no history of neurotrauma endorsed symptoms consistent with TES (22.0% of men and 19.8% of women). Nearly 80% of neurotrauma naïve participants with clinically significant anxiety/depression met criteria for TES. In summary, approximately one in four older adults met the symptom criteria for TES, many of whom had no history of repetitive neurotrauma. Mental health problems and sleep issues were associated with TES, whereas having a history of repetitive head impacts in contact sports was not. These data suggest that the new consensus diagnostic criteria for TES may have low specificity and may carry a higher risk of misdiagnosing those with other physical and mental health conditions as having TES.