History Of Psychiatric Disease Research Articles

Transcriptomic sex differences in postmortem brain samples from patients with psychiatric disorders.

Many psychiatric disorders exhibit sex differences, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We analyzed transcriptomics data from 2,160 postmortem adult prefrontal cortex brain samples from the PsychENCODE consortium in a sex-stratified study design. We compared transcriptomics data of postmortem brain samples from patients with schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to transcriptomics data of postmortem control brains from individuals without a known history of psychiatric disease. We found that brain samples from females with SCZ, BD and ASD showed a higher burden of transcriptomic dysfunction than did brain samples from males with these disorders. This observation was supported by the larger number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and a greater magnitude of gene expression changes observed in female versus male brain specimens. Additionally, female patient brain samples showed greater overall connectivity dysfunction, defined by a higher proportion of gene co-expression modules with connectivity changes and higher connectivity burden, indicating a greater degree of gene co-expression variability. We identified several gene co-expression modules enriched in sex-biased DEGs and identified genes from a genome-wide association study that were involved in immune and synaptic functions across different brain cell types. We found a number of genes as hubs within these modules including those encoding SCN2A, FGF14, and C3. Our results suggest that in the context of psychiatric diseases, males and females exhibit different degrees of transcriptomic dysfunction, and implicate immune and synaptic-related pathways in these sex differences.

Isolated Kratom Use Disorder Treated with Extended-Release Buprenorphine Taper.

This case report highlights a 36-year-old male without history of psychiatric disease, chronic pain, or substance use disorder who developed severe substance use disorder per Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition criteria to kratom. He was successfully treated with sublingual buprenorphine after a 3-year period of intermittent withdrawal management and trials of oral and extended-release injectable naltrexone. After a period of abstinence from kratom, he was tapered from buprenorphine using 2 monthly injections of 100 mg extended-release buprenorphine. His case underscores some of the current uncertainties around kratom use disorder diagnosis and treatment.

Lifetime Stressful Events Associated with Alzheimer's Pathologies, Neuroinflammation and Brain Structure in a Risk Enriched Cohort.

Along with the known effects of stress on brain structure and inflammatory processes, increasing evidence suggest a role of chronic stress in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We investigated the association of accumulated stressful life events (SLEs) with AD pathologies, neuroinflammation, and gray matter (GM) volume among cognitively unimpaired (CU) individuals at heightened risk of AD. This cross-sectional cohort study included 1,290 CU participants (aged 48-77) from the ALFA cohort with SLE, lumbar puncture (n = 393), and/or structural magnetic resonance imaging (n = 1,234) assessments. Using multiple regression analyses, we examined the associations of total SLEs with cerebrospinal fluid (1) phosphorylated (p)-tau181 and Aβ1-42 /1-40 ratio, (2) interleukin 6 (IL-6), and (3) GM volumes voxel-wise. Further, we performed stratified and interaction analyses with sex, history of psychiatric disease, and evaluated SLEs during specific life periods. Within the whole sample, only childhood and midlife SLEs, but not total SLEs, were associated with AD pathophysiology and neuroinflammation. Among those with a history of psychiatric disease SLEs were associated with higher p-tau181 and IL-6. Participants with history of psychiatric disease and men, showed lower Aβ1-42/1-40 with higher SLEs. Participants with history of psychiatric disease and women showed reduced GM volumes in somatic regions and prefrontal and limbic regions, respectively. We did not find evidence supporting the association of total SLEs with AD, neuroinflammation, and atrophy pathways. Instead, the associations appear to be contingent on events occurring during early and midlife, sex and history of psychiatric disease. ANN NEUROL 2024.

Exploring Overlooked Anxiety Disorders: A Study on the Prevalence of Adult Separation Anxiety Disorder and Specific Phobia in the General Population

Objective: The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of adult separation anxiety disorder and specific phobia in the general population, along with identifying the factors associated with these two disorders. Material and Method: The study was carried out in the Selçuklu district, encompassing 28 of the 34 family health centers selected through a simple random sampling method. The study sample included 1,218 individuals over 18, chosen using a systematic sampling approach by skipping one resident from each neighborhood covered by the family health unit. After collecting the sociodemographic data, face-to-face diagnostic interviews were performed using the Structured Clinical Interviews for Separation Anxiety Symptoms (SCI-SAS) for ASAD and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5) for specific phobia assessment. Results: The study revealed that the lifetime prevalence of ASAD was 5.9%, with a point prevalence of 1.5%, while the lifetime prevalence of specific phobia was 11.3%. The application rates for the treatment of both disorders were very low and clinicians demonstrated limited recognition of ASAD. ASAD was correlated with female gender, low income, childhood traumatic experiences, migraine presence, and family history of serious illness. On the other hand, specific phobia was associated with female gender and family history of psychiatric disease. Conclusion: Despite the high prevalence of both disorders, the alarming rates of clinical recognition and treatment underscore the need to develop health policies and awareness programs aimed at promoting early diagnosis and treatment.

Health-related quality of life of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage who were classified as having “good outcomes”

BackgroundThis study aimed to understand the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) classified as having “good outcomes” and determine associated sociodemographic, psychological, and clinical factors. MethodsParticipants were 86 patients with aSAH with modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores of 0–2 in our hospital between February 2003 and April 2014. Participants completed self-report questionnaires examining sociodemographic characteristics and the following self-rating scales: the hospital anxiety and depression scale, Pittsburgh sleep quality index, and EuroQoL-5 Dimension Index (EQ-5D). Further, we retrospectively reviewed clinical data from medical records and radiologic images. Average EQ-5D scores for each variable were compared using Student’s t-test and analysis of variance. Correlations between EQ-5D and continuous variables were examined using Pearson correlation analysis. Factors associated with EQ-5D were then examined using univariate and stepwise multivariate analyses through simple and multiple regression. ResultsThe mean age of the 86 participants was 56.87 ± 10.28 years (range: 29–79 years), while the mean EQ-5D value was 0.738 ± 0.169. There were 54 women (62.8 %) and 33 men (37.2 %). The participants had depressive symptoms (30.2 %), anxiety (10.5 %), and sleep problems (51.2 %). Regarding sociodemographic variables, educational level (p = 0.017) and monthly income (p = 0.037) were positively correlated with HRQoL. Depressive symptoms (r = −0.505, p < 0.001), anxiety (r = −0.498, p < 0.001), sleep problems (r = −0.265, p = 017), and mRS (r = −0.352, p = 0.001) were negatively correlated with HRQoL. Depressive symptoms, diabetes mellitus, and past psychiatric history explained 48.8 % of the variance in HRQoL in good outcome aSAH according to stepwise multiple regression analysis. ConclusionsPatients with good outcome aSAH had low EQ-5D values, which were negatively correlated with depressive symptoms, anxiety, and sleep problems. In addition, HRQoL in good outcome aSAH is associated with depressive symptoms, diabetes mellitus, and past psychiatric disease history. Depressive symptoms, anxiety, and sleep problems are frequent in patients with good outcome aSAH, and mediation of these factors may help improve HRQoL.

Migraine and Irritable Bowel Syndrome Among the General Population in Aseer Region.

Limited research has been conducted in Saudi Arabia to investigate the incidence and understanding of migraines and irritable bowel disease (IBS) among the population. This study aimed to quantify the prevalence of migraine and IBS within the Aseer region. Furthermore, it aimed to explore the potential association between migraine and IBS. The survey questionnaire was distributed through various social media platforms such as Facebook (Meta Platforms, Inc.,Menlo Park, California, United States), Twitter/X (X Corp., San Francisco, California, United States), LinkedIn (Microsoft Corporation, Sunnyvale, California, United States), and WhatsApp (Meta Platforms, Inc.) to maximize the reach and engagement of potential participants. The Migraine Screen Questionnaire (MS-Q) assessed the type and frequency of headache pain, along with intensity and impact on daily activities. The questionnaire also incorporated the Rome IV diagnostic criteria for IBS. A total of 683 participants were included in this study; 65.2% were aged 21-39 years, 85.5% were females, 61.6% were single, and 73.1% had a university degree or higher. Of the participants,45.97% experienced migraines, while 39.97% exhibited symptoms of IBS. There was a statistically significant association between having IBS and migraine (χ2 = 11.88, p 0.001). Migraine was significantly associated with female sex (p = 0.049), history of psychiatric disease (p < 0.001), and family history of migraines (p < 0.001). IBS was significantly associated with age (p = 0.042), history of psychiatric disease (p = 0.015), and sleeping hours (p = 0.038). This study reveals a high prevalence of migraine and IBS, underlining their interconnection. Key risk factors include age, gender, family history, and psychiatric disorders. Targeting high-risk groups is crucial due to the substantial impact on daily life and performance.

An investigation of knowledge and attitudes towards antidepressants: a cross-sectional survey of Jordan’s six medical schools

ObjectiveDepression is Jordan’s most ravaging mental illness. Despite the growth of antidepressant use, only a handful of studies examine the factors affecting antidepressant knowledge among healthcare workers or medical students. Therefore, we aimed to explore the knowledge and attitudes towards antidepressants across Jordan’s six medical schools.MethodsUsing a cross-sectional design, we investigated the knowledge and attitudes towards antidepressants through the Drug Attitude Inventory and a literature-validated knowledge domain. Clinical students from Jordan’s six medical schools were recruited. Differences in knowledge and attitudes scores were examined by year of study, medical school among other factors. A multivariate linear regression model was utilized to assess predictors of knowledge.ResultsWe included a total of 1,234 participants representing Jordan’s six major schools of medicine. About 14.9% of participants had a personal history of antidepressant use while 20.5% reported family history of psychiatric disease. The majority of students demonstrated favorable attitudes towards antidepressants (74.1%). Students demonstrated an average understanding of antidepressants’ mechanism of action, side effects, but not indications in special populations. Senior medical students, higher GPA, higher family income, personal history of antidepressants, and family history of psychiatric illnesses were associated with significantly higher knowledge scores (all p-values < 0.001). In addition to attitudes scores, the aforementioned were positive predictors of knowledge scores in the multivariate model.ConclusionMedical students’ knowledge towards antidepressants leaves room for significant improvement. Yet, it is evident that significant differences for both attitudes and knowledge exist across medical schools which may indicate a gap in either training or teaching methodology.

PS07 Delusional infestation: are delays in access to care adversely affecting patient outcomes? A case series

Abstract Delusional infestation (DI) is the fixed, false belief of pathogenic infestation of the skin or body, despite no supporting medical evidence. Patients may be difficult to treat successfully, because of their reluctance to accept referral or involvement of psychiatric services. Research consistently supports assessment of this cohort in multidisciplinary psychodermatology clinics, where integrated medical and psychiatric care can be seamlessly provided. The British Association of Dermatologists (BAD) All Parliamentary Group has recommended increased psychodermatology services across the UK, but provision is still scanty. We report a review of 49 consecutive patients (12 men and 37 women) with a diagnosis of DI assessed in a regional psychodermatology service. Mean patient age was 63 years (range 41–92). Mean duration of symptoms before attending was 4.9 years. Forty-one (84%) patients complained of living creatures, with the other eight (16%) perceiving fibres or other inanimate objects. Perception of nonliving mater­ial was strongly associated with substance misuse. Low-dose antipsychotics were prescribed in 44 (90%) patients. Risperidone (n = 39; 89%) and olanzapine (n = 5; 11%) were the drugs prescribed. Medications were well tolerated, with no significant adverse side-effects reported. Twenty-three (47%) responded to treatment. Four patients developed full-blown psychotic disorders. We were unable to engage 13 (27%) patients in treatment, and in three (6%), the treatment outcomes were unknown. Responders had a mean time to presentation of 3.7 years vs. nonresponders who had symptoms for an average of 5.9 years. Ten (20%) patients admitted to current or previous substance misuse. Twenty-one (43%) had a history of psychiatric disease. Substance misuse and established psychiatric disorders were associated with poorer engagement and response. Response to treatment and engagement with services is multifactorial. This review demonstrated that delays in presentation are associated with poorer outcomes (Romanov DV, Lepping P, Bewley A et al. Longer duration of untreated psychosis is associated with poorer outcomes for patients with delusional infestation. Acta Derm Venereol 2018; 98:848–54). In 2016, early intervention in psychosis services was introduced as a National Institute for Health and Care Excellence standard in the UK. In psychiatry, there is well-established evidence of the relationship between delays in treatment of psychosis and poorer outcomes. The BAD guidelines have recently been published to encourage more widespread prescribing of low-dose antipsychotics to expedite treatment. Our review highlights that all patients with DI face significant delays to treatment, which may adversely impact or increase the complexity of clinical presentations. This review emphasizes the importance of early assessment and supports the expansion of psychodermatology services.

Comparison of machine learning algorithms to predict intentional and unintentional poisoning risk factors

IntroductionA major share of poisoning cases are perpetrated intentionally, but this varies depending on different geographical regions, age spectrums, and gender distribution. The present study was conducted to determine the most important factors affecting intentional and unintentional poisonings using machine learning algorithms. Materials and methodsThe current cross-sectional study was conducted on 658 people hospitalized due to poisoning. The enrollment and follow-up of patients were carried out during 2020–2021. The data obtained from patients’ files and during follow-up were recorded by a physician and entered into SPSS software by the registration expert. Different machine learning algorithms were used to analyze the data. Fit models of the training data were assessed by determining accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, F-measure, and the area under the rock curve (AUC). Finally, after analyzing the models, the data of the Gradient boosted trees (GBT) model were finalized. ResultsThe GBT model rendered the highest accuracy (91.5 ± 3.4) among other models tested. Also, the GBT model had significantly higher sensitivity (94.7 ± 1.7) and specificity (93.2 ± 4.1) compared to other models (P < 0.001). The most prominent predictors based on the GBT model were the route of poison entry (weight = 0.583), place of residence (weight = 0.137), history of psychiatric diseases (weight = 0.087), and age (weight = 0.085). ConclusionThe present study suggests the GBT model as a reliable predictor model for identifying the factors affecting intentional and unintentional poisoning. According to our results, the determinants of intentional poisoning included the route of poison entry into the body, place of residence, and the heart rate. The most important predictors of unintentional poisoning were age, exposure to benzodiazepine, creatinine levels, and occupation.

Association between length of hospital stay and fractures in the spine, pelvis, and lower extremity among patients after intentional fall from a height: an analysis of the Japan Trauma Databank

ObjectiveThis study investigated the association between the number of regions with fractures in the spine, pelvis, and lower extremity (NRF) and the proportion of patients with a length of hospital...

COVID-19-induced Acute Psychosis Resulting in a Suicide Attempt: A Case Report.

Psychosis associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been previously, but infrequently, reported in the literature. We present a rare case of COVID-19-associated severe psychosis and suicide attempt in an 80-year-old male with no personal or known family history of psychiatric disease. Our patient's symptoms appeared to be longer lasting than most other reported cases in the available literature. After a COVID-19 diagnosis, our patient experienced fluctuating, long-lasting psychiatric symptoms over a six-month period. During this time, he was unable to function independently. Suggested mechanisms involve a multifactorial combination of neuroinflammation and increased societal stress due to the direct and indirect effects of the virus, respectively. More research is needed to help identify risk factors, prognostic indicators, and a standard of care for psychosis associated with COVID-19.

Parental Factors Associated With Recovery After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review.

Abstract While parental factors have been shown to potentially influence recovery after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in children, both the strength and direction of the relationships remain unclear. We performed a systematic review regarding the association between parental factors and recovery after mTBI. PubMed, CINHL, Embase, PsychINFO, Web of Science, ProQuest, Cochrane Central, and Cochrane databases were queried for articles published between September 1, 1970, and September 10, 2022, reporting any parental factor and its association with recovery after mTBI in children younger than 18 years old. The review included both quantitative and qualitative studies published in English. Regarding the directionality of the association, only studies that assessed the effects of parental factors on recovery after mTBI were included. Study quality was assessed using a five-domain scale created by the Cochrane Handbook and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The study was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022361609). Of 2050 studies queried, 40 met inclusion criteria, and 38 of 40 studies used quantitative outcome measures. Across 38 studies, 24 unique parental factors and 20 different measures of recovery were identified. The most common parental factors studied were socioeconomic status/income (SES; n = 16 studies), parental stress/distress (n = 11), parental level of education (n = 9), pre-injury family functioning (n = 8), and parental anxiety (n = 6). Among all associations between parental factors and recovery reported, having a family history of a neurologic disease (i.e., migraine, epilepsy, neurodegenerative disease; 5/6 significant associations reported, 83%), parental stress/distress (9/11, 82%), parental anxiety (4/6, 67%), parental level of education (5/9, 56%), and SES/income (11/19, 57.9%) were shown to have the strongest evidence reporting significant associations with recovery, while a family history of psychiatric disease (3/6, 50%) and pre-injury family functioning (4/9, 44%) showed mixed results. Evidence regarding other parental factors including parental sex, race/ethnicity, insurance status, parental history of concussion, family litigation status, family adjustment levels, and family psychosocial adversity were limited, as studies investigating such factors were few. The current review highlights literature describing several parental factors that significantly influence recovery from mTBI. It will likely be useful for future studies to incorporate parental SES, education, stress/distress, anxiety, quality of parent-child relationships, and parenting style when examining modifying factors in recovery after mTBI. Future studies should also consider how parental factors may serve as potential interventions or policy levers to optimize sport concussion-related policy and return-to-play guidelines.

Severity of Brugada syndrome disease manifestation and risk of new-onset depression or anxiety: a Danish nationwide study.

Reduced psychological health is associated with adverse patient outcomes and higher mortality. We aimed to examine if a Brugada syndrome (BrS) diagnosis and symptomatic disease presentation were associated with an increased risk of new-onset depression or anxiety and all-cause mortality. All Danish patients diagnosed with BrS (2006-2018) with no history of psychiatric disease and available for ≥6 months follow-up were identified using nationwide registries and followed for up to 5 years after diagnosis. The development of clinical depression or anxiety was evaluated using the prescription of medication and diagnosis codes. Factors associated with developing new-onset depression or anxiety were determined using a multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model. Disease manifestation was categorized as symptomatic (aborted cardiac arrest, ventricular tachycardia, or syncope) or asymptomatic/unspecified at diagnosis. A total of 223 patients with BrS and no history of psychiatric disease were identified (72.6% male, median age at diagnosis 46 years, 45.3% symptomatic). Of these, 15.7% (35/223) developed new-onset depression or anxiety after BrS diagnosis (median follow-up 5.0 years). A greater proportion of symptomatic patients developed new-onset depression or anxiety compared with asymptomatic patients [21/101 (20.8%) and 14/122 (11.5%), respectively, P = 0.08]. Symptomatic disease presentation (HR 3.43, 1.46-8.05) and older age (lower vs. upper tertile: HR 4.41, 1.42-13.63) were significantly associated with new-onset depression or anxiety. All-cause mortality in this group of patients treated according to guidelines was low (n = 4, 1.8%); however, 3/4 developed depression or anxiety before death. Approximately, one-sixth of patients with BrS developed new-onset depression or anxiety following a diagnosis of BrS. Symptomatic BrS disease manifestation was significantly associated with new-onset depression or anxiety.

Association between poor parent-daughter relationships and the risk of hyperglycemia in pregnancy: a hospital-based prospective cohort study in Japan

BackgroundAdverse child experiences (ACEs), childhood maltreatment and household dysfunction, are risk factors of hyperglycemia in pregnancy (HIP), including diabetes before pregnancy, gestational diabetes (GDM), and overt diabetes in pregnancy, through increased risk of unhealthy behaviors, obesity, and stress response system dysfunction. While ACEs are often difficult to be assessed in hospital settings, parent-daughter relationship, that is, pregnant women’s relationship with their parents can be considered as a measurable maker for ACEs that may be associated with HIP. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between poor parent-daughter relationship and HIP.MethodsHospital-based prospective cohort study was conducted in Japan (N = 6,264). Women visiting participating 58 facilities for delivery between April 2019 and March 2020 were included. Parent-daughter relationship was assessed by a questionnaire asking whether participants were satisfied with their relationship with their parents. HIP was diagnosed based on the criteria used in Japan. A multiple logistic regression model was applied to adjust for covariates.ResultsPregnant women who were not very satisfied and not satisfied at all with the relationship with their parents, and HIP were 343 (5.5%), 74 (1.2%), and 274 (4.4%), respectively. Pregnant women who were not very satisfied with their parent-daughter relationship showed a significant positive association with HIP in the crude model (odds ratio (OR): 1.71, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11–2.63). When stratified by psychiatric disease history, we found a significant positive association among those without psychiatric disease history (OR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.11–2.84), but not among those with psychiatric disease history (OR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.16–2.28).ConclusionsPoor parent-daughter relationship was associated with the risk of HIP among pregnant women without psychiatric disease history, suggesting that this simple question could be used to estimate the risk of HIP when it was challenging to inquire directly about ACEs. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanism of the association.

New prolonged opioid consumption after major surgery in Sweden: a population-based retrospective cohort study

ObjectiveGiven that long-term opioid usage is an important problem worldwide and postsurgical pain is a common indication for opioid prescription, our primary objective was to describe the frequency of new...

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Baroreflex sensitivity is associated with markers of hippocampal gliosis and dysmyelination in patients with psychosis.

Hippocampal dysfunction plays a key role in the pathology of psychosis. Given hippocampal sensitivity to changes in cerebral perfusion, decreased baroreflex function could contribute to psychosis pathogenesis. This study had two aims: (1) To compare baroreflex sensitivity in participants with psychosis to two control groups: participants with a nonpsychotic affective disorder and participants with no history of psychiatric disease; (2) to examine the relationship between hippocampal neurometabolites and baroreflex sensitivities in these three groups. We hypothesized that baroreflex sensitivity would be reduced and correlated with hippocampal neurometabolite levels in participants with psychosis, but not in the control groups. We assessed baroreflex sensitivity during the Valsalva maneuver separated into vagal and adrenergic components. Metabolite concentrations for cellular processes were quantitated in the entire multivoxel hippocampus using H1-MR spectroscopic (MRS) imaging and were compared with baroreflex sensitivities in the three groups. Vagal baroreflex sensitivity (BRS-V) was reduced in a significantly larger proportion of participants with psychosis compared with patients with nonpsychotic affective disorders, whereas participants with psychosis had increased adrenergic baroreflex sensitivity (BRS-A) compared with participants with no history of psychiatric disease. Only in psychotic cases were baroreflex sensitivities associated with hippocampal metabolite concentrations. Specifically, BRS-V was inversely correlated with myo-inositol, a marker of gliosis, and BRS-A was positively correlated with energy dependent dysmyelination (choline, creatine) and excitatory activity (GLX). Abnormal baroreflex sensitivity is common in participants with psychosis and is associated with MRS markers of hippocampal pathology. Future longitudinal studies are needed to examine causality.

A Clinical-Epidemiological Study on Beta-Blocker Poisonings Based on the Type of Drug Overdose.

Beta-blockers carry a high risk of potentially causing fatal poisoning if overdosed. We aimed to assess the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with beta-blocker poisoning. Patients were categorized based on the type of drug poisoning into propranolol, other beta-blockers, and the combination of beta-blocker groups, respectively. Demographic data, drug toxicity, and clinical, laboratory, and treatment information of different groups were compared. During the study period, 5086 poisoned patients were hospitalized, of whom 255 (5.1%) had beta-blocker poisoning. Most patients were women (80.8%), married (50.6%), with a history of psychiatric disorders (36.5%), previous suicide attempts (34.6%), and intentional type of exposure (95.3%). The mean ± SD age of the patients was 28.94 ± 11.08 years. Propranolol toxicity was the most common among different beta-blockers (84.4%). There was a significant difference in age, occupation, education level, and history of psychiatric diseases with respect to the type of beta-blocker poisoning (P < 0.05). We observed changes in the consciousness level and need for endotracheal intubation only in the third group (combination of beta-blockers). Only 1 (0.4%) patient had a fatal outcome in toxicity with the combination of beta-blockers. Beta-blocker poisoning is not common in our poisoning referral center. Propranolol toxicity was most common among different beta-blockers. Although symptoms are not different among defined beta-blocker groups, more severe symptoms are observed in the combination of the beta-blocker group. Only one patient had a fatal outcome in the toxicity with the combination of the beta-blocker group. Therefore, poisoning circumstances have to investigate thoroughly to screen coexposure with combined drugs.

Prevalence of post-COVID symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Saudi Arabia

To determine the prevalence of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) symptoms in patients who have survived COVID-19. The study used an observational cross-sectional design between July and October 2021. The target population was adult patients who had confirmed COVID-19 infection prior to joining the study, OCD symptoms were assessed using the Arabic OCD scale created by Abohendy and colleagues, which included 83 questions covering 12 different domains and was administired online. A total of 356 patients were included in the analysis. Approximately 9.0% and 1.7% of the patients had a history of psychiatric disease and OCD diagnosis (respectively). The total symptom score was 32.8%. The most frequently reported domains were rumination of ideas (55.5%), re-checking compulsions (37.0%), and slowness (34.0%), while the least frequently reported domains included obsessive impulses (26.3%), obsessive images (26.5%), and religious compulsions (26.8%). Unlike other domains, the purity and cleanliness compulsions scores were significantly higher than the scale reference population. A higher total symptom score was observed in psychiatric patients (p=0.004) and, to a lesser extent, in OCD patients (p=0.250). Overall, OCD symptoms, including cleanliness and fear of disease obsessions, tend to be higher in psychiatric and OCD patients, these findings are valuable for future studies.

Burnout, Anxiety and Coping Attitudes in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Objective: In this study, the relationship between burnout level, anxiety and coping attitudes of parents with children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was examined together with demographic variables. Methods: Relational model was used in the research. The research was conducted with the parents of 180 children diagnosed with ASD. Data were obtained using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), and the Coping Attitudes Rating Scale (COPE). T Test, One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Pearson correlation analysis were used in the analysis of the data. Results: In the research findings, it was observed that the burnout level of the parents differed according to the age groups of the autistic children, the number of siblings and the psychiatric disease history of the parents. In addition, it was observed that the anxiety level and coping methods of the parents differed significantly according to the psychiatric illness history of the parents. A strong positive correlation was found between parents' anxiety and burnout levels. A moderate positive relationship was also found between the emotional burnout levels of the parents and their coping levels. Conclusion: It was observed that the levels of anxiety and burnout were lower in parents who used the problem-focused coping method. In addition, it has been observed that parents overcome problems by using problem-focused coping methods and this situation affects their lives positively. In addition, it was observed that parents with high levels of anxiety and burnout used dysfunctional coping methods more.