History Of Psychiatric Disease Research Articles

Association between poor parent-daughter relationships and the risk of hyperglycemia in pregnancy: a hospital-based prospective cohort study in Japan

BackgroundAdverse child experiences (ACEs), childhood maltreatment and household dysfunction, are risk factors of hyperglycemia in pregnancy (HIP), including diabetes before pregnancy, gestational diabetes (GDM), and overt diabetes in pregnancy, through increased risk of unhealthy behaviors, obesity, and stress response system dysfunction. While ACEs are often difficult to be assessed in hospital settings, parent-daughter relationship, that is, pregnant women’s relationship with their parents can be considered as a measurable maker for ACEs that may be associated with HIP. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between poor parent-daughter relationship and HIP.MethodsHospital-based prospective cohort study was conducted in Japan (N = 6,264). Women visiting participating 58 facilities for delivery between April 2019 and March 2020 were included. Parent-daughter relationship was assessed by a questionnaire asking whether participants were satisfied with their relationship with their parents. HIP was diagnosed based on the criteria used in Japan. A multiple logistic regression model was applied to adjust for covariates.ResultsPregnant women who were not very satisfied and not satisfied at all with the relationship with their parents, and HIP were 343 (5.5%), 74 (1.2%), and 274 (4.4%), respectively. Pregnant women who were not very satisfied with their parent-daughter relationship showed a significant positive association with HIP in the crude model (odds ratio (OR): 1.71, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11–2.63). When stratified by psychiatric disease history, we found a significant positive association among those without psychiatric disease history (OR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.11–2.84), but not among those with psychiatric disease history (OR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.16–2.28).ConclusionsPoor parent-daughter relationship was associated with the risk of HIP among pregnant women without psychiatric disease history, suggesting that this simple question could be used to estimate the risk of HIP when it was challenging to inquire directly about ACEs. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanism of the association.

New prolonged opioid consumption after major surgery in Sweden: a population-based retrospective cohort study

ObjectiveGiven that long-term opioid usage is an important problem worldwide and postsurgical pain is a common indication for opioid prescription, our primary objective was to describe the frequency of new...

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Baroreflex sensitivity is associated with markers of hippocampal gliosis and dysmyelination in patients with psychosis.

Hippocampal dysfunction plays a key role in the pathology of psychosis. Given hippocampal sensitivity to changes in cerebral perfusion, decreased baroreflex function could contribute to psychosis pathogenesis. This study had two aims: (1) To compare baroreflex sensitivity in participants with psychosis to two control groups: participants with a nonpsychotic affective disorder and participants with no history of psychiatric disease; (2) to examine the relationship between hippocampal neurometabolites and baroreflex sensitivities in these three groups. We hypothesized that baroreflex sensitivity would be reduced and correlated with hippocampal neurometabolite levels in participants with psychosis, but not in the control groups. We assessed baroreflex sensitivity during the Valsalva maneuver separated into vagal and adrenergic components. Metabolite concentrations for cellular processes were quantitated in the entire multivoxel hippocampus using H1-MR spectroscopic (MRS) imaging and were compared with baroreflex sensitivities in the three groups. Vagal baroreflex sensitivity (BRS-V) was reduced in a significantly larger proportion of participants with psychosis compared with patients with nonpsychotic affective disorders, whereas participants with psychosis had increased adrenergic baroreflex sensitivity (BRS-A) compared with participants with no history of psychiatric disease. Only in psychotic cases were baroreflex sensitivities associated with hippocampal metabolite concentrations. Specifically, BRS-V was inversely correlated with myo-inositol, a marker of gliosis, and BRS-A was positively correlated with energy dependent dysmyelination (choline, creatine) and excitatory activity (GLX). Abnormal baroreflex sensitivity is common in participants with psychosis and is associated with MRS markers of hippocampal pathology. Future longitudinal studies are needed to examine causality.

A Clinical-Epidemiological Study on Beta-Blocker Poisonings Based on the Type of Drug Overdose.

Beta-blockers carry a high risk of potentially causing fatal poisoning if overdosed. We aimed to assess the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with beta-blocker poisoning. Patients were categorized based on the type of drug poisoning into propranolol, other beta-blockers, and the combination of beta-blocker groups, respectively. Demographic data, drug toxicity, and clinical, laboratory, and treatment information of different groups were compared. During the study period, 5086 poisoned patients were hospitalized, of whom 255 (5.1%) had beta-blocker poisoning. Most patients were women (80.8%), married (50.6%), with a history of psychiatric disorders (36.5%), previous suicide attempts (34.6%), and intentional type of exposure (95.3%). The mean ± SD age of the patients was 28.94 ± 11.08 years. Propranolol toxicity was the most common among different beta-blockers (84.4%). There was a significant difference in age, occupation, education level, and history of psychiatric diseases with respect to the type of beta-blocker poisoning (P < 0.05). We observed changes in the consciousness level and need for endotracheal intubation only in the third group (combination of beta-blockers). Only 1 (0.4%) patient had a fatal outcome in toxicity with the combination of beta-blockers. Beta-blocker poisoning is not common in our poisoning referral center. Propranolol toxicity was most common among different beta-blockers. Although symptoms are not different among defined beta-blocker groups, more severe symptoms are observed in the combination of the beta-blocker group. Only one patient had a fatal outcome in the toxicity with the combination of the beta-blocker group. Therefore, poisoning circumstances have to investigate thoroughly to screen coexposure with combined drugs.

Prevalence of post-COVID symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Saudi Arabia

To determine the prevalence of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) symptoms in patients who have survived COVID-19. The study used an observational cross-sectional design between July and October 2021. The target population was adult patients who had confirmed COVID-19 infection prior to joining the study, OCD symptoms were assessed using the Arabic OCD scale created by Abohendy and colleagues, which included 83 questions covering 12 different domains and was administired online. A total of 356 patients were included in the analysis. Approximately 9.0% and 1.7% of the patients had a history of psychiatric disease and OCD diagnosis (respectively). The total symptom score was 32.8%. The most frequently reported domains were rumination of ideas (55.5%), re-checking compulsions (37.0%), and slowness (34.0%), while the least frequently reported domains included obsessive impulses (26.3%), obsessive images (26.5%), and religious compulsions (26.8%). Unlike other domains, the purity and cleanliness compulsions scores were significantly higher than the scale reference population. A higher total symptom score was observed in psychiatric patients (p=0.004) and, to a lesser extent, in OCD patients (p=0.250). Overall, OCD symptoms, including cleanliness and fear of disease obsessions, tend to be higher in psychiatric and OCD patients, these findings are valuable for future studies.

Burnout, Anxiety and Coping Attitudes in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Objective: In this study, the relationship between burnout level, anxiety and coping attitudes of parents with children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was examined together with demographic variables. Methods: Relational model was used in the research. The research was conducted with the parents of 180 children diagnosed with ASD. Data were obtained using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), and the Coping Attitudes Rating Scale (COPE). T Test, One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Pearson correlation analysis were used in the analysis of the data. Results: In the research findings, it was observed that the burnout level of the parents differed according to the age groups of the autistic children, the number of siblings and the psychiatric disease history of the parents. In addition, it was observed that the anxiety level and coping methods of the parents differed significantly according to the psychiatric illness history of the parents. A strong positive correlation was found between parents' anxiety and burnout levels. A moderate positive relationship was also found between the emotional burnout levels of the parents and their coping levels. Conclusion: It was observed that the levels of anxiety and burnout were lower in parents who used the problem-focused coping method. In addition, it has been observed that parents overcome problems by using problem-focused coping methods and this situation affects their lives positively. In addition, it was observed that parents with high levels of anxiety and burnout used dysfunctional coping methods more.

COMT rs4818 less common allele is associated with psychological and psychiatric worse indicators in a cohort of individuals born with cleft lip and palate.

Individuals born with cleft lip and palate may face difficulties in speech function, nutrition, facial aesthetics, and long-term care. These difficulties may increase the risk of psychological and psychiatric diseases. This work aimed to test if the variant allele of COMT was carried more frequently among individuals that have psychological and psychiatric outcomes within a cohort of patients born with cleft lip and palate. DNA extraction from saliva of two hundred and fifteen individuals born with cleft lip with and/or palate and genotyping was performed, and the frequency of COMT rs4818 alleles was determined. The domain 'Psychological Function' of Cleft-Q™ was used to generate scores for analysis. The scores were computed, and differences in genotype or allele frequencies between individuals with psychological function scores 60 or above and 59 or below were compared. The history of psychiatric illness (family history of psychiatric disease or self-reported psychiatric illness) was registered. Genotype and allele frequencies were compared between individuals with and without a family history of psychiatric illness. Individuals with lower Psychological Function (Cleft-Q™) scores were more likely to be GG (P=.04) or carriers of allele G (P < .001). The reported psychiatric illness and positive family history of psychiatric illness were compared to COMT rs4818 allele and genotype frequencies of individuals without these indicators, and individuals with psychiatric illness and positive family history of psychiatric illness were more likely to carry allele G (P=.03 and P=.008, respectively). The study confirms previously suggested role of COMT rs4818 in psychiatric and psychological outcomes in a distinct cohort of patients born with cleft lip and palate.

Assessment of the prevalence, risk factors of insomnia, and its effect on quality of life among young population of North region

Background: Insomnia is characterized as a complaint of inadequate sleep. Insomnia becomes a major public concern day by day which influences the quality of life of numerous individuals around the planet. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence and risk factors of insomnia in the general population and to determine the quality of life.Methods: It was a cross-sectional observational study. Data were obtained from the general population by using a standard questionnaire, the ISI scale, and quality of life satisfaction scales were used.Results: The prevalence rate of insomnia was 33%. A total of 88 subjects had insomnia. There was an association between insomnia and life style factors at significance p value ≤ 0.05.The associated factors were profession, education, marital status, lifestyle factors such as watching TV or phone before sleep, smoking, drinking alcohol, do not walk daily, family history of psychiatric disease, medical history, and psychiatric history. The average scoring for quality of life was about 50.34 in those who did not have insomnia as compared to 38.49 in those who had insomnia.Conclusions: A one-third of the young population had insomnia. Quality of life is impaired due to insomnia. There must be education programs for young individuals to provide the information on promoting sleep.

Migraine Headaches in Patients with Upper Extremity Compressive Neuropathy.

Upper extremity nerve compression syndromes and migraines caused by nerve entrapment have many similarities, including patient presentation, anatomical findings, and treatment by surgical decompression of affected nerves. Parallels between the two conditions point toward the possibility of shared predisposition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between migraine and upper extremity nerve compression. Nine thousand five hundred fifty-eight patients who underwent nerve decompression surgery of the upper extremity (median, ulnar, and radial nerves and thoracic outlet syndrome) as identified by CPT and International Classification of Diseases codes were included in the analysis. International Classification of Diseases codes for migraine and comorbidities included as part of the Elixhauser Comorbidity Index were identified. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression was performed. Median nerve decompression (OR, 1.3; 95 percent CI, 1.0 to 1.8; p = 0.046) and multiple nerve decompressions (OR, 1.7; 95 percent CI, 1.2 to 2.5; p = 0.008) were independently associated with higher rates of migraine compared to ulnar nerve decompression and thoracic outlet syndrome. Older age and male sex had a negative association with migraine. History of psychiatric disease, rheumatoid arthritis/collagen vascular diseases, hypothyroidism, hypertension, and chronic pulmonary disease were independently associated with migraine headache. Patients who undergo median and multiple nerve decompression are more likely to experience migraine headache. It is important to recognize this overlap and provide comprehensive patient screening for both conditions. This shared predisposition and better understanding of a common disease mechanism and genetics may provide greater insight into the pathogenesis and therefore treatment of these clinical problems. Risk, III.

Public and outpatients’ awareness of calling emergency medical services immediately by acute stroke in an upper middle-income country: a cross-sectional questionnaire study in greater Gaborone, Botswana

ObjectivesIn this cross-sectional study from Botswana, we investigated awareness of calling emergency medical services (EMS) and seeking immediate medical assistance by acute stroke among stroke risk outpatients and public.MethodClosed-ended questionnaires on awareness of calling EMS and seeking immediate medical assistance by acute stroke, were administered by research assistants to a representative selection of outpatients and public.ResultsThe response rate was 96.0% (93.0% for public (2013) and 96.6% for outpatients (795)). Public respondents had mean age of 36.1 ± 14.5 years (age range 18–90 years) and 54.5% were females, while outpatients had mean age of 37.4 ± 12.7 years (age range 18–80 years) and 58.1% were females.Awareness of calling EMS (78.3%), and of seeking immediate medical assistance (93.1%) by stroke attack was adequate. For calling EMS by acute stroke, outpatients had higher awareness than the public (p < 0.05) among those with unhealthy diet (90.9% vs 71.1%), family history of both stroke and heart diseases (90.7% vs 61.2%), no history of psychiatric diseases (93.2% vs 76.0%) and sedentary lifestyle (87.5% vs 74.8%).Predictors of low awareness of both calling EMS and seeking immediate medical assistance were no medical insurance, residing/working together, history of psychiatric diseases, and normal weight.Male gender, ≥50 years age, primary education, family history of both stroke and heart diseases, current smoking, no history of HIV/AIDS, and light physical activity were predictors of low awareness of need for calling EMS.ConclusionResults call for educational campaigns on awareness of calling EMS and seeking immediate medical assistance among those with high risk factor levels.

Health care utilization among individuals who die by suicide as compared to the general population: a population-based register study in Sweden

BackgroundGlobally, 700 000 people die every year by suicide. Health care consultation patterns the period before suicide could be one potential way to identify people at risk for suicide. Therefore, this study examines health care patterns up to one year prior to the suicide by age, sex and prior diagnoses and specifically investigates if and how this differs from the general population of Skåne, Sweden.MethodsThis cohort study includes all individuals, aged 15 and older, that died by suicide in Region Skåne, Sweden from 2004 to 2015 (n = 1653). The individuals were identified through the Cause of death register and then linked to the Skåne healthcare register. Health care data was analyzed as proportions consulting different types of health care the month and year preceding the suicide, we also investigated the impact of age, sex and the occurrence of prior psychiatric and pain diagnoses. Additionally, we compared the proportion of consulting care among the suicide victims and the general population of Skåne.ResultsIn the month before their death, 53% of the suicide victims had any health care consultation, compared with 20% in the general population of Skåne, a given month (p < 0.0001). The corresponding figures for the year prior to suicide was 86% among those who died by suicide, compared to 69% in the general population of Skåne, a given year (p < 0.0001). Women, and those having a documented history of psychiatric diagnosis were more likely to have health care consultations in the month and year preceding suicide (p < 0.001), compared to men and suicide victims without a history of psychiatric disease. Older adults that died by suicide, were less likely to consult psychiatric care compared to the younger suicide victims (p < 0.001).ConclusionA majority of the suicide victims consulted health care in the near time before death and the proportion of seeking health care was significantly higher than in the general population of Skåne and higher among female suicide victims as compared to males. Alternative preventive screening measures should be considered for individuals consulting health care, especially for older people and individuals outside the psychiatric care.

Evaluation of Psychiatric Counseling for Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 in a University-Affiliated General Hospital in Tehran, Iran

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with a number of psychiatric problems in patients; however, mental healthcare in these patients does not appear to be adequate. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the extent of psychological care provided to COVID-19 patients admitted to the hospital and the most common reasons for psychiatric counseling. Methods: This study examined the electronic medical records of all COVID-19-positive patients admitted to Rasoul-e-Akram hospital in Tehran, Iran, within April 1 and September 30, 2020 (approximately 2200 cases). Results: Psychiatric consultation was requested for 5.45% of admitted patients with COVID-19 diagnosis based on a positive real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. More than half of those who received psychiatric counseling had a previous psychiatric disorder. The most common reason for requesting psychiatric counseling in patients with a previous psychiatric disorder was the patient’s evaluation and management; the most common reason in patients without a psychiatric disorder was agitation and lack of cooperation. The most common diagnosis in patients with a positive history of psychiatric disorder was bipolar disorders (33.9%), followed by opioid use disorder (29%). Adjustment disorder (54%) and delirium (26%) were the most common diagnoses in patients without a history of psychiatric disease. Conclusions: The current study showed that psychiatric counseling in COVID-19 patients was limited to a small number, including those with a positive history of psychiatric illnesses and prominent psychiatric symptoms.

Duration of the untreated period affects bone mineral density in psychiatric patients requiring long-term hospitalization: A cross-sectional study.

Osteoporosis and bone fractures occur often on psychiatric wards. Although recent studies showed that bone mineral density (BMD) decreases in psychiatric patients, many risk factors remain unknown. This study aimed to explore the risk factors for decreased BMD in long-term psychiatric inpatients in a closed ward. A cross-sectional study of psychiatric inpatients hospitalized for over 20 weeks was conducted. Patients were divided into three groups according to BMD: normal, osteopenia, and osteoporosis. Psychiatric symptoms were assessed using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). The relevant history of psychiatric diseases was collected, and biomarkers related to osteoporosis were measured. Univariable and multivariable ordinal logistic regression analyses were performed to identify variables significantly associated with BMD category. Additional analyses evaluated the associations between an identified clinical variable and biomarkers and psychiatric symptoms that may be related to osteoporosis. Seventy-one patients (28 normal BMD, 17 osteopenia, and 26 osteoporosis) participated in the study. The multivariable ordinal logistic analysis showed that the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) was a risk factor (odds ratio = 0.77, 95% confidence interval: 0.63-0.91, p = 0.006), adjusting for the major confounders of sex and age. Additional analysis showed significant differences in BPRS, BPRS Negative Symptom score, and the Cu/Zn ratio between the short-DUP group (DUP ≤ 1 year) and the long-DUP group (DUP > 1 year). The DUP may affect BMD in long-term psychiatric inpatients, presumably partly through increased severity of negative symptoms and micronutrient abnormalities. Shortening the untreated period might reduce the risk of osteoporosis.

Factors Related to Neuropathic Pain following Lower Extremity Amputation.

Lower extremity amputations are common, and postoperative neuropathic pain (phantom limb pain or symptomatic neuroma) is frequently reported. The use of active treatment of the nerve end has been shown to reduce pain but requires additional resources and should therefore be performed primarily in high-risk patients. The aim of this study was to identify the factors associated with the development of neuropathic pain following above-the-knee amputation, knee disarticulation, or below-the-knee amputation. Retrospectively, 1565 patients with an average follow-up of 4.3 years who underwent a primary above-the-knee amputation, knee disarticulation, or below-the-knee amputation were identified. Amputation levels for above-the-knee amputations and knee disarticulations were combined as proximal amputation level, with below-the-knee amputations being performed in 61 percent of patients. The primary outcome was neuropathic pain (i.e., phantom limb pain or symptomatic neuroma) based on medical chart review. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify independent factors associated with neuropathic pain. Postoperative neuropathic pain was present in 584 patients (37 percent), with phantom limb pain occurring in 34 percent of patients and symptomatic neuromas occurring in 3.8 percent of patients. Proximal amputation level, normal creatinine levels, and a history of psychiatric disease were associated with neuropathic pain. Diabetes, hypothyroidism, and older age were associated with lower odds of developing neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain following lower extremity amputation is common. Factors influencing nerve regeneration, either increasing (proximal amputations and younger age) or decreasing (diabetes, hypothyroidism, and chronic kidney disease) it, play a role in the development of postamputation neuropathic pain. Risk, III.

Post-traumatic stress disorder prevalence and sleep quality in fire victims and rescue workers in southern Brazil: a cross-sectional study

ObjectivesThis survey was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the sleep quality in victims and rescue team of the third deadliest nightclub fire in the world. Study designA cross-sectional study. MethodsParticipants were victims and rescue workers exposed to a fire at a nightclub, which occurred in January 2013 in Southern Brazil. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), composed of seven subjective sleep variables (including daytime dysfunction), and PTSD Checklist – Civilian version (PCL-C) were applied to all people who sought medical attention at the local reference center in the first year after the event. Comprehensive information was obtained concerning sociodemographic factors, health status, and sleep complaints. ResultsA total of 370 individuals, 190 victims and 180 rescue workers, were included. Participants were 70% male, with an average age of 29 years. The prevalence of PTSD was 31.9%, ranging from 24.4% for rescue workers to 38.9% for victims. The prevalence of poor sleep quality was 65.9%, ranging from 56.1% for rescue workers to 75.3% for victims. Most of the participants with PTSD (91.5%) had PSQI scores >5 (poor sleepers), against 54.0% of the non-PTSD individuals. All seven PSQI subscores showed significant differences between PTSD and non-PTSD individuals, especially daytime dysfunction. Sex, shift work, previous psychiatric disease, and sleep quality remained associated with PTSD in adjusted models, with a prevalence ratio (95% CI) of 1.76 (1.28–2.43) in females, 1.73 (1.17–2.55) in shift workers, 1.36 (1.03–1.80) in individuals with psychiatric disease history, and 5.42 (2.55–11.52) in poor sleepers. ConclusionsThe presence of daytime dysfunction increased by at least tenfold the prevalence of PTSD in this sample. Considering that daytime dysfunction was shown to be strongly associated with PTSD, sleep-related issues should be addressed in the assessment of individuals exposed to traumatic events, both victims and rescuers. Factors like shift work and female sex were also associated with PTSD, especially among victims.

Asymptomatic COVID-19 Infection Induced First Episode Psychosis: A Case Series

Aims: We presented 3 similar cases of 1st episode psychosis that occurred after Corona Virus Disease -2019 (COVID-19) infection which we treated at our institute’s on going post-COVID-19 mental health clinic, to provide more evidence to the existing literature and to describe whether an asymptomatic COVID-19 infection can also induce psychosis in previously healthy individuals and tried to elaborate the probable etiology and nature of the psychotic symptoms.&#x0D; Presentation of the Cases: All the 3 cases had COVID-19 infection, few days before their psychotic symptoms started for the 1st time. They didn’t have any history of regular substance or medication use that are known to induce psychosis or any previous history of psychiatric disease or family history of psychiatric disease, without any abnormality in physical examinations and laboratory investigations. All the cases had history of stress which were not overwhelming (except the 3rd case) and were mostly related to COVID-19 infection and pandemic associated social and financial stress. 1st case (54 years, married male) developed delusion of persecution, delusion of reference, 2nd and 3rd person auditory hallucinations, 2nd case (61 years, widower male) developed delusion of persecution, 2nd person auditory hallucination (commanding type), disinhibited behaviour (disrobing in public) and the 3rd case (32 years, unmarried male) developed delusion of persecution and delusional misidentification (Intermetamorphosis). All of them responded well to commonly used antipsychotics within 4 weeks that prompted a diagnosis of Acute and Transient Psychotic disorder according to ICD-10 criteria.&#x0D; Discussion: This study points out that even an asymptomatic COVID-19 can induce psychosis for the first time in life, where the etiology most probably is the direct effect of the virus itself on brain or the COVID-19 and pandemic related stress which is supported by the fact that factors like family history of psychiatric disease, substance use or medication use or any comorbidity that can induce psychosis were also absent. The psychopathological findings were persecutory delusion and auditory hallucinations with one case having Intermetamorphosis phenomenon which is a rare finding and perhaps a novel finding in post-COVID-19 Psychosis.&#x0D; Conclusion: All COVID-19 infected individuals should be screened early for appearance of any symptom that raises the suspicion of psychosis. Large studies are needed to ascertain the etiology of post-COVID-19 psychosis.

Paternal and maternal psychiatric disorders associated with offspring autism spectrum disorders: A case-control study

A family history of psychiatric diseases was suggested as one risk factor for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Our aim was to assess the association of paternal and maternal diagnosis of psychiatric disorders with the risk of ASD in offspring in Taiwan. We conducted a population-based case-control study. Using several linked national databases, we obtained 1,000,939 singleton birth records born between 2004 and 2008. We followed these children up to 2015 for cases of ASD, using diagnostic codes in the National Health Insurance databases. There were 8,933 ASD cases and each case was matched to ten controls by sex and year of birth. We extracted their parental diagnosis of psychiatric disorders and performed conditional logistic regression models to assess the association of interest. Our sample included 8,933 cases and 89,330 controls. Eighty-six percent of the sample were boys. After adjustment for parental age, family income, and urbanization, we found that parental psychiatric diseases were significantly associated with ASD, including schizophrenic and psychotic disorders, mood, anxiety and personality disorders, with adjusted odds ratios ranging from 1.32 to 2.39. Notably, the effect estimates were all larger for maternal diagnosis than paternal diagnosis when stratified by mothers or fathers. Cases of ASD are more likely to be born to parents with psychiatric disorders than their counterparts. Maternal psychiatric diagnosis seems to have a larger influence than paternal diagnosis. Both genetics and maternal environmental factors may contribute to the association observed between parental psychiatric diseases and child ASD.

Depressive Illness in Patients with Eye Disease, A Hidden Entity

Purpose: To determine the frequency of depressive illness in patients presenting with ocular complaints. Study Design: Observational cross sectional study, Place and Duration of Study: Watim Medical College, Rawat, Rawalpindi, from October 2021 to November 2021. Methods: All the patients presenting with ocular diseases and visiting were included in the study. Patients were asked to complete an Urdu translated version of patient health questionnaire (PHQ 9). Inclusion criteria was patients more than 40 years of age, with ocular complaints and either gender. Patients with age less than 40 years, mentally and physically handicapped, having a previous history of psychiatric disease, deaf and mute, any terminal, chronic or debilitating ocular or systemic disease were excluded. The results were analyzed and expressed with descriptive data in frequencies and the numerical data in average and standard deviations. Chi square test of significance was applied taking p value of less than 0.05 as significant. Results: A total of 537 patients (43.95% males and 56.05% females) were included. 60.71% of the participants were suffering from moderate to severe depression. Among them 12.1% had moderately severe and 16.76% had severe depression. More females (19.55%) suffered from depression which required treatment than males (9.31%). Conclusion: Significant number of patients presenting with ocular complaints suffered from depression, which can affect or may be effected by the underlying ocular disease. The ophthalmologists should be aware of the entity and should take into account while treating the ocular disease. Key Words: Eye, Depression, Dry eye disease

Levels and Predictors of Anxiety and Depression in Turkish Pregnant Woman During the Covid-19 Pandemic.

In addition to being a medical phenomenon, pandemics affect the individual and society on several levels and lead to disruptions. In the pandemic process, different groups in the population, including pregnant women as a defenseless group, are subjected to psychological threat. The present study aimed to determine the levels of anxiety and depression and related factors in pregnant women during the the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic. The present cross-sectional study was conducted with 269 pregnant women through face-to-face interviews held in Istanbul, Turkey. Regarding the data collection tools, the Cronbach α reliability coefficient was of 0.90 for the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and of 0.85 for the Beck Depression Inventory. Among the participating pregnant women, 30.5% had mild, 17.5% had moderate, and 5.9% had severe anxiety symptoms, whereas 35.3% had mild, 16.7% had moderate, and 2.2% had severe depression symptoms. We found that those who were concerned about their health had 5.36 times (p = 0.04) more risk of developing anxiety, and 4.82 times (p = 0.01) more risk of developing depression than those who were not concerned. Those who had a history of psychiatric disease had 3.92 times (p = 0.02) more risk of developing anxiety than those without it. We determined that about half of the pregnant women included in the study had some degree of anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic. The risk factors for anxiety and depression among the pregnant women were determined as smoking, concerns about health and getting infected with the coronavirus, history of psychiatric disease, and undergoing regular antenatal care.