History Of Political Institutions Research Articles

Democratic Revolution or Coup D’etat: Government of Fan Noli in Albania

The aim of this paper is to study closely the political developments of June 1924 in Albania to bring convincing facts, that the priest Fan Noli, did not come to power in a democratic way as formulated in the text of the History of State and Law in Albania, but with a coup d’etat, which interrupted the democratic and institutional processes that began with the establishment of all powers of the rule of law by the National Assembly of Lushnja in January 1920. The descriptive and comparative method was used in this study to understand the evolution of institutional culture since the founding of the state. The historical method of well-known sociologists and political scientists, Max Weber, David Easton, and Norberto Bobbio, it was worth looking at the political system as a set of institutions and political processes, in mutual interdependence, arising from free democratic elections. The study hypothesis is confirmed through the analysis of historical variables provided by archival sources and publications and memoirs of serious authors, domestic as well as foreign. The study results bring to the conclusion that the history of political institutions must be written with scientific objectivity, according to the Latin maxim, history is the teacher of Leibniz's life and method, that the present is full of the past, and charged with the future.
 
 Received: 7 September 2022 / Accepted: 24 December 2022 / Published: 5 January 2023

A political-institutional history of the Stellenbosch University physical education department, 1936–1939

This article unpacks the political-institutional origins of the Physical Education (presently Sport Science) Department at Stellenbosch University, South Africa. The article begins with a definition of institutional history and an explanation of the obstacles for creating debates on institutional culture. In order to overcome these obstacles, the author mapped a methodology that moved away from managerial history writing that previous historians had employed when they tried to make sense of the department’s past. This methodology helps scholars to uncover the links between institutional culture and politics at the department. The article concludes with intervention suggestions for disrupting the vestiges of previous oppressive political-institutional cultures that may still linger at the Stellenbosch University Sport Science Department.

A Historical Study of Political System Reform in the Tang and Song Dynasties

Abstract The theory of Tang and Song reform proposed by Naitō Torajirō, commonly known as Naitō Konan at the beginning of the twentieth century, not only is a perspective on the differences between the Tang and Song institutions but, to a large extent, also formed the research model on the history of the Song-dynasty system in Japanese research on the history of political institutions. Since the 1990s, the topic of Tang and Song reform was introduced to China, but it did not bring any new ideas to the study of Chinese history, nor did it promote reflection on previous research ideas or methods. The historical transformation in the Tang and Song dynasties is, indeed, worthy of attention from historians, but it needs to be done by combining the discussion of Tang and Song reform with the study of political institutional history, avoiding the various existing paradigms in theories on Tang and Song reforms. We must expand the research horizon, placing importance on the restoration of historical reality and referring to the perspectives of “change” and “continuity” rationally, thus allowing for a true breakthrough in Tang and Song historical studies.

Institutional Political Developments from the Assembly of Durres to the Congress of Lushnja

There are several historical studies on the Congress of Durrës and Congress of Lushnja, but in my opinion further studies should be conducted on the history of political institutions and their political organizing operators as well as their inhibitors. On July 29, 1913 the Great powers declared Albania a Hereditary and Sovereign Autonomous Principality. At the Peace Conference in 1919, Clemenceau and Lloyd defended the thesis of "inability of Albanians to Self Government" and offered the solution of sharing the governance responsibility between Yugoslavia and Italy to implement the Secret Treaty of London on 26 April 1915. The Congress of Durres was held after the conclusion of the First World War. It was led by Mehmet Konica and Myfit Libohova. Delegates elected the interim government and the delegation for representing Albania at the Peace Conference in Paris. The Congress of Lushnja came as an illuminating meteor in the dark and hopeless institutional environment. Its development destroyed the anti-Albanian political intrigues. After they toppled the government of Durres by voting against it, the congress delegates established all the powers of the state, according to the principles of Montesquieu. Through several transparent procedures they established "National Council", "Supreme Council" and the Cabinet. The evidence and acts sources of law served as the legal basis. Influenced by Sami Frashëri they intertwined the historical tradition with the modern political philosophy of constitutional law of Kelzen. The Congress, after re-established the institutions, de jure abolished the international acts that violated the sovereignty and the state became Western-oriented. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2016.v5n2p187

Trust, Sociability, and Stock Market Participation*

This article investigates the importance of both trust and sociability for stock market participation and for differences in stockholding across Europe. We estimate significant effects for the two, and find that sociability can partly balance the discouragement effect on stockholding induced by low regional prevailing trust. We test for exogeneity of trust and sociability indicators using variation in history of political institutions and in frequency of contacts with grandchildren, respectively. Moreover, the effect of trust is stronger in countries with limited participation and low average trust, offering an explanation for the remarkably low stockholding rates of the wealthy living therein.

Trust, Sociability and Stock Market Participation

This paper investigates the importance of both trust and sociability for stock market participation and for differences in stockholding across Europe. We estimate significant effects for the two, and find that sociability can partly balance the discouragement effect on stockholding induced by low regional prevailing trust. We test for exogeneity of trust and sociability indicators using variation in history of political institutions and in frequency of contacts with grandchildren, respectively. Moreover, the effect of trust is stronger in countries with limited participation and low average trust, offering an explanation for the remarkably low stockholding rates of the wealthy living therein.

The Practice of Tradition in the Writing of Custom, or Chinese Marriage from Li to Su

��� Rites, Writing, and the Study of Popular Culture As scholars of Chinese culture and society, we tend to take for granted the importance of rites in the flow of Chinese life. In Chinese thought, the concept of Ii has been an object of ongoing interpretation and debate, especially in Confucian intellectual circles. Likewise, there appears to be no lack of descriptive or prescriptive information about the nature of rites in the religious and political realm as well. While the orthodox canons and traditions in Buddhism and Taoism speak for themselves, Chinese textual accounts of the nature and history of political institutions are rarely complete without a preface protocol. For the anthropologist or folklorist on the ground, the other hand, working primarily with local traditions, the physical reality of activity is a tangible one that has been objectively observed, described and understood in its own terms. Thus between these various poles of scholarly authority the subject of Chinese rites, there already appears to exist an inexhaustible wealth of knowledge about the practice of rites at both the literate and popular level. Given such specialized resources for the study ofritual, scholars have paid little attention to popular guides to practice, or what can be generically referred to as etiquette (li-i pien-shu).1 As their title suggests, they are quite literally books of convenience for the practice of etiquette, usually for domestic rites like weddings and funerals. These etiquette handbooks are sometimes entitled chia-li (family ritual ) or This paper is the result of preliminary work local etiquette handbooks done with the support of the Chinese Popular Culture Project, University of California, Berkeley, and a National Science Council (Taiwan) project. The author regrets not having access to two recent works by Patricia Ebrey, namely her annotated translation of Chu Hsi's Chia-li and a companion volume, Family Rituals in Imperial China: A Social History of Writing About Rites, until after the writing of the manuscript. 1TlIeSe handbooks correspond closely to what Hayes 1985:81 calls handbooks of family and social practice.

Sui-T’ang Studies in Japan in 1991

T'ang Studies 10-11 (1992-93) Sui-T'ang Studies in Japan in 1991 * FURUHATA TORU il1mfrrt Translated by John Lee ST. MARY'S UNIVERSITY, HAliFAX, NOVA SCOTIA About sixty studies were reviewed for this summary. This is somewhat fewer than normal, but I felt as though it was even fewer than it was. One reason is that nearly a third of the studies published last year were on literature. Another reason is the relative absence of work by established scholars who have led the way in Sui-T'ang history in recent years. This absence was, to be sure, accidental, owing to a lack of publication of joint research projects or Festschriften . On the other hand, it is the case that a significant number of scholars were devoting their time last year to writing contributions for various Festschriften. In light of this, the popular trend in publishing Festschriften perhaps needs to be restrained, especially in the field of East Asian history, where there are far fewer practitioners than, say, in Japanese history. The time may have come for us to rethink accustomed practices. The decline in the number of published studies may also have something to do with university reforms, which are currently underway on many campuses. Again, a significant number of scholars are being forced to devote their time to administrative concerns because of this. At any rate, 1991 was a year dominated by so-called "younger scholars," and thanks to this fact, recent research trends were perhaps also more clearly manifested . I should like to elaborate briefly on this point at the end of my survey of the achievements in various areas. Law, Institutions. We must first mention in this area the two publications of Nakamura Hiroichi: Studies on T'ang Edicts (T6dai seichoku kenkya) and Studies on T'ang Official Documents (T6dai kanmonjo kenkyii). Both books consist of revised versions of papers on the topic of T'ang official documents, which the author has pub- ""Originally published in Shigaku zasshi 101.5 (1992), 206-12. Furuhata Toru teaches at Kanazawa University. 185 Lee: S2 Summary 1991 lished over more than ten years. Parts of both books, including the introductions, were newly written for the occasion. As Nakamura himself admits in the introductions, the significance of research on T' ang official documents, which he has pioneered, does not lie in providing historians with another form of aid. It is, instead, an achievement in political-institutional history, through which we can approach the entire institutional framework of the T'ang. Since many of the original papers appeared in rather obscure journals, the significance of these two volumes cannot be exaggerated. I shall leave detailed description of their contents to separate reviews, but here I will point out that at least the introductions, where the purpose of the research is explained, along with the descriptions of the types of documents and of research history, deserve to be read by every student of T'ang history. Let us move on now to individual articles. The following were published on the Iii-ling ~~ system: Yuasa Yukihiko, "The T'ang Administrative Code and the Yoro Code" (Torei to Yororyo), Chiigoku : shakai to bunka tp !i'l : U it C )( 1t. 6; Sakagami Yasutoshi, "The T'ang Statutes and the Edicts Outside the Statutes of the T'ang Quoted in the Ryono shiigei ~~~¥" (Ryono shiigei ni in'yosareta To no kaku, kakugochoku ni tsuite), Shien §E l~ 128; Nakamura Hiroichi, "Mistaken Characters and Omitted Characters in the Fragments of the Articles on Official Forms of the T'ang Administrative Code Discovered at Tun-huang" (Tonka hakken no To kOshkireizankan no goji to datsuji ni tsuite), Kyiiko m ti 19. Yuasa's article attempts to prove that, unlike its Japanese counterpart , the T' ang administrative code lacked articles on officials' furlough and on schools; the author points out the mistakes and misunderstandings in Niida Noboru's Collected Fragments of the T'ang Administrative Code (Torei shui n!f ~ ~ m). In doing so, Yuasa challenges us to reconsider what has been the common wisdom since Niida. His conclusions are still difficult to accept, however. For example, Yuasa claims that the sectional titles of the...

Past and Present Trends in Research on Latin American Politics, 1950-1980

It has been almost two decades since trends in research on Latin American politics were measured in any systematic way. The early profile of the state of Latin American research in political science developed by Peter Ranis showed that Mexico, Brazil, and Chile “receive about one-third of all political science research attention.” Less than 1 percent of political science research was devoted to Honduras, El Salvador, Haiti, and Nicaragua. The subjects that received the most attention in the 1960s were interest groups (the military, students, and the church), the history of political institutions, and the nature of political, economic, and social change.

A history of political institutions in Japan. By Ishii Ryōsuke. pp. x, 172, 4 pl. Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press, 1980.

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A History of Political Institutions in Japan.

A History of Political Institutions in Japan.

The Constitutional State of the Nineteenth Century: An Elementary Conceptual Portrait

Many sociologists are currently interested in the contemporary impact of state activities upon the social process at large; but in coming to terms with this topic are hampered by decades of neglect of the state as a topic in standard sociological literature. In forming an elementary institutional picture of the modern state, they can gain from some acquaintance with literature in the fields of public law and the history of political institutions. Utilizing some of this literature, the author draws a conceptual protrait of the nineteenth-century state (to be used as a baseline for work on contemporary state/society relations) focused on the following topics: the plurality of states and the meaning of sovereignty; the unitary nature of the state; some of its specifically `modern' institutional traits; its relation to law; some modalities and issues of the political process in the nineteenth-century state.

The Caucus and Democracy in Colonial Boston

IN the history of political institutions, New England is famous for two inventions: the town meeting, the purest form of democratic local government since the Greek polis, and the Boston Caucus, America's first urban political machine which, expanded and modified, became the ancestor of modern party conventions and organization. In general, both historians and New Englanders have ignored the curious, implicit contradiction between the democratic practices of the town meeting in early Boston and the secretive, exclusive, notso-democratic control exercised by the Caucus during the colonial period. Such an oversight about the Caucus and democracy is easy to understand. Conclusive evidence about early Boston politics is sadly lacking, mainly because such activities are usually carried on by conversation in the proverbial smoke-filled rooms rather than by writing. Colonists also feared factionalism, and the members of a faction took great pains to subdue any hints or accusations of privately manipulating public decisions. Historians, therefore, must rely on meager written evidence, circumstantial elements, patterns of clues, educated guesses, and frankly speculative hypotheses in their attempts to illustrate the origins, membership, and operations of the Caucus. Today, it is taken for granted that relatively restrictive leadership and organization are necessary complements of democratic politics, but it is by no means certain why this is so or how this seemingly antithetical conjunction of interests began in the Caucus' control of the town meeting. Still, the historian must at least attempt to answer such questions about the Caucus as: Did it exist? When? Who was in it? How did it operate? And, most important, how did it affect democratic practices in colonial Boston?

Traveling Exhibitions of Contemporary Art

AbstractOne advantage that the study of literature has over the study of art is that actual examples are nearly always accessible to the student. To make an analytical or historical study of lyric verse is a very practical program, for printing is so cheap and its results so uniform that the material difficulties are negligible. In the case of art, however, the examples to be studied are often unique and in a fixed location so that a good deal of time and money is required if they are to be studied at first hand Even in the case of contemporary art, where living artists are producing works which at any rate reflect the actual aesthetic impulses of the day, it is not easy to obtain really representative material for purposes of instruction and appreciation. Too often the college student who takes a course in art history, along with other liberal and scientific studies, leaves with an impression that art history is not radically different in kind from the history of political institutions or of literary evolution. Half-tone reproductions, the size of postage stamps, misleading color pages, lantern slides of uniform dimensions, and photographs without any distinction of colors, are the customary material with which the lectures and required reading are illustrated. The student feels that real art is either thousands of miles away from him or all enclosed in the official and artificial galleries of the museum. If this situation is to be alleviated, if the student is to leave college with the idea that art can be a permanent interest, and not merely data to be remembered until an examination has been passed and then dismissed from the mind, works of art must be brought directly to him.