History Of Philosophy Research Articles

A continuidade entre os métodos formais e informais de demonstração na filosofia

O papel da lógica na filosofia é fundamentalmente metodológico já que é fazendo uso das diferentes estruturas de demonstração que teses filosóficas são estabelecidas. Por isso, no contexto da prática filosófica, a lógica deve ser tomada seu sentido mais largo, abarcando tanto a lógica formal quanto a informal. Dada a variação das formas de demonstração na filosofia e dado, portanto, o uso metodológico que a filosofia faz da lógica, argumento que, neste sentido, há uma continuidade entre os métodos formais e informais de demonstração. Para mostrar esta continuidade, partirei da noção fundamental de inferência lógica para estabelecer os critérios de diferenciação entre o formal e o informal, e reconstruirei brevemente a história filosófica da lógica para mostrar suas transformações e seu distanciamento progressivo do lugar metodológico na filosofia.Finalmente, considerando a literatura recente sobre lógica formal e informal, aponto os problemas relativos à suas diferenças e, partindo do reconhecimento de que lógica cumpre um papel metodológico na filosofia, argumento que a lógica formal e informal são práticas que estão em continuidade e se beneficiam mutuamente. No que diz respeito ao modo como a lógica informal se beneficia da lógica formal, o artigo investigará as vantagens e limitações em se tomar os sistemas de dedução natural como instrumento de análise de demonstrações em linguagem natural. No que diz respeito aos modos como a lógica formal pode se beneficiar da lógica informal, procuraremos mostrar que avanços na lógica formal decorrem, além dos esforços de formalização de provas informais, de uma análise informal das estratégias de cálculo e dos princípios segundos os quais uma certa linguagem lógica opera.

A Case for a Philosophical History of Psychology: An Interview with Saulo de Freitas Araujo at the Centenary of the Death of Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920)

On the occasion of the centenary of Wilhelm Wundt’s death (1832–1920), we had a conversation with Saulo de Freitas Araujo on the works and influence of the German author. After a brief introduction, the conversation begins with a reflection on the aims and objectives of Araujo’s work on the history and philosophy of Wundt’s psychology. A philosophical approach to the history of science and of psychology is then described. After considering the social and intellectual context of the revival of Wundt scholarship during the 1970s, Wundt’s philosophical and psychological project is discussed. The conversation ends with general reflections on Wundt’s legacy to recent and contemporary psychology.

EARLY ANCIENT PHILOSOPHERS: the beginning of European philosophical thought on the margins

The article is devoted to the analysis of some trends in modern world antiquity and the re-actualization of issues that have methodological and ethical significance for researchers in this field. The essay is aimed not so much at building a broad argument for the "defense" of early ancient philosophers but at (re) actualizing those questions that should be answered by a historian of philosophy, translator, antiquarian, or more broadly - a researcher related to this field. . The author questions the place of the legacy of early ancient philosophers in the history of philosophy, as well as the ethics of "ranking" of more or less important philosophical doctrines. If we turn to the question of assessing (less) the value of the philosopher on the historical background, it remains open. It needs to be discussed soon because, without its clarification, there are no plans for translations and selection of authors for translation and research work in general. Areas will be unsystematic. Simultaneously, the birth of ancient philosophical thought ab initio is interesting precisely in its diversity, in the assortment of currents and approaches, in the pluralism of expressed ideas, because that is why almost every modern philosophical thesis can be justified with the help of an ancient heritage. After all, it is on such principles that specific steps can be outlined for building antiquity as a branch of Ukrainian science. That is why the author emphasizes the need for professional discussion of a range of issues that are basic for historical and philosophical science, which could clarify both the ethical dimension of the researcher and/or translator and the methodological direction of these studies, as well as affect the methodology of the thesaurus—key philosophical terms in Ukrainian. Addressing the origins of European philosophical thought is an urgent need of the Ukrainian community of philosophers because, without this field of research, the academic field cannot be complete.

Psychology qua psychoanalysis in Argentina: Some historical origins of a philosophical problem (1942-1964).

Contemporary Argentinian psychology has a unique characteristic: it is identified with psychoanalysis. Nonpsychoanalytic theories and therapies are difficult to find. In addition, there is an overt antiscientific attitude within many psychology programs. How should this be explained? In this paper, we claim that a philosophical history of psychology can shed new light on the development of Argentinian psychology by showing that early Argentinian psychoanalysts held positions in the newborn psychology programs and a distinctive stance toward scientific research in general and psychology in particular. In the absence of an explicit and articulate philosophical position, psychoanalysts developed an implicit meta-theory that helped shape the context that led to the institutionalization and professionalization of psychology in Argentina. Although we do not establish or even suggest a monocausal link between their ideas and the current state of Argentinian psychology, we do claim that their impact should be explored. Finally, we discuss some limitations of our study and suggest future complementary investigations.

Plato and the Academy (Philodemus’ “History of the Academic Philosophers”)

The paper offers a Russian translation of the portion of the “History of the philosophers” by Philodemus, available in two Herculaneum papyri (PHerc. 1021 and PHerc. 164), which deals with the history of the foundation of the Athenian Academy and the biography of its founder. This important source, introduced and extensively commented in the article, allows highlighting the most interesting details of Plato’s life and political pursuits both in Athens and in Sicily. The biographical details discussed are reconstructed on the basis of the earliest evidence, including the Platonic letters, the works of the students of Aristotle Aristoxenus and Dicaearchus, the platonic philosopher Heraclides of Pontus, the Hellenistic historian Neanthes (who’s information ultimately comes back to Isocrates), and some others. This gives the biography of Plato and the earliest history of Academy more credence.

История философии не как философия: как читать древнекитайский текст

This article presents a philosophical and methodological remark on the paper of A. Krushinskiy “Subject, Space, Time: How to Read Ancient Chinese Text” at the Round Table on the project “Geography of Rationality” (Moscow, RAS Institute of Philosophy, March 31, 2020), which gives an alternative explanation for the appearance of translations and studies of unsatisfactory quality in modern Russian sinology. A. Krushinskiy attributes this to the fact that authors of these unsatisfactory works do not take into account the specifics of reading ancient Chinese texts, namely, ignoring the methodological theory of V. Spirin according to which ancient Chinese texts reveal additional semantic content, if read nonlinearly. The present article points that this is not due to ignoring the particular methodological achievements of V. Spirin, but because of the general methodological attitudes of authors writing about ancient Chinese philosophy. The article distinguishes three types of general methodological attitudes: “sophistic” (when material from the history of philosophy is used for the author’s self-realization), “philosophical” (when material from the history of philosophy is used to solve a particular philosophical problem) and “historical” (when the description of material from the history of philosophy is the end in itself). It also shows methodological differences between these types that affect the style and methodology of scholars. The article pays special attention to the description of the general regulatory principles of the historian of philosophy, i.e. 1) accuracy in ‘modernization’, ‘actualization’ and ‘comparative method’; 2) moderation in ‘universalizations’ and ‘author’s interpretations’; 3) distinction between ‘subjects’ of historical philosophical material (author/s, text, tradition); 4) special attention to contradictions and uncertainties in it; and 4) understanding that for a historian of philosophy ‘true” is ‘admissible’. It is concluded that problems with translations and studies of unsatisfactory quality arise mainly when authors consciously or unconsciously confuse these three general methodological attitudes in their texts and thereby mislead readers.

Respect Without Recognition: A Critique of the OCSTA’s “Respecting Difference” Policy

In 2012, a provincial bill amended the Ontario Education Act to provide more focused measures to eliminate bullying on the basis of sexual orientation. Bill 13 specifically requires that students be allowed to establish gay-straight alliances (GSAs), including in the publicly-funded Catholic school system. The Ontario Catholic School Trustees’ Association responded by proposing an alternative policy, called “Respecting Difference,” on the grounds that GSAs run contrary to Catholic teaching. Respect is a complex ethical notion with a long philosophical history. Through an overview of what philosophers from different traditions (including Kant, Buber, Levinas, Hegel, and Rawls) have said about respect, it becomes apparent that the kind of respect that is due to all persons requires recognition, or a willingness to accept the other as a self-identifying subject who is irreducible to my experience. In its discussion of LGBT students, the OCSTA fails to accord them such recognition, even while it emphasizes the meaning of difference. Consequently, there is reason to conclude that it does not truly respect sexual minority students and that it is not fully committed to eradicating homophobia-based bullying in the Catholic school system. “Respecting Difference” declines to heed best evidence about the factors that actually protect LGBT students from bullying, and uses the guidelines for “Respecting Difference” groups as an opportunity to reinforce its pathologization of LGBT identity itself.

Republication of: Philosophy Rediscovered: Exploring the Connections Between Teaching Philosophies, Educational Philosophies, and Philosophy

Teaching philosophy statements reflect our personal values, connect us to those with shared values in the larger teaching community, and inform our classroom practices. In this article, we explore the often-overlooked foundations of teaching philosophies, specifically philosophy and historical educational philosophies. We review three elements of pure philosophy and five seminal educational philosophies to help readers ground their personal philosophies in both a theoretical and historical context. We illustrate how core elements of one’s teaching philosophy can influence course design and the classroom environment. We suggest that teachers can develop greater authenticity in the classroom by deepening their understanding of their own philosophical ideas and beliefs.

Republication of: Finding Our Roots: An Exercise For Creating a Personal Teaching Philosophy Statement

Teaching philosophy statements clarify why we do what we do in the classroom, and the process of drafting a philosophy offers an opportunity for developmental reflection. Personal teaching philosophies can be grounded in the shared foundation of historical educational philosophies. The authors offer here for facilitators a reflective card-sort exercise that helps surface the philosophical roots of personal teaching philosophies and helps teachers create or renew a teaching philosophy statement. They explain the exercise activities and typical outcomes based on their experiences facilitating the exercise. The authors conclude with insights and considerations for facilitators.

Epistemically flawless false beliefs

A starting point for the sort of alethic epistemological approach that dominates both historical and contemporary western philosophy is that epistemic norms, standards, or ideals are to be characterized by appeal to some kind of substantively normative relationship between belief and truth. Accordingly, the alethic epistemologist maintains that false beliefs are necessarily defective, imperfect, or flawed, at least from the epistemic perspective. In this paper, I develop an action-oriented alternative to the alethic approach, an alternative that is inspired by and jives with the kind of thinking that underwrites promising and increasingly popular enactive or embodied research programs in cognitive science. Moreover, I argue that the proponent of an action-oriented epistemological approach ought to deny that falsity, in and of itself, necessarily constitutes a kind of epistemic imperfection in belief. The action-oriented epistemologist ought to embrace the possibility that there are epistemically flawless false beliefs.

Nietzsche, da história dos sentimentos morais à genealogia da moral

Objetiva-se, nesse artigo, analisar a articulação entre a filosofia histórica praticada por Nietzsche a partir de 1876 e a genealogia da moral. Para isso, almeja-se destacar como o filósofo passa da tarefa de analisar a história dos sentimentos morais, própria de Humano, demasiado humano, para aquela que leva a colocar o valor dos valores (ou seja, a própria moral) em xeque, em Para a genealogia da moral. Trata-se, afinal, de analisar a importância da relação entre vida e obra em vista de identificar os seus resultados: uma valorização das experiências individuais e a afirmação da inocência.

Transformation of the Spread of the Manunggaling Kawula lan Gusti Concept in Javanese Society from the 16th Century AD to the 21st Century AD

The Manunggaling Kawula lan Gusti concept was found in Serat Nawa Ruci in the Middle Ages of Java in the 16th Century AD and was re-transformed into the New Javanese era in Dewa Ruci Fiber, Cabolek Fiber, Malaya Syeh Fiber until the 20th century AD in Fiber Sastra Jendra (Literature Aji Endra) which is still used today. Over five centuries, the concept experienced distortion of meaning far from the purpose and purpose of its writing. This study was analyzed using the theoretical basis of the R. G. Collingwood Historical Philosophy aimed to find out the development of Sufism in Java, the transformation of the spread of the concept in several Islamic Javanese texts derived from the Nawa Ruci Fiber, and its interpretation in the Fiber of Jendra's Literature. using historical research methods with heuristic steps, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The manuscripts used obtained from utilizing manuscripts as a result of philological research or translation that have never been studied by others. This research found that in Indonesia, Sufi propagators of Islam in Java preached by combining local traditions with Islam, which led to the birth of Javanese Sufism.

НАРИС «ФІЛОСОФІЯ У ЧЕХІВ» ГУСТАВА ЗАБИ:

Ця робота присвячена аналізові змісту написаного у 1889 р. нарису «Філософія у чехів» за авторством Густава Заби – доктора філософії, професора Карлового університету. На прикладі окремих творів чеських філософів розкрито зміст чеської філософської традиції та її вияв у розвиткові суспільної думки в Чехії. Стаття є продовженням досліджень проблем історії філософії слов’янських народів із позицій сучасного їх прочитання. Проблематика і колізії становлення чеської філософії є, по суті, науковою цілиною, однак доносять до сучасного історика філософії необхідний історіографічний матеріал і увиразнюють персональний внесок чеських мислителів, утілений у їхніх творах, у скарбницю європейської духовної культури.

Introduction: Spinoza Today

The title of this issue, ‘Spinoza Today’, takes up a question central to Genevieve Lloyd’s substantial oeuvre, whether she is writing about feminist philosophy or historical philosophers and moveme...

Hamka Sebagai Sejarawan: Kajian Metodologi Sejarah terhadap Karya Hamka

<em>Hamka was a contemporary Indonesian Islamic figure who was involved in many fields. He wrote hundreds of books on various topics of study, philosophy, interpretation, history, customs and culture, literature, and others. When mentioning the name Hamka, then he was an ulama, while his roles in other fields are a little blurred. One of them is a depiction of the figure of Hamka as a historian. Some researchers recognize and acknowledge it as part of a historical researcher, some even study his historical philosophy, while for others give the view that he is not a historian. There are several characteristics and types of historians themselves, including professional historians, historians of other fields, and amateur historians or so-called community historians. The purpose of this paper is to uncover the methods employed by Hamka in writing his historical-themed works by looking at the intellectual socio-historical life. Through this study, it can be concluded that Hamka is included in the class of community historians because there is no formal academic history in his study. However, the various steps he went through in the writing process and his teaching experience are proof that Hamka is a historian.</em><strong><em> </em></strong>

Martin Heidegger’s Black Notebooks: Existential History and Metapolitics

Philosophers actively discuss Black Notebooks – Martin Heidegger’s philosophical notebooks. Their publication opened for researchers a new field in the concept of existential history. The Notebooks are a good example of how closely related philosophical thought and the political atmosphere of time can be. Heidegger witnessed events that caused him to be confused. He had certain ideas about the reorganization of a German university, the formation of “aristocracy of spirit,” which is why he became involved in the National Socialist Party. Of course, this period of his activity and work should be carefully analyzed by many historians of philosophy in order to have a broad and well-founded idea of the motives of one of the most influential thinkers of the 20 th century, to realize the degree of solidarity with the policy of the Nazi party, and, most importantly, to grasp philosophical content in politically biased texts of those years. History knows examples when a philosopher, in his desire to influence reality, collaborated with government, but such collaboration hardly ever turned fruitful for his philosophical research. The article contains an analysis of Heidegger’s text as well as a review of contemporary discussion on the Black Notebooks . The author gives his assessment of the evolution of the political and philosophical views of Heidegger from 1931 to 1948. It can be concluded that Heidegger was never the ideologist of the Third Reich and his works must be considered primarily as the result of a philosophical comprehension of the events taken place in the world, in the country, in the academic sphere.

Reception and influence in the history of philosophy: an approach to the problem

Investigation into the theme of receptions and influences is one of traditional topics in the historiography of national philosophies. This article analyses the models of reception and influence used by Ukrainian historians of philosophy: the model of “influence without reception” (А. Tykholaz), the model of “studying philosophy” (D. Tschizewskij) and the model of “reception without influence” (V. Horskyi). Resting upon works by J.-L. Viellard-Baron and P. Hadot, the author tried to argue that: а) the place that reception studies occupies in historiography as well as understanding of its phenomenon is traditionally dictated by the perception of the historic-philosophical process, the genre of the historiography of philosophy and specific historiographic attitudes; b) reception is a complex phenomenon, which has totally different configurations and meanings in different periods of the history of philosophy and cannot be put into one formula; c) the application of obvious formulas from the contemporary vision of receptions in separate historical contexts can verify or objection of the originality or even the existence of separate philosophical traditions; d) through the reflection on the phenomenon of reception in all of its complexity it possible to reveal some aspects, research into which notably corrects our perception of the history of philosophy; e) the popular over the past decades idea of the history of philosophy as dialogue among philosophers is a challenge for the historiography, though it can have a positive effect on historic-philosophical research as well as on historic-philosophical discourse in general. Particularly, the research into reception and using dialogue as a regulatory idea can influence the international circulation of ideas and contribute to turning it into “rational dialogue”, promoted by P. Bourdieu.

From the history of Kyiv philosophical periodicals in the early 20th century: the ideas of Western European philosophy on the pages of the “Khristianskaya mysl’” journal (1916–1917)

The article considers such a largely unknown page in the philosophical history of Kyiv in the early 20th century as philosophical periodicals. The researcher proposed a new approach to the analysis – representing each journal not as a source for studying the work of one or another author, but as a separate, integral phenomenon, a certain type of philosophical discourse. Although there were no special philosophical periodicals in Kyiv at that time, she put forward the idea of the specifics of philosophical publications on the pages of particular journals – “Universitetskie izvestia”, “Trudy Kievskoi dukhovnoi akademii”, “Khristianskaya mysl’”. The author proved it using philosophical articles devoted to the ideas of Western European philosophy in the “Khristianskaya mysl’” journal (1916–1917). Firstly, she characterized the features that distinguished the journal from other periodicals: 1) its authors were united not by belonging to a certain academic institution, but by the commonality of the Orthodox worldview; 2) it had a scientific and educational character, i.e. it was intended for both professional and amateur philosophers. Secondly, the author noted the characteristic features of the analysis of Western European philosophy in “Khristianskaya mysl’”. She demonstrated that both the choice of topics and the perspective of the study were not determined by the purely academic interests of the authors of the articles, but by their understanding of the threat of certain ideas to both religious consciousness and the humanistic paradigm. In particular, she showed that such an approach was characteristic: 1) for criticizing certain types of science materialism (monastic philosophy of E. Haeckel, anti-metaphysical project of L. Boltzmann) as an attempt to replace religion and as a tool for opposing science and religion; 2) for criticizing the anti-humanism of secular philosophical anthropology, based on the postulates of classical rationalism, and substantiating Christian anthropology as its alternative.

Analysing the commercial development of Australian rugby utilising financial reporting

The purpose of this paper is to explore the financial growth and development of the governing body of Rugby Union in Australia, now known as Rugby Australia. In doing so, the research observes Rugby Australia’s transformation from a small amateur organisation into a multi-million dollar enterprise. The study examines 39 years of annual financial reporting from which four key operational phases were identified. Through this analysis the exponential growth of the organisation is quantified. Correspondingly, the composition of the organisation’s specific revenue items was shown to have shifted significantly over the four phases. Furthermore, the changing accounting treatment of revenue line items within the financial reporting provides qualitative insight into the organisation’s historical philosophy toward individual revenue streams. The study contributes to an emerging field of sport research which utilises financial documents as a primary method to explore organisational performance and development. This offers new empirical insights into the transformation of sport into a sophisticated commercial industry. In doing so, it addresses academic calls for greater adoption of quantitative financial methods to explore both sport history and sport management.

Miskawayh’s Philosophy of History in the Light of Tajarib al-Umam

This writing seeks to discuss and interpret Miskawayh’s philosophy of history as may be perceived in the section on contemporary history of the Tajarib al-Umam that tell the history of Buyid era in his work. As a historian of medieval Islam, Miskawayh did not clearly expound his philosophy of history in the works of Tajarib al-Umam. Employing textual interpretation and analysis method comprehensively and partially, this writing seeks to construct Miskawayh’s philosophy of history in the light of Tajarib al-Umam. The results of this analysis and interpretation show that the section on Miskawayh’s contemporary history is considered important for the philosophy of history as constructed by Miskawayh. There are three forms of historical development and stages in the section, i.e. formation and stability, weakness and restoration apart from brilliant achievement. These three forms and stages characterise the semi-cyclical concept history in Miskawayh’s philosophy of history. This concept indicates that Miskawayh was among the earlier Muslim historian who pioneered the cyclical form of philosophy of history and he thus preceded other Muslim historians such as Ibn Khaldun.