History Of Norway Research Articles

Access to colorectal cancer screening for Pakistani immigrants in Norway – a qualitative study

BackgroundThe Norwegian colorectal cancer (CRC) screening program started in May 2022. Inequalities in CRC screening participation are a challenge, and we expect that certain groups, such as immigrants, are at risk of non-participation. Prior to the start of the national screening program, a pilot study showed lower participation rates in CRC screening among immigrants from Pakistan. These immigrants are a populous group with a long history in Norway and yet have a relatively low participation rate also in other cancer screening programs. The purpose of this study was to identify and explore perspectives and factors influencing CRC screening participation among immigrants from Pakistan in Norway.Materials and methodsIn this study we used a qualitative study design and conducted 12 individual interviews with Pakistani immigrants aged between 50 and 65 years. The participants varied in terms of gender, age, education, work, residence time in Norway and familiarity with the Norwegian language and culture. We performed thematic analysis with health literacy as a theoretical framework to understand Pakistani immigrants’ perspectives on CRC screening.ResultsWe identified four main themes: Health-related knowledge, the health care system, screening, and social factors. Within these themes we identified several factors that affect Pakistani immigrants’ accessibility to CRC screening. These factors included knowledge of the causes and development of cancer, sources of health-related information, the general practitioner’s role, understanding of screening and the intention behind it, language skills and religious beliefs.ConclusionThere are many factors influencing Pakistani immigrants’ decision of participation in CRC screening. The roles of the general practitioner and adult children are particularly important. Key elements to improve accessibility to CRC screening and enable informed participation for Pakistani immigrants are measures that improve personal and organizational health literacy.

The Short-Term Price Elasticity, Temperature Elasticity, and Wind Speed Elasticity of Electricity: A Case Study from Norway

Energy production using hydropower has a 150-year history in Norway. High mountains, lots of rain, and a well-developed technology laid the foundation for low and stable electricity prices. The Norwegian electricity market is unique and different from any other country. Nearly all electricity produced (98.3 percent) comes from renewable energy sources and 75 percent of the energy used for heating is electricity. From autumn 2020, major changes have been observed in the electricity market in Norway. In 2021, Norway opened two transmission cables, one to Germany and one to England. Both cables have a capacity of 1400 MW. The average price per MWh was NOK 263 in southern Norway in the period 2013–2020, which more than quadrupled to NOK 1192 per MWh in the period 2021–2023. We have investigated how the market reacted to the large price increase. We found that price elasticity is low even when the price is very high. It is the temperature that controls the consumption. When it is cold—below zero degrees Celcius—the temperature elasticity is close to zero; the temperature elasticity is not constant. When the temperature is above zero, the temperature elasticity is about −0.7. Price variations or changes in wind speed only lead to minor adjustments in electricity consumption. It is the variations in temperature that result in the observable fluctuations in electricity consumption. Since Norway exports electricity to Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, and England, knowledge of the Norwegian electricity market is relevant for many market participants. The Norwegian electricity market differs from those in other countries. Therefore, there is a risk that conclusions drawn about the Norwegian electricity market based on research conducted in other countries may be incorrect or inaccurate. Our contribution with this case study is to deepen the knowledge of how the electricity market in Norway operates.

"Business Ethics in Norway: History of Business Ethics in Norway and Guidelines of Council on Ethics for the Government Pension Fund Global "

The aim of this paper is to present business ethics as practiced in Norway. Based on an article published in 1959, a vision of business ethics history in Norway under the rise of industrialism is described. Subsequently, the role of the Council on Ethics for the Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global (GPFG) is explained and its guidelines are presented. Aiming to obtain an overview of business ethics in Norway during both industrial and modern era and understand how views have changed during the time, a comparison is conducted.

Which Is the Most Cost-efficient Alternative, a New Build or the Rehabilitation of a Cultural Heritage Site?

Given the choice between the rehabilitation of a cultural heritage site and a new build, recent history in Norway shows that the new build is often chosen, with the justification of cost efficiency.
 This paper compares approaches to cultural heritage sites from a property development and a protection of cultural heritage point of view to test this judgment. These two professional fields overlap and need to cooperate. Thus, a closer look at their similarities and differences should provide valuable insights.
 This paper applies a case-study method to a large country estate building at a NATO air base in need of office space. The building has legal protection at the national level. Costs are calculated for three scenarios for new offices: rehabilitation of the protected building, a new build, and renting. All alternatives include legally mandated maintenance of the protected building, as the same public body carries out both tasks.
 Of the three alternatives, the new build and renting were the most expensive over a thirty-year time span. Rehabilitation was the most economical. These findings indicate that owners of protected buildings should investigate possibilities to activate such buildings, due to not only their cultural heritage values, but also their economic potential.

Christian Michelsen and his Role in the Norwegian History

The article analyzes the place and role of the figure of the Norwegian politician Christian Michelsen in the history of Norway. In 1905, the Swedish-Norwegian union was unilaterally dissolved by the Norwegian government. The accumulated contradictions between Sweden and Norway over the previous years led to an extreme aggravation of relations between the two countries. The events of 1905, rapidly succeeding each other, required the Norwegian authorities to quickly adapt and make the same swift decisions in sometimes uncertain and full of anxiety and doubt situations. The Prime Minister of Norway in 1905, Ch. Michelsen, received the status of a national leader and hero even during his time in power. The author sets himself the task of revealing the degree of influence of the personality of the Norwegian politician on the course of historical events at the indicated time. As sources, materials from the Russian archives were used, as well as publications of documents from the Storting and verbatim abstracts of the Karlstad Conference. Based on the source and historiographic, it is concluded that, due to a number of personal qualities, the figure of Michelsen largely met the needs of the time, and he undoubtedly had a strong influence on the political line chosen by the Norwegian authorities. However, it is doubtful that Michelsen followed a well-thought-out plan of action that determined the development of history.

Norse-Gaelic Contacts in a Viking World: Studies in the Literature and History of Norway, Iceland, Ireland, and the Isle of Man

Norse-Gaelic Contacts in a Viking World: Studies in the Literature and History of Norway, Iceland, Ireland, and the Isle of Man

The invasive forest pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus boosts mortality and triggers niche replacement of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior)

Determining the impacts of invasive pathogens on tree mortality and growth is a difficult task, in particular in the case of species occurring naturally at low frequencies in mixed stands. In this study, we quantify such effects by comparing national forest inventory data collected before and after pathogen invasion. In Norway, Fraxinus excelsior is a minor species representing less than 1% of the trees in the forests and being attacked by the invasive pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus since 2006. By studying deviations between inventories, we estimated a 74% higher-than-expected average ash mortality and a 13% slower-than-expected growth of the surviving ash trees, indicating a lack of compensation by the remaining ash. We could confidently assign mortality and growth losses to ash dieback as no mortality or growth shifts were observed for co-occurring tree species in the same plots. The mortality comparisons also show regional patterns with higher mortality in areas with the longest disease history in Norway. Considering that ash is currently mostly growing in mixed forests and that no signs of compensation were observed by the surviving ash trees, a significant habitat loss and niche replacement could be anticipated in the mid-term.

Colmán Etchingham, Jón Viðar Sigurðsson, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, and Elizabeth Ashman Rowe.Norse-Gaelic Contacts in a Viking World: Studies in the Literature and History of Norway, Iceland, Ireland, and the Isle of Man

Colmán Etchingham, Jón Viðar Sigurðsson, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, and Elizabeth Ashman Rowe.<i>Norse-Gaelic Contacts in a Viking World: Studies in the Literature and History of Norway, Iceland, Ireland, and the Isle of Man</i>

Dugnad: A Fact and a Narrative of Norwegian Prosocial Behavior.

Evolved mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity, which are evolutionary processes in their own right, enable species to respond adaptively to their environments. The Scandinavian countries, and Norway in particular, have for many years scored exceptionally high on lists of life quality, economic indicators, and measures of happiness. We propose that learning prosocial and cooperative behavior, which is central in a particular Norwegian cultural practice, dugnad, plays a role in the country's success story. Dugnad is a Norwegian term for a type of voluntary work carried out as a community or collective and traditionally involving a social gathering. Dugnad has a long history in Norway, and it is a well-established cultural practice that has led to and still maintains significant social benefits. Dugnad is arranged in virtually all communities such as kindergartens, neighborhoods, schools, and organizations. Participation in dugnad gatherings is generally expected. Children from a young age are involved in dugnad. Dugnad activities are based on cooperation and can include anything from arranging a spring cleaning in the local community to building a club house for your children's sports club. This paper discusses dugnad as a cultural practice that creates an environment that nurtures prosocial and cooperative activities. From a behavior analytic, selectionist perspective, we propose a non-domain-specific learning mechanism for dugnad-typical prosocial and cooperative behavior analogous to the phylogenetic evolutionary mechanism of group selection. Contingencies can lead to and maintain dugnad activities when extended behavioral patterns are selected as wholes.

Biographical Introduction, Summary of Contents (Danish original), Summary of Contents (German edition) and Summary of Contents (English edition)

The seventh volume in the series consists of extracts from Erich Pontoppidan's Natural History of Norway, originally published in Danish in 1752 and soon followed by a German (1753) and an English edition (1755). All three editions are included, with extracts covering Pontoppidan's treatment of the aurora borealis and closely related subjects. They are introduced by a biographical essay and summaries of contents by Per Pippin Aspaas from UiT The Arctic University of Norway.

Natural History of Norway (1755)

The file is a facsimile of extracts from the first English edition of Pontoppidan's Norges Naturlige Historie (Natural History of Norway, 1755), covering the description of the aurora borealis in this work. For a detailed summary of contents, see the introduction by Per Pippin Aspaas, pp. 16-20.

Social History in Norway in the 1970s and Beyond: Evolution and Professionalisation

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Reflections from a Hybrid Scholar

In this paper, I reflect on my journey towards becoming a sport historian. I show how I find myself caught in the middle between sport history, sport management, and sport for development and peace (SDP), and how I essentially view myself as an SDP scholar. The paper further illustrate how I perceive the position of sport history in Norway, and argue that in order for sport history to grow or even continue as a subject in the Norwegian sport educations, we, the Norwegian sport historians, need to step up our game in terms of research and recruitment.

Sports – Nation – Television: The cultural dimension of the Listed Events history in Norway

The European Union revised its Television Without Frontiers directive in 1997. One significant catalyst for this change was that the liberalization of the television market led to a situation in which big, national sporting events more and more often were transmitted on television channels with limited coverage. The Listed Events initiative is an attempt to address this situation. This article studies the history of the Listed Events initiatives in Norway from 2000, and seeks, through an investigation of the presentations and discussions of the list proposals, to understand how the lists are connected to Norwegian culture and history. Ultimately, it is a question of national sporting events’ place in public service television in the 21st century.

From painful places to commemorative landscapes: Utøya in Norway

Landscape can play a powerful role in commemorative sites, but this role is often neglected. In Norway, an important discussion about commemorative sites started because of the significant events that took place in July 2011: the bombing of the Government Headquarters in Oslo and the subsequent massacre on Utøya island. This article contributes to the discussion from a landscape architectural perspective. It links cases from recent history in Norway to the current development of Utøya. Commemorative sites are related to collective memory and are therefore dependent on local culture and identity. The historical cases reflect the significance of landscapes, and show different options for development over time in the processes of creating commemorative landscapes. A broader landscape approach differs from the thinking with respect to traditional monuments. It is essential to allow time to pass: with a longer time horizon, the commemorative site leads from a painful moment to historical experiences.

Sustainable Development in Norway on the example of Government Pension Fund Global

This article is an attempt to assess the functioning of the Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global in relation to the degree of implementation of the concept’s objectives of sustainable development. The aim of the article apart from this assessment is to determine significance and the benefits of the concept to the Fund and the country. To apply the hypothetical-deductive method. The concept of sustainable development has a relatively long history in Norway. Sustainable development is not just a dead regulation, but a way of thinking Norwegians. Social awareness of balance need causes of naturalness of reconciling the economic, social and environmental interest in economy. On the one hand, Fund acting within state structures, is the implementing tool of sustainable development policy. On the other, the Fund uses assumptions of the concept to achieve sustainable economic benefits. Maturity sustainable activities of the Fund contributes to the achievement of competitive advantage among other funds. The Fund is the largest Government Pension Fund in the world in terms of net assets, of which the largest part of the market value is an inflow of capital from outside. Investors deposit their funds in it because they trust to management style. Due to the global character, size and geographical or investment diversification, manifestation of sustainable practices reaches to wide-spectrum of recipients. The range of message builds the Fund and country reputation that actively suggests the only one way to sustainable development.

Natures, Contexts, and Natural History

How are contexts made and narrated? This article addresses the question of how to identify relevant contexts for understanding a work of natural history, in this case The First Natural History of Norway, published in two volumes in 1752 and 1753. In addition to offering a rich and complex description of Norwegian nature, this historical work serves as an important source for investigating the ways in which nature was perceived in the kingdom of Denmark-Norway in the middle of the eighteenth century. Nature was manifold, serving as a source of aesthetic pleasure, economic gain, religious reverence, and political power. It is argued that to understand the different natures presented in this book, we need to relate them to more than one context. But how do we determine the relevant contexts? The approach explored in this article is to read the book closely in search of the specific audiences that are addressed. By focusing on the ways audiences are addressed, it is argued, we can make better historical accounts of how natures are conceived and change in relation to different contexts.

Glacial history of Norway

Abstract The Scandinavian Ice Sheet formed around 12.6 Ma and expanded considerably from 2.7 Ma. During the Weichselian the western margin reached the coast during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5d and the continental shelf during MIS 5b, MIS 4 and MIS 2. It was almost gone during MIS 5c and 5a, and was much reduced during periods of MIS 3, notably the Alesund interstadial. There was a re-advance during the Younger Dryas.

Using Different Pasts in a Similar Way: Museum Representations of National History in Norway and China

This article explores how national histories are constructed in the museums of Norway. It does so through a comparative perspective, whereby museum displays of national past in Norway are being compared to museum displays of national past in the People’s Republic of China. This will involve comparing narratives, museological approaches, rationale and purposes of museum displays in the two countries. Fieldwork research in museums in Norway and China suggests that if national pasts are obviously unique to the historical trajectories of each country, their museum renditions are structured in an intriguingly similar way. Museum displays of national pasts in Norway develop around a set of themes including myths of ancestry and descent; epics of resistance leading the embryonic nation through a dark era and towards a “Golden Age”; a core of moral and aesthetic values; notions of national modernity; and selective amnesia. I will show how similar topics can be found in museum displays of the past in Chinese museums. The comparative perspective of the analysis enables me to assess the uniqueness of museum representations of the past in Norway and at the same time to explore analogies in the museum construction of national narratives beyond the European context, through the case study of China. This will lead me to put forward the hypothesis of the coagulation, at international level, of a canon for the museum representation of national history.

The Norwegian Government Pension Fund: Moving Forward on Responsible Investing and Governance

The previous article in this Journal by Clark and Monk reviews the history of Norway’s Government Pension Fund Global. It goes on to discuss a number of issues related to the Fund’s responsible investing policies and governance practices. A specific theme in their article was the role the established ethical protocols play in relation to the Fund’s perceived legitimacy in the eyes of the Norwegian electorate. A related theme was the impact ethical practices such as excluding companies from the Fund may have on the functionality and efficiency of the Fund’s management. The Ministry of Finance itself has been reviewing these issues. Below, we set out the current status of our deliberations on these questions.