History Of Infectious Diseases Research Articles

Association of infectious disease history with wasting among Indonesian toddler in coastal areas

Background: Wasting prevalence in Indonesian toddler has been decreasing from 2013 to 2018 (12.12-10.19%), but this number remains in medium category according to WHO. Identification of risk factors by looking at infectious disease history as the cause of wasting can provide information to appropriate intervention. This research aimed to analyze the association between infectious disease history with wasting in toddler.Methods: This research was an observational analytic study with cross sectional approach, which was carried out for 6 months, from April to October 2021. The sample population was children aged 36-59 months, who lived with their mothers in the coastal areas of the Siau Tagulandang Biaro Regency, North Sulawesi Province. Sampling was done by purposive sampling to get 221 samples. Data collection using questionnaires by interview, secondary data in the maternal and child health (MCH) book, and anthropometric measurements namely body mass index by age, for wasting variables.Results: The results showed the history of infectious disease (p value =0.045; OR=3.491) and mother’s education (p value =0.025) have significant relationship with wasting among Indonesian toddler. The results of the analysis on history of exclusive breast feeding, birthweight, immunization status and father’s education, showed no significant relationship with wasting (p>0.05).Conclusions: Wasting among toddler can be prevent by controlling many factors, such as keeping them safe from infectious diseases, also ensure that every mother and mother-to-be gets a proper education.

Windswept Deformity from pseudogout. A Diagnostic Challenge of an extreme presentation, a case report.

Background: Twenty percent of the population globally is affected by musculoskeletal conditions. These conditions significantly impair mobility and dexterity. Pseudogout is similarly a debilitating disease that significantly increases morbidity and the disability adjusted life years. We report a case of pseudogout in its advanced stage, causing total joint destruction of the knees and shoulders, which manifested and presented as a windswept deformity. The Case: Our patient is a 69 year old man who complained of bilateral knee pain, shoulder pain during active flexion and an obvious knee deformity. His familial history was not significant, and there was no history of injuries, infection or congenital diseases. His knees were severely deformed, with extremely laxed collateral ligaments. Both of his shoulders had a limited range of movement with coarse crepitation on passive movement. X-ray of his knees showed a completely destroyed joint, reduced joint space, subchondral cysts and chondrocalcinosis. X-ray of his shoulder joint showed a subluxated joint, subchondral cyst and subchondral sclerosis. His joint aspirate had positive rhomboid crystals on the birefringence test, consistent with pseudogout. Joint replacement surgery is the definitive management, but the patient and caretaker were not able to afford the implants. Conclusion: We discussed the diagnosis of pseudogout in this patient and how the policies in place do not provide adequate coverage for these populations. This marginalizes those who need surgery and limits their access to affordable surgical care when needed.

The Last Nationwide Smallpox Epidemic in the Netherlands: Infectious Disease and Social Inequalities in Amsterdam, 1870–1872

AbstractThe complex relationship between the history of infectious diseases and social inequalities has recently attracted renewed attention. Smallpox has so far largely escaped this revived scholarly scrutiny, despite its century-long status as one of the deadliest and widespread of all infectious diseases. Literature has demonstrated important differences between rural and urban communities, and between cities, but has so far failed to address intra-urban disparities due to varying living conditions and disease environments. This article examines the last nationwide upsurge of smallpox in the Netherlands through the lens of Amsterdam’s 50 neighborhoods in the period 1870–72. We use a mixed methods approach combining qualitative spatial analysis and OLS regression to investigate which part of the population was affected most by this epidemic in terms of age and sex, geographic distribution across the city, and underlying sociodemographic neighborhood characteristics such as relative wealth, housing density, crude death rate, and birth rate. Our analyses reveal a significant spatial patterning of smallpox mortality that can largely be explained by the existing social environment. Lacking universal vaccination, the smallpox epidemic was not socially neutral, but laid bare some of the deep-seated social and health inequalities across the city.

Predictors of enhancing human physical attractiveness: Data from 93 countries

People across the world and throughout history have gone to great lengths to enhance their physical appearance. Evolutionary psychologists and ethologists have largely attempted to explain this phenomenon via mating preferences and strategies. Here, we test one of the most popular evolutionary hypotheses for beauty-enhancing behaviors, drawn from mating market and parasite stress perspectives, in a large cross-cultural sample. We also test hypotheses drawn from other influential and non-mutually exclusive theoretical frameworks, from biosocial role theory to a cultural media perspective. Survey data from 93,158 human participants across 93 countries provide evidence that behaviors such as applying makeup or using other cosmetics, hair grooming, clothing style, caring for body hygiene, and exercising or following a specific diet for the specific purpose of improving ones physical attractiveness, are universal. Indeed, 99% of participants reported spending >10 min a day performing beauty-enhancing behaviors. The results largely support evolutionary hypotheses: more time was spent enhancing beauty by women (almost 4 h a day, on average) than by men (3.6 h a day), by the youngest participants (and contrary to predictions, also the oldest), by those with a relatively more severe history of infectious diseases, and by participants currently dating compared to those in established relationships. The strongest predictor of attractiveness-enhancing behaviors was social media usage. Other predictors, in order of effect size, included adhering to traditional gender roles, residing in countries with less gender equality, considering oneself as highly attractive or, conversely, highly unattractive, TV watching time, higher socioeconomic status, right-wing political beliefs, a lower level of education, and personal individualistic attitudes. This study provides novel insight into universal beauty-enhancing behaviors by unifying evolutionary theory with several other complementary perspectives.

Prevalence of hs-CRP among Indians with hypertension.

The prevalence of hypertension in the early twentieth century varied in India, ranging from 2-15% in Urban India and 2-8% in Rural India. In the inter heart and inter stroke study, hypertension accounted for 17.9% and 34.6% of population attributable risk for coronary artery disease and stroke respectively. CRP appears in serum in response to a variety of inflammatory stimuli .Raised level of hs-CRP is seen with increasing with age, during an infection, inflammation, coronary artery diseases, obesity, sepsis, smoking and vasculitis. CRP is also a factor in the development of atherosclerotic plaque. Although CRP was believed to be a marker of vascular inflammation, recent research indicates that it plays an active role in atherogenesis. So in this study we measured serum hs- CRP in patients with essential hypertension and correlated with blood pressure. The study consists of 50 patients with essential hypertension with antihypertensive medications. in the age group of 40 to 60 years of both sexes and 25 normotensive subjects with no history of cardiovascular, neoplastic, hepatic, renal, infectious or auto immune disease. IHEC clearance and informed consent were obtained. hs-CRP was measured by ELISA kit. Our study showed significantly elevated serum hs-CRP level in hypertensive subjects in comparison with control subjects. To find out the relationship between physiological and biochemical parameters with CRP Pearson correlation coefficient has been applied. The level of significance has been fixed as 5% (p<0.05). SPSS15 software has been used for calculation. Our study showed significantly elevated serum hs-CRP level in hypertensive subjects in comparison with control subjects. But there is no correlation of hs-CRP level with both systolic and diastolic pressure. Several studies have shown inflammatory markers such as CRP as an independent determinant of endothelium dependent vascular function among patient with coronary heart disease (CHD) in patients with hypertension. There was no significant correlation was observed between levels of hs-CRP and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in this study but there was a significant elevation hs-CRP level was observed in hypertensive patients.

ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION AT HOME AND HISTORY OF INFECTION DISEASES AS RISK FACTORS FOR STUNTING IN TODDLERS IN DROKILO VILLAGE, KEDUNGADEM DISTRICT, BOJONEGORO REGENCY

Introduction: Stunting is one of the nutritional issues that becomes the triple burden of malnutrition and affects the world, especially in almost every nation. Indonesia is listed as the third country with the greatest stunting prevalence in the Southeast Asia/South-East Asia Regional (SEAR) areas. This study aimed to examine the connections between stunting incidence a history of infectious diseases, as well as the connections between toddlers who experience stunting events a history of infectious diseases among toddlers in Drokilo Village. Methods: This study used a case-control research design and an analytical observational approach. It involved 51 toddlers samples and included dependent variables i.e., stunting incidence and independent variables i.e., environmental sanitation at home and a history of infectious diseases. Bivariate analysis was utilized together with Chi-square test to examine the variables. Results and Discussion: Male toddlers over the age of two years frequently experienced stunting. With a p-value of 0.046, environmental sanitation at home was associated with a lower stunting incidence. With a p-value of 0.037, a history of infectious diseases was associated with higher stunting incidence. Conclusion: Environmental sanitation at home a history of infectious diseases had significant relationships with stunting incidence in toddlers. In short, these two factors may cause stunting in toddlers in Drokilo Village, Kedungadem District, Bojonegoro Regency.

Serum Levels of Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor (suPAR) Discriminate Moderate Uncontrolled from Severe Asthma

The most clinically useful concept in asthma is based on the intensity of treatment required to achieve good asthma control. Biomarkers to guide therapy are needed. To investigate the role of circulating levels of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor suPAR as a marker for asthma severity. We recruited patients evaluated at the Asthma Clinic, University of Thessaly, Greece. Asthma severity and control were defined according to the GINA strategy and Asthma Contro Test (ACT). Anthropometrics, spirometry, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), suPAR, blood cell count, c-reactive protein (CRP), and analyses of kidney and liver function were obtained. Patients with a history of inflammatory, infectious, or malignant disease or other lung disease, more than 5 pack years of smoking history, or corticosteroid therapy were excluded. We evaluated 74 asthma patients (69% female, mean age 57 ± 17 years, mean body mass index (BMI) 29 ± 6 kg/m2). In total, 24%, 13%, 6%, 5%, 29% and 23% of the participants had mild well-controlled, mild uncontrolled, moderate well-controlled, moderate uncontrolled, severe well-controlled, and severe uncontrolled asthma, respectively. Overall, 67% had T2-high asthma, 26% received biologics (15% and 85% received omalizumab and mepolizumab, respectively), and 34% had persistent airway obstruction. suPAR levels were significantly lower in asthmatics with moderate uncontrolled asthma than in patients with severe uncontrolled asthma without (2.1 ± 0.4 vs. 3.3 ± 0.7 ng/mL, p = 0.023) or with biologics (2.1 ± 0.4 vs. 3.6 ± 0.8 ng/mL, p = 0.029). No correlations were found between suPAR levels and age, BMI, T2 biomarkers, CRP, or spirometric parameters. suPAR levels were higher in asthmatics with severe disease than in those with moderate uncontrolled asthma.

Antibody Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Rickettsia spp. in a Pediatric Cohort: SFGR Remains Underdiagnosed and Underreported in El Salvador.

Spotted fever group rickettsioses (SFGR) are caused by a group of tick-borne pathogens that are increasing in incidence globally. These diseases are typically underreported and undiagnosed in low- and middle-income countries, and thus, have been classified as neglected bacterial pathogens. Countries with high poverty, low human development index score, and limited health infrastructure-like El Salvador in Central America-lack necessary surveillance for SFGR and other tick-borne pathogens. This paucity of baseline SFGR infection prevalence leaves vulnerable populations at risk of misdiagnosis. Further, tick-borne disease burdens in El Salvador are severely limited. To lay the foundation for tick-borne disease epidemiology in El Salvador, our team conducted two different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) on banked human sera samples from a cohort of approximately 1000 pediatric participants from a high-risk vector-borne disease population. Eleven percent of all tested banked pediatric sera were positive for at least one ELISA assay at the time of enrollment: 10.7% were positive for only IgM antibodies (acute SFGR infection), and 2.5% were positive for IgG antibodies (a past SFGR infection). Older, male, children enrolled during the wet season, with a household history of infectious disease and higher maternal education level had higher odds of SFGR antibodies. Additionally, children from households with domestic poultry birds and previous knowledge of other vector-borne diseases had significantly reduced odds of SFGR antibodies. The large percentage of acute SFGR infections indicates that it continues to remain an underreported and undiagnosed issue in El Salvador and the Central American region. Much is still unknown regarding the complexity of the tick, animal host, and human host ecology transmission cycle of SFGR in El Salvador.

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH STUNTING INCIDENCE IN TODDLERS AGED 24-59 MONTHS IN THE WORKING AREA OF THE JAMBULA HEALTH CENTER

ABSTRACT The health indicator that assesses the success of achievement of the SDGs is the nutritional status of children under five. Toddlers are a group that is vulnerable to malnutrition, one of which is stunting. Stunting is a condition that describes toddlers as having a body length or height that is less than their age; this condition uses a length or size that is &lt;2 SD. Stunting toddlers in the future will experience difficulties, one of which is achieving optimal physical and cognitive development. This study determines the factors associated with stunting in toddlers aged 24-59 months in the Jambula Health Center Working Area in 2022. This type of research uses a quantitative analytic design with a cross-sectional study design. The population in this study was 285 toddlers aged 24-59 months. The sample size used was 74 toddlers. The sample used a stratified random sampling method with a systematic random sampling technique. The study's results showed a relationship between a history of infectious disease (p=0.002) and the incidence of stunting. There was no relationship between LBW (p=0.463) and exclusive breastfeeding (p=0.560) with the incidence of stunting. The recommendation to mothers with toddlers under five years old is to increase awareness about toddler health, especially about the fulfillment of toddler nutrition. Mothers can prevent stunting and routinely visit health services to get early detection of toddler health.

A New Definition of the Black Death: Genetic Findings and Historical Interpretations

The field of infectious disease history has been transformed in the past decade in large part because of fortuitous developments in several adjacent fields, most importantly genetics. The medieval period (ca. 500 to ca. 1500) has proved particularly important for these developments, not simply because it is now the earliest period from which whole genomes of several bacterial and viral pathogens have been retrieved, but also because the narratives that can be constructed about disease emergence and dissemination are most robust for this period thanks to the amount of surviving archival evidence. This essay introduces the transformative work in molecular biology that has allowed reconstruction of the evolutionary histories of pathogens afflicting humankind. Plague, the disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, has been at the forefront of this new work. An extraordinarily lethal disease, plague gives a prime example of how the evolutionary narratives of genetics yield information valuable to historians, precisely because they allow us to see phenomena at a hitherto invisible microscopic level. This essay proposes a new definition of the Black Death, or more properly, the Second Plague Pandemic, which is based on a new, evolutionary understanding of the pandemic’s pathogen. However, scientific approaches are not inherently more productive of unassailable truths than are traditional humanistic or archaeological methods for the study of disease history. The complementarity of material and cultural sources is especially fruitful for work employing the perspectives of global history. Although most historiography on the late medieval pandemic has focused on Europe, whose crisis with plague did not begin until 1347, I argue that such a limited geographic definition occludes not only as much as a century and a half of plague activity, but also occludes connected events in Asia and Africa. Given the urgency of understanding pandemics in a world of rapid change, the history of plague offers us the best available model for thinking about pandemics.

The factors affecting stunting among toddlers in Ende, Indonesia

Background: Short stature in toddlers indicates chronic nutritional problems that are influenced by maternal conditions, birth weight, toddler weight, and infant diseases or other problems that indirectly affect health.Purpose: To determine the factors affecting stunting among toddlers in Ende, IndonesiaMethod: Correlational using a cross sectional approach to 155 toddlers. Purposive sampling was used to collect samples from eight sub-districts in Ende Regency. Questionnaires were distributed for data collection. In this study, bivariate analysis used chi-square test, and multivariate analysis used logistic regression.Results: Univariate analysis showed that most of the respondents (mothers of toddlers) had a history of short stature, was not at risk for gestational age, had poor nutrition, had a good level of knowledge about infant food and nutrition, had no history of infection during pregnancy, and always had antenatal care check-ups. Factors under five identified that almost all have a history of infectious diseases, have been sick in the last month, have no history of low birth weight, have complete vaccination, are not premature, and have intrauterine growth, and growth restriction. Environmental factors indicate that some respondents have clean latrines, have a distance to health facilities &lt;1 km, have clean drinking water, and are not pregnant and breastfeeding.Conclusion: Several variables have a significant relationship with stunting in such as exclusive breastfeeding, infectious diseases, drinking water quality, and distance to health facilities. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that the infectious disease variable was the dominant variable causing stunting in Ende Regency.Suggestion: Local health authority to garner cooperation from various regional bureaucracies in Ende Regency to tackle stunting in this area.

Karakteristik Baduta dan Analisis Pengembangan Aplikasi STOP STUNTING dalam Upaya Penurunan Kasus Stunting

Stunting is a chronic malnutrition problem caused by insufficient intake for a long time. There has been an increase in stunting in Indonesia, especially the prevalence of stunting under five in Jambi Province is higher than the national figure of 37.9%. The implementation of nutrition interventions has not been integrated, from the planning process to evaluation at the central, regional and village levels. As a result, the coverage and quality of various basic services is less than optimal. Therefore, this study aims to analyze application development as an effort to monitor the evaluation of health workers. The method used is a descriptive method with a survey approach, the population in this study is health workers, cadres, midwives from two pilot health centers in West Tanjab, namely Pijoan Baru Health Center and Sungai Saren Health Center with a total sampling of 18 people. The results of the study concluded that there are still a lot of data on infants and mothers that are difficult to monitor, through the STOP STUNTING application on the toddler monitoring feature added warnings (danger signs on toddler growth) (83.3%), symptoms of hyperthyroidism at birth (72.2%), data completeness of the baby at birth (77.78%), early initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding (88.89%), and cognitive development of toddlers (66.67%). In the features of pregnant women, the identity of the primary health center is needed (88.89%), participation in the class of pregnant women (66.67%), consumption of blood-added tablets (77.78%), and a history of infectious diseases of pregnant women (55.56%) , and reporting the results of the application in the form of a cohort table (88.9%).

The History of Infectious Diseases and Medicine.

From ancient times to the present, mankind has experienced many infectious diseases, which have mutually affected the development of society and medicine. In this paper, we review various historical and current infectious diseases in a five-period scheme of medical history newly proposed in this paper: (1) Classical Western medicine pioneered by Hippocrates and Galen without the concept of infectious diseases (ancient times to 15th century); (2) traditional Western medicine expanded by the publication of printed medical books and organized medical education (16th to 18th century); (3) early modern medicine transformed by scientific research, including the discovery of pathogenic bacteria (19th century); (4) late modern medicine, suppressing bacterial infectious diseases by antibiotics and elucidating DNA structure as a basis of genetics and molecular biology (20th century, prior to the 1980s); and (5) exact medicine saving human life by in vivo visualization and scientifically verified measures (after the 1990s). The historical perspectives that these five periods provide help us to appreciate ongoing medical issues, such as the present COVID-19 pandemic in particular, and remind us of the tremendous development that medicine and medical treatment have undergone over the years.

Analysis of determinant stunting primary school students in remote areas of southeast Aceh District

Southeast Aceh District has always been in the top five of the highest stunting rate in Aceh from 2013-2021, so it is necessary to know the contributing factors through children born in 2013-2015. This study aims to determine the prevalence and determinants of stunting in primary school students in grades I-II in Leuser Sub-district, Southeast Aceh. The study used a case control study design with a sample of 30 stunted children and a control of 60 children who were not stunted. This was carried out by purposive sampling with the criteria of stunting children, poor families and living in that location. Data on father/mother's education and knowledge, socioeconomic status, history of maternal pregnancy, history of child infectious diseases, child care patterns and early childhood food supplements were obtained through interviews. Measurement of student height was carried out using microtoise and then processed using WHO Anthro Plus software to determine stunting/not stunting. Statistical analysis using Odds Ratio test and Logistic Regression. The prevalence of stunting in Leuser is 32.1%. The determinants of stunting were exclusive breastfeeding OR = 8.73, knowledge of maternal health OR = 98.95, completeness of immunizations OR = 34.78, father's work factor as a unskilled laborers OR = 22.89, the incidence of diarrhoea OR = 17.9, and low birth weight OR = 0, 78. There are 1 in 3 children who are stunted in Southeast Aceh Regency and the main factors that trigger stunting in these children in the family are the mother's low level of knowledge about health, incomplete immunization of children, fathers who work as unskilled laborers, children do not receive exclusive breastfeeding and frequent children experience diarrhoea in childhood, while the condition of sanitation and drinking water consumed by the family has no effect on stunting. Children who are stunted are more common in mothers with a history of giving birth &lt;21 years and &gt;36 years.

Determinants of Stunting in Children Under Five in Rural Areas

Stunting is a major nutritional problem that will have an impact on social and economic life in society. Stunting is prone to occur in toddlers. Stunting toddlers tend to find it difficult to achieve optimal growth and development potential, both physically and psychomotor. This study is a systematic review using online databases, namely Sciencedirect, ProQuest, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The keywords used are stunting, toddlers, rural areas and their impact. The purpose of the systematic review is to analyze the factors that influence the incidence of stunting in children under five in rural areas. The results of the review show that the factors that influence the occurrence of stunting in children under five in rural areas are mother's education, family income, mother's knowledge of nutrition, exclusive breastfeeding, age of giving complementary feeding, levels of zinc and iron adequacy, history of infectious diseases. and genetic factors. However, for the mother's employment status, the number of family members, immunization status, energy adequacy level, and LBW status did not affect the occurrence of stunting. The factor that most influences the occurrence of stunting in children under five in rural areas is the level of zinc adequacy. It is recommended for the community to be active in outreach activities and other health activities carried out in order to improve health status and for mothers should routinely carry out weighing at the nearest posyandu so that the growth and development of children can be monitored and can be handled immediately if problems are found in the child's growth and development.

Seafarers on the shore: issues raised by Australian doctors treating seafarers.

Seafarers on the shore: issues raised by Australian doctors treating seafarers.

On Writing the History of Human Infectious Disease

Abstract Until recently, no historian had taken up the challenge of synthesizing the burgeoning literature on the genomics of pathogenic agents, situating the major human infectious diseases in the context of human history and attempting to evaluate their impacts. For this reason, the publication of Harper’s accomplished survey of the effects of infectious diseases on human history, Plagues Upon the Earth, is timely, needed, and most welcome.

ANALISIS FAKTOR RISIKO KEJADIAN STUNTING PADA BALITA USIA 6 BULAN – 23 BULAN DI PUSKESMAS PEKKAE KECAMATAN TANETE RILAU KABUPATEN BARRU TAHUN 2020

Stunting is ashort body condition according to the age which exceed the 2 SD (Standard Deviation) deficit below the median length standard or the height of the age. A toddler with stunting shows the existence of long-term nutritional problems or chronic nutrition that can be affected by the condition of the mother or future mother, fetal period and infancy or toddler period, including the disease suffered during infancy period. The aim of this research was to find out the risk factor of stunting to the child aged 6-23 months in working area of Pekkae health care, Tanete Rilau, Barru Regency. This research was a quantitative research with observational analytic method and crossectional design. Sampling was obtained by using purposive sampling technique. The total of sample were 98 toddlers and their mother as a respondent. The data were analyzed by using the Chi-square p0.05 in the SPSS program. The result of this research showed that there was a significant relationship between the history of complementary feeding (p-value 0.031;1.36), infectious disease (p-value 0.005;1.41), mother’s knowledge of toddler nutrition (p-value 0.031;1.36) and economic factor (p-value 0.000; 2,71) toward the stunting. There was no significant relationship between the history of exclusive breastfeeding, toddler immunization, maternal height and the mother’s last education level toward this stunting with p-value 0.005. The most dominant factor in this research was family economic factor.Keywords : toddler, stunting, history of complementary feeding, history of infectious disease, mother’s education, mother’s knowledge, family economic factor.

Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Status Gizi Balita di Desa Baumata Timur Kabupaten Kupang Tahun 2022

Nutritional status is a picture of the balance of nutritional intake that enters the body with what the body needs. The result of the balance of nutritional intake is optimal growth and development. Toddlers are an age group that is prone to nutritional problems, so toddlers really need optimal nutritional intake. Nutritional problems such as poor nutrition, malnutrition and nutrition occur more if the nutritional intake is unbalanced. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between the number of family members, household income, household expenditure, household food security, feeding patterns, energy intake and protein intake as well as a history of infectious diseases with the nutritional status of toddlers in East Baumata Village, Kupang Regency in 2022. Types of analytical survey research or quantitative research with cross-sectional research designs. The study population, namely all mothers in Posyandu who have toddlers, totaled 256 toddlers. The sample was 72 toddlers, determined by a systematic random sampling technique. Data collection with questionnaires was then carried out chi-square tests with the help of SPSS. The results showed a significant relationship between the number of family members (0.029), household income (0.008), household expenditure (0.000), household food security (0.000), feeding patterns (0.000), energy intake (0.004) and protein intake (0.001) with the nutritional status of toddlers in East Baumata Village, Kupang Regency in 2022. Meanwhile, what is not related is a history of infectious diseases (0.091). It is recommended for mothers of toddlers to increase visits to posyandu so that toddlers get health services such as weight weighing, PB/TB measurements, immunizations and mothers obtain health information that is able to support the growth and development process of toddlers.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND A HISTORY OF DIARRHEA TO THE INCIDENCE OF STUNTING IN BADUTA AGED 6-23 MONTHS

Stunting is a short or very short state that is based on height according to age. Factors that influence the occurrence of stunting consist of direct factors, indirect factors, and the root of the problem. Environmental factors are indirect factors for the incidence of stunting, where a history of infectious diseases is a link between environmental factors and stunting events. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between environmental factors and a history of diarrheal disease to the incidence of stunting in baduta aged 6-23 months in 2021 in the work area of the Ciawi Health Center, Tasikmalaya Regency. The research method used is a quantitative method with a case-control research design. The sample in this study was 102 Badura mothers consisting of 51 stunted baduta mothers and 51 non-stunted baduta mothers. The statistical test used is Chi-Square with (α) = 0.05. The results of the study found that there was a relationship between a history of diarrhea (p-value = 0.031, OR = 5.976), access to sanitation (p-value = 0.034, OR = 4.02) and access to drinking water (p-value = 0.006, OR = 4.453) with stunting events. Meanwhile, there is no relationship between access to sanitation (p-value = .1,000) and access to drinking water (p-value = 0.482) with a history of diarrhea. The conclusion of this study is that the variables associated with stunting events are a history of diarrhea, access to sanitation, and access to drinking water. Meanwhile, access to sanitation and access to drinking water is not related to a history of diarrhea. It is hoped that households can improve sewage channels so that access to sanitation is safe and drinking water sources are safe for consumption.Keywords: Stunting; Baduta; History of Diarrhea; Sanitation; Drinking Water