History Of Infectious Diseases Research Articles

The Correlation Between Infection Diseases History and Nutritional Status in Toddler

Introduction: Infection is one of the diseases that often occurs in children under five. Malnutrition is one of the causes of infection. Malnutrition and poor nutrition reduce body resistance to various diseases, especially infectious diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the infectious diseases history and children under five nutritional statuses at Integrated Healthcare Center (Posyandu) Sumur Nangka, Modung District, Bangkalan Regency.Method: This research was observational with cross sectional design. The independent variable is a history of infectious disease and the dependent variable is nutritional status in children under five. The population of this research was all children under five at Posyandu Sumur Nangka, Suwaan Village, Modung Subdistrict, with a total of 45 children with a sample size of 32 children who were selected by simple random sampling. Data collection using a questionnaire. Test data analysis using the Lambda correlation test.Results: The study results showed that 24 (75.0%) children had infectious diseases history and 8 (25.0%) children did not have. Eight (25.0%) children had good nutritional status, 22 (68.8%) children had poor nutritional status, and 2 (6.2%) children had excess nutritional status. Lamda's statistical test showed that the value of p (0.003) <α (0.05) means that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. There was a significant relationship between the infectious diseases’ history and the nutritional status of children under five.Conclusion: The infection history affects the nutritional status of children under five. Parents must monitor the health of children under five and the nutritional status of toddlers actively by monitoring nutritional intake and weighing toddlers periodically.

Special Role of Biological Courses During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Relieving Students’ Anxiety

The COVID-19 crisis is having a devastating effect on the education and training of young people by the closing of schools and universities. During COVID-9 pandemic, undergraduate students not only have to adapt to remote learning environment but also withstand huge psychological shocks and pressures, experience nervousness, fear, anxiety, depression, and other psychological problems. Therefore, teachers need to pay due attention and provide appropriate intervention. Biological courses, as important compulsory courses for bio-related disciplines and the elective courses offered to first- and second-year undergraduates, thus bear essential responsibilities. Biological courses should strengthen education on how humans have successfully overcome infectious diseases in history so as to build confidence against the pandemic, reduce students’ anxiety and fear, and establish the correct concept of protection. Teachers should also help students realize the importance of biological knowledge in the process of fighting the disease, enhance their motivation and interests of learning, and improve teaching effectiveness. Biological courses should and are possible to play a more important role to help students re-establish their confidence against COVID-19 pandemic. Keywords: COVID-19, Biological courses, Re-establish the confidence, Against pandemic. DOI: 10.7176/JEP/12-10-04 Publication date: April 30 th 2021

Denial attitude towards COVID-19 among general population in Saudi Arabia

IntroductionDuring the current crisis of COVID 19, recent studies evident that it has a huge impact on public mental health and individuals’ behavior.ObjectivesOur study aimed to estimate the prevalence of high denial attitude towards the emerging pandemic of COVID 19 among the general population of Saudi Arabia.MethodsA cross-sectional online survey was conducted from April 3, 2020 to May 5, 2020. All participants (N= 1817) were asked to complete an online questionnaire survey that included socio-demographic and other variables, and Denial Attitude Questionnaire towards COVID-19 pandemic (DAQ-COVID-19).ResultsHigh denial attitude was prevalent among 728 (40.1 %) of the participants. It was associated with old age, being married, having low educational level, working in a non-medical professions, do not have a past history of infectious diseases, spending less than one hour following COVID-19 news, satisfied with the government procedures for COVID-19, and highly depressed and anxious respondents, where p-values were 0.001, 0.019, <0.001, 0.027, <0.001, <0.001, 0.004, 0.008, and 0.026; respectively.ConclusionsAbout two out of five participants had high denial attitude. To our knowledge, the current study is the first study that tries to evaluate a high denial attitude during the initial COVID 19 outbreaks, especially in Saudi Arabia. However, further exploration in this field is needed. We suggest conducting such a study at the end of the current pandemic or in the second wave of the outbreak

COVID-19: One year together

The pandemic of COVID-19, a novel respiratory infection, has become one of the most significant events in the history of infectious diseases over the past 100 years. The article reviews the main stages in the development of a pandemic and the fight against it, the most appealing issued faced by medical science, the successes and mistakes of healthcare systems and researchers, the current state of the problem and the nearest prospects.

The Relationship between Complementary Food After Exclusive Breastfeeding, Immunization and Family Income with Stunting in Kedungrejo, Malang Regency

Stunting in Malang Regency has shown an increasing trend in the last three years: 22.9% in 2016, 28.3% in 2017 and 31.7% in 2018. Kedungrejo is one of Pakis Public Health Centre (PHC) working area which has an increasing prevalence of stunting. It was 38.2% in 2017, 53.1% in February 2018 and 81.8% in August 2018. This study aims to determine the factors related to stunting, which include complementary food after exclusive breastfeeding, immunization and family income. This case–control study included 30 two-to-five-year-old children diagnosed with stunting as the case group and 60 children in the same age group as the cases but not diagnosed with stunting and with no history of infectious diseases as the control group. Data were collected through interviews and documentation of the Mother and Child Book (Buku KIA) and analysed by Chi square test. The results showed that the majority of respondents were children aged 24–35 months (40%), male (62%), received complementary food after exclusive breastfeeding (54%), had complete immunization status (61%) and had low family income 63%. A bivariate analysis was used to show complementary feeding p = 0.017, OR= 2.98, immunization p = 0.032, OR= 2.88 and parents’ income p = 0.063, OR = 2.51.
 Keywords: stunting, complementary food after exclusive breastfeeding, immunization, family income

FACTORS OF STUNTING IN TODDLERS: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Stunting in toddlers is one of the health problems that has not been resolved globally, also in Indonesia. Stunting can be prevented by early detection based on the risk factors for the disease. The literature review aims to examine those articles and find out every risk factor for stunting in toddlers. This literature study used a scoping review method by searching through several search engines such as Google Scholar, ProQuest, PubMed, and EBSCO. After sorting the articles, there are 21 articles used in this literature study. The results of this literature study showed twenty-one risk factors for stunting in toddlers, such as exclusive breastfeeding and the initiation of early breastfeeding. A history of low birth weight, immunization, the number of family members, insufficient nutritional needs (energy, iron, protein, calcium, and zinc), colostrum, breastfeeds (age of administration, type, and frequency). The practice of washing hands, mothers' occupation, mothers knowledge, low family income, history of infectious disease, sanitation and cleanliness of the environment, parents' height, especially mothers, lack vitamin C and vitamin D also as risk factors for stunting. To conclude, stunting in toddlers was influenced by various factors which are child factors, parents, socio-economic, and environmental factors. Therefore, it is essential to consider all the factors to develop stunting early detection tools for toddlers ang health education materials.

Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian ISPA pada Balita

ISPA is an infectious disease of the upper and lower respiratory tract which is caused by the entry of microorganisms (bacteria and viruses) into the respiratory tract organs which lasts for 14 days. This study aims to determine the relationship between ventilation, type of house floor, type of fuel. for cooking, completeness of immunization and history of infectious disease against the incidence of ARI in children under five. This type of research is quantitative, using the analytical survey method with a cross-sectional approach. The research location is in the working area of the Alang-Alang Lebar Community Health Center in Palembang City with a total of 78 respondents. The primary data source was obtained by means of a questionnaire and secondary data was obtained from the profile and records of the Alang-Alang Lebar Community Health Center Palembang. Data analysis consisted of univariate and bivariate analysis using the chi square test. The results of the chi square test showed that the variables associated with the incidence of ARI in children under five were ventilation (p = 0.000 ≤ 0.05), and a history of infectious diseases (p = 0.039 ≤ 0.05). Based on the results of the study and discussion, it was concluded that there was a simultaneous relationship between ventilation and a history of infectious diseases simultaneously with the incidence of ARI in children under five in the Alang-alang Lebar Community Health Center Palembang City in 2020.

James L. A. Webb, The Guts of the Matter. A Global History of Human Waste and Infectious Intestinal Disease. (Studies in Environment and History.) Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 2020

Article James L. A. Webb, The Guts of the Matter. A Global History of Human Waste and Infectious Intestinal Disease. (Studies in Environment and History.) Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 2020 was published on February 1, 2021 in the journal Historische Zeitschrift (volume 312, issue 1).

Hygiene, Morality and the Pre-Criminal: Genealogies of Suspicion from Twentieth Century British-Occupied Egypt

The concept of the ‘pre-criminal space’ has seen increasing uncritical use in countering terrorism policy since 9/11. It is understood by critical scholars primarily as a new legal temporality that brings forward the ‘threshold of criminal responsibility’, thus allowing for pre-emptive, suspicion-based criminalisation. This has allowed for the validation of measures such as arbitrary arrest and detention, bogus trial and restrictions on liberty, and is evidenced as being applied in an Islamophobic and racialised manner to entire communities. Furthermore, in our contemporary moment of Covid-19 where the emergency tools used to regulate hygiene and infection intersect with those used in countering terrorism work, critics are increasingly concerned about the expansion and normalisation of the pre-criminal space and its use in pathologising and medicalised ways. Using archival research, this article adapts the contemporary concept of the ‘pre-criminal’ to a historical and medico-legal context. In doing so it traces how the history of infectious diseases – in particular VD – has shaped the space through slippages between hegemonic understandings of morality, hygiene, vagrancy and extremism. I show how the ‘vagrant’ nature of disease marked racialised, gendered and classed subjects as potentially infectious and immoral. Looking particularly at the regulation of sex workers in British-occupied Egypt, I conceptualise the power struggles between actors including the British administration, British abolitionist feminists and the Egyptian government as a securitisation network which infiltrated the lives of Egyptians and marked them as suspicious. I further show how the encroachment upon everyday lives was made even more possible through the implementation of martial law. In this way, I suggest that contemporary British forms of pre-criminality and risk can be understood as a latent form of coloniality present in law-making practices.

The Guts of the Matter: A Global History of Human Waste and Infectious Intestinal Disease by James L. A. Webb Jr

The Guts of the Matter: A Global History of Human Waste and Infectious Intestinal Disease by James L. A. Webb Jr

전염병 위기와 방역시스템 인식 분석 및 대응 방안

Human history can also be said to be the history of fighting against viruses. Worldwide, about 290,000 or 640,000 people die each year from influenza-related respiratory diseases. Diseases and calamities caused by viruses have so far been very close to humanity, so understanding the causes and mechanisms of viruses helps us strengthen preparedness and respond scientifically. In this context, the purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of infectious diseases in history on human society and the role they play on the quarantine system, and to find the right response and quarantine system for the sustainable survival of mankind in the face of an ever-increasing infectious disease crisis. and presents an alternative. On the other hand, it is to analyze the perception of the infectious disease crisis and the quarantine system, and to provide opinions on how to respond to the infectious disease crisis and develop the quarantine system. Therefore, this study emphasized the importance of developing the quarantine system and improving awareness of crisis by analyzing various behavioral and psychological states after the outbreak of COVID-19, from human efforts to eradicate the virus to the development of the quarantine system. They also discussed how to deal with an infectious disease crisis. For this purpose, a graph analysis method was used. The graph analysis method was used to compare and analyze the quantitative change and regularity of social phenomena in various fields by representing the situation of social phenomena in the form of statistical graphs.

Hubungan antara Frekuensi dan Durasi Diare dengan Kejadian Stunting pada Balita Usia 24-36 Bulan di Desa Kedungrejo Kecamatan Pakis

Stunting is a condition where there a disruption of growth in body length or height that not by age. A history of infectious diseases are one of the direct factors that can cause this condition. Diarrhea is an infectious disease which if occurs continuously can cause a significant decrease in fluid levels in the body, causing interference in the absorption of nutrients. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the frequency and duration of diarrhea with the incidence of stunting in children aged 24-36 months. The study used a case control design with the subjects of the case group was stunting toddlers with their mother while the control group was non-stunting toddlers with their mother in Kedungrejo village, District of Pakis with a total of 24 for each group. Data was collected by anthropometric measurements in toddlers and mothers were interviewed using a diarrhea history questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability. The bivariate analysis used Chi-Square test. The results showed that from of 48 subjects, the percentage of toddlers aged 24-36 months who had a history of frequent diarrhea frequency was 14,5% (7 children) and the percentage of toddlers who had a mean duration of long diarrhea was 33,3% (16 children). Statistical test results showed that frequency of diarrhea was not significantly related (p = 1,000) but increased the risk of stunting by 1,4 times, while the duration of diarrhea was significantly related (p = 0,030) and increased the risk of stunting by 5,0 times. It can be suggested that counseling is needed to provide information to the public about the first aid of diarrhea in toddlers as to minimize delays in treatment and reduce the risk of stunting.

Designing the Next Generation of Vaccines: Relevance for Future Pandemics.

ABSTRACTThe development of vaccines is one of the greatest medical interventions in the history of global infectious diseases and has contributed to the annual saving of at least 2 to 3 million lives worldwide. However, many diseases are not preventable through currently available vaccines, and the potential of modulating the immune response during vaccination has not been fully exploited. The first golden age of vaccines was based on the germ theory and the use of live, attenuated, inactivated pathogens or toxins. New strategies and formulations (e.g., adjuvants) with an immunomodulatory capacity to enhance the protective qualities and duration of vaccines have been incompletely exploited. These strategies can prevent disease and improve protection against infectious diseases, modulate the course of some noncommunicable diseases, and increase the immune responses of patients at a high risk of infection, such as the elderly or immunocompromised patients. In this minireview, we focus on how metabolic and epigenetic modulators can amplify and enhance the function of immunity in a given vaccine. We propose the term “amplifier” for such additives, and we pose that future vaccines will have three components: antigen, adjuvant, and amplifier.

Someday a Big Plague Will Come: Laurie Garrett’sThe Coming Plague: Newly Emerging Diseases in a World out of Balance

Someday a Big Plague Will Come: Laurie Garrett’sThe Coming Plague: Newly Emerging Diseases in a World out of Balance

Viral Vampires

Viral Vampires

Determinants of Anemia among Early Adolescent Girls in Kendari City

Background: Adolescent girls' anemia is a public health challenge. Anemia has an impact on cognitive abilities to reduce intelligence and results in adolescent achievement is down.Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the determinants of anemia in early adolescent girls in Kendari City.Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design with a sample of 97 students. Data on parental characteristics, breakfast habits, nutritional status, menstrual status, and history of infectious diseases were collected by interview using a questionnaire. Data on nutrient intake (iron, protein, vitamin C) obtained through the 2x24 hour recall method then compared to the Indonesian standard (AKG). Hemoglobin level was measured using the EasyTouch heamoglobin meter device. Data analysis was done by chi-square analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis.Results: The results showed 28.9% of adolescent girls had anemia. The results of chi-square analysis obtained that there was a relationship between the incidence of anemia on mother's education (p=0.010,), parental income (p=0.017), iron intake (p=0,000), protein intake (p=0,000), vitamin C intake (p=0.023), breakfast habits (p=0.006), menstrual status (p=0.007) and history of infection diseases (p=0,000). While the results of multiple logistic regression analysis obtained that there was a relationship between iron intake (p=0.005,OR=3.009), protein intake (p=0.007,OR=2.012), vitamin C intake (p=0.038,OR=1.167), menstrual status (p=0.002,OR=3.181) with anemia.Conclusion: The dominant determinant of anemia in early adolescent girls in Kendari City is menstrual status. It is recommended to intervene in risk factors (mother's education, parental income, iron intake, protein, vitamin C, breakfast habits, menstrual status and history of infectious disease) to reduce the prevalence of anemia among adolescent girls.

감염병의 법과 역사

감염이란 다른 사람에게 옮기는 것이다. 다른 사람이 없는 곳에 감염의 문제가 생기지 않는다. 따라서 다른 사람이 많으면 많을수록, 감염이 생기기 쉬워진다. 그렇기 때문에 도시라고 하는 사람의 유통이 격렬하고, 집중하는 장소에서, 감염의 문제가 논의되어 왔다. 본론은 이들 시각이 섞이면서, 17세기 말부터 19세기의 끝에 이르기까지 파리 안에서 어떠한 관념을 생성하고, 그것이 어떻게 법적으로 말해졌는지에 대해 역사적으로 논하는 시도였다.<BR> 우리가 지금까지 본 것은 도시에 생긴 감염문제가 사람들에게 사로잡힌 행동의 역사이다. 주변화, 격리, 위생 등이다. 죽음을 피하는 것에 삶을 증진시키는 것이 점차 덧붙여져 간 역사이다. 그것은 인간의 신체를 주변화하고 격리하는 것에 도시라는 공간을 관리하고 그 조건에 작용하는 것이 부가된 역사이다. 신체에 작용하는 것이 점차 인구나 사회에 작용하는 것으로 바뀌어 사회의 건강을 지키고 증진시키는 관점으로 바뀌어 간 역사였다.<BR> 병이라고 하는 관점에서 본다면, 개인의 것이었던 병은 점차 사회의 것으로 바뀐다. 그러한 관점에서 개인과 사회의 관계는 역전된다. 사회가 병에 걸리지 않도록 각 개인이 위생에 대한 의무를 져야 한다. 그것은 루소적인 세계이지만, 그 사회계약은 자발적인 것은 아니다. 연대주의는 태어날 때부터 귀속하는 사회에 대해서도 가지 않으면 안 되는 의무관계로서 위생법을 성립시켰던 것이다. 부르주아에 따르면 사회 연대의 위치는 경제 자유방임주의와 집단주의라는 상대되는 이론의 중간에 존재한다. 그 사이에서 맡은 역할은 자유를 배제하기는커녕 자유가 진정한 의미로 존중되고 효과적으로 발전시키는 것이다. 따라서 연대라는 관념은 자선이나 박애에 가깝고 도덕과 권리와의 관계에서 정의, 평등, 소유의 관념에 영향을 주게 된다.<BR> “사회에 사는 인간들은, 서로의 사이에 서로의 의무를 낳는다. 그 의무는 인간을 독립하고 고립된 존재라고 하며, 그 범위로만 한정하는 입장보다, 보다 넓고 복잡하다.” 사회평화를 위해서 필요한 형평의 규칙은 임의나 강제를 불문하고 조력의 끊임없는 교환을 촉진하는 것이며, 그 조력은 사회적인 의무이다. 각자는 모두에게, 사회적 부채를 가지고 있다. 그 의무나 부채는 정의라는 원리에 기초를 두고 있다.

Bacterial colonization of explanted non-endocarditis cardiac valves: evidence and characterization of the valvular microbiome.

Bacterial colonization has been already demonstrated in heart valve tissues of patients without cardiovascular infections. However, the evidence of a valvular microbiome is still scarce. The next-generation sequencing method was carried out on 34 specimens of aortic (n = 20) and mitral valves (n = 14) explanted from 34 patients having neither evidence nor history of infectious diseases, particularly infective endocarditis. While no bacteria were demonstrated using standard culture methods, bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences were found using next-generation sequencing in 15/34 (44%) cases. Escherichia coli was present in 6 specimens and was the most frequently identified bacterium. There was a trend towards a higher rate of bacterial DNA positivity in specimens of calcific valves than in those of non-calcific valves (10/17 vs 5/17, P = 0.17). Based on a quantitative test, E. coli accounted for 0.7% ± 1% in calcific valvular tissue and 0.3% ± 0.3% in non-calcific valvular tissue (P = 0.2), and for 11% ± 27% in the valvular tissue of diabetic patients and 0.3% ± 1% in the valvular tissue of non-diabetic patients (P = 0.08). Detection of bacterial DNA in non-endocarditis valvular tissues could be a relatively common finding. There could be an association between the valvular microbiome and certain models of valve degeneration and common metabolic disorders.

THE MATERNAL, SANITATION, CHILD’S INFECTIOUS DISEASE HISTORY AND DIARRHEA AMONG UNDER 5 AGE CHILDREN IN SAMPANG

Diarrhea is the second leading cause of children death in the world after pneumonia. The case managements have been increased and developed but the mortality rate due to diarrhea is still high. Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia were known as the highest case regions of diarrhea, including Indonesia as part of the developing countries. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between maternal factors, sanitation, and a history of childhood infectious diseases with the incidence of diarrhea in Sampang. The research used a cross-sectional design study with a total sampling technique. The source data was from Riskesdas 2018 by Indonesian Health Ministry and analyzed by univariate, bivariate, and multivariate. The result of multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that maternal factors: handwashing behavior (OR 4.687; 95% CI 0.473-46.469); education level (OR 1.815; 95% CI 0.108-1177), waste management (OR 4.333; 95% CI 0.509-36.011) and a history of infectious disease in children (OR 5.421; 95% CI 1.444 -20.354).

Covid-19 Transmission Dynamics During the Unlock Phase and Significance of Testing

The pandemic disease Covid-19 caused by SARS-COV-2 has established itself as the most devastating disease in the history of infectious disease, affecting 216 countries/territories across the globe. Policies like social distancing and lockdown were adopted to tackle the spreading of the disease. The disease is still not under control, but many countries have withdrawn the lockdown and going through phase-wise unlock-ing process. The removal of movement restriction causes free circulation of the disease mostly through the undetected class. The present study is an attempt to understand and estimate the possible epidemic burden during the unlock phase in the presence of the undetected class. Through a modified SEIR model, we focus our study on India and the USA, where the epidemic curve is still growing and the unlock process has started. We estimated the parameter values for both the countries using available data and used them to calculate the basic reproduction number. We also performed a global sensitivity analysis to search for the most sensitive parameters which can significantly change the dynamics of the disease. We observed that the use of repurposing drugs may further decrease the infected cases and help the disease controlling process. Our results emphasize on the implementation of 3T principles, trace, test, and treat, to contain the epidemic. The significance of large-scale testing in restricting the spread of infection during the unlock phase is evident for both India and the USA though they have different socio-economic conditions.