Human History Research Articles

Biological and Computational Studies of Hydrazone based Transition Metal(II) Complexes.

In the chronicles of human history, infectious diseases played a pivotal role, influencing societies, steering advancements in medicine, and significantly impacting the well-being of people worldwide. Consequently, in the pursuit of identifying effective combating agents for infectious ailments, the Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) complexes of N'-(4-nitrobenzylidene)benzohydrazide were synthesized in the current investigation. Numerous spectral and physical analysis were conducted to characterize the compounds which revealed octahedral stereochemistry of complexes. The anti-tuberculosis, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal investigations demonstrated that the compounds (1-5) have significant efficacy for these infectious ailments. The [Zn(L)2(H2O)2] complex (5) has comparable TB inhibition potency to streptomycin as shown by MIC value of 0.0196 ± 0.0003 µmol/mL. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal studies also revealed the comparable inhibiting property of (5) to standard drugs with significant IC50 (07.49 ± 0.08 µM) and MIC (0.0098 µmol/mL) values. Furthermore, pharmacophore modeling with addition of molecular docking, DFT, MESP, ADMET were employed against (1-5) to give a new insight in biological evaluations. The pharmacophore modeling suggested that (5) has a distinctive pharmacophoric features including cationic sites, hydrogen-bond donors and acceptors which provide valuable insights into drug design for pharmacological applications. Moreover, another in silico investigations authenticate the bioactivity of (5).

Ethnozoological Review on the Trade, Human Alimentation, and Cultural Use of Skinks (Reptilia, Scincidae)

Animals and their derivatives have been used for a wide range of purposes, including human consumption, clothing, tools, medicinal and magical-religious purposes, for most of human history, and as pets more recently. We reviewed the scientific literature and, using 134 references, provided an overview of how 400 species of skinks (23% of skink diversity) are used in the context of ethnozoology, especially as related to international and domestic trade and any cultural significance. Except for 10 species, all records of skinks involve domestic or international trade. Body weight, various activity pattern traits, and various microhabitats were found to be positive predictors of documented human use. In contrast, species found in less accessible microhabitats, such as semi-aquatic species, showed reduced odds of an ethnozoological role. A more comprehensive examination of trading patterns, cultural significance, or any other human use of skinks currently appears to be impossible, simply due to a lack of necessary information. In addition, data related to functional traits of skinks or a general understanding about the factors that influence skink usage or cultural significance are scarce or absent. We conclude that our understanding of factors that may influence human use of lizards in general and skinks in particular needs to be improved to create more effective species conservation and environmental education outcomes.

EARTHEN ART - THE CERAMIC HERITAGE OF NEOLITHIC KASHMIR

Neolithic art marks a turning point in the evolution of human culture, from roving hunter-gatherer cultures to permanent agricultural settlements. This change aided in the development of new technology, social structures, and most significantly, the advancement of art and craftsmanship. Because of its practical and ceremonial applications, pottery-making emerged as a prominent craft. This essay investigates the evolution of art throughout the Neolithic era, concentrating on the techniques, styles, and cultural significance of pottery manufacture. The art of the ceramic heritage of Neolithic Kashmir represents a significant aspect of the Kashmir's early human history, showcasing the development of pottery and earthen art from the Neolithic period. This heritage is not just a testament to the artistic skills of ancient peoples but also provides insights into their daily lives, societal structures, and interactions with the environment. Neolithic sites in Kashmir have yielded a wealth of pottery pieces, characterized by their fine finishes, intricate designs, and functional forms. These artefacts indicate a high level of craftsmanship and an understanding of ceramic technologies that were advanced for their time. The pottery often features geometric patterns, animal figures, and other motifs that may have held cultural or symbolic significance. The earthenware from Neolithic Kashmir is typically made from locally sourced clay, shaped by hand or with simple tools, and then fired in kilns or open fires to achieve durability. The variety of forms—from storage jars and cooking pots to bowls and plates - suggests a diversified use in daily activities such as food preparation, storage, and consumption. These ancient ceramics also provide evidence of trade and cultural exchange. Variations in styles and techniques between different sites within the region, and similarities with pottery found in other parts of South Asia, suggest that Neolithic communities in Kashmir were not isolated but part of a broader network of interaction. The study of Neolithic Kashmir's ceramic heritage is crucial for archaeologists and art historians as it helps reconstruct the lifestyles, technological advancements, and aesthetic sensibilities of early societies in the region. Additionally, it underscores the importance of preserving such art and skill at the archaeological sites, which face threats from environmental factors, urban development, and illicit trafficking.

COVID-19 memories young adults may share: exploring event properties and motivations for transmission

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has left an enduring mark on human history. This study investigates the intergenerational transmission of COVID-19 memories through a unique approach involving 49 participants aged 18-30. Specifically, participants were prompted to share a COVID-19 memory they would choose to transmit to their future children. Furthermore, participants provided reasons for selecting that particular memory, utilising a memory functions scale and open-ended responses. Applying Transition Theory, we examined the transitional impact, event importance, previous rehearsal, and valence of reported memories. Results revealed that 88% of memories revolve around distinctive events inducing psychological and material changes. Perceived as significant, negative, and transitional, these memories are predominantly public in nature. Predictors of event importance include previous rehearsal and psychological change. Participants share memories primarily for directive purposes, intending to inform future generations. The results imply that transitions not only organise personal memories but may also direct and shape memories for public events.

Testing Times: Disentangling Admixture Histories in Recent and Complex Demographies using ancient DNA.

Our knowledge of human evolutionary history has been greatly advanced by paleogenomics. Since the 2020s, the study of ancient DNA has increasingly focused on reconstructing the recent past. However, the accuracy of paleogenomic methods in resolving questions of historical and archaeological importance amidst the increased demographic complexity and decreased genetic differentiation remains an open question. We evaluated the performance and behavior of two commonly used methods, qpAdm and the f3-statistic, on admixture inference under a diversity of demographic models and data conditions. We performed two complementary simulation approaches - firstly exploring a wide demographic parameter space under four simple demographic models of varying complexities and configurations using branch-length data from two chromosomes - and secondly, we analyzed a model of Eurasian history composed of 59 populations using whole-genome data modified with ancient DNA conditions such as SNP ascertainment, data missingness, and pseudo-haploidization. We observe population differentiation is the primary factor driving qpAdm performance. Notably, whilst complex gene-flow histories influence which models are classified as plausible, they do not reduce overall performance. Under conditions reflective of the historical period, qpAdm most frequently identifies the true model as plausible amongst a small candidate set of closely related populations. To increase the utility for resolving fine-scaled hypotheses, we provide a heuristic for further distinguishing between candidate models that incorporates qpAdm model P-values and f3-statistics. Finally, we demonstrate a significant performance increase for qpAdm using whole-genome branch-length f2-statistics, highlighting the potential for improved demographic inference that could be achieved with future advancements in f-statistic estimations.

Ethnomedicines in the 21st century: challenges and opportunities in the contemporary world

The ethnomedicine industry inherently developed de novo in the evolutionary history of humanity to provide healthcare services. This industry has existed long before the currently preferred conventional medicine and by then was the only trusted means of healthcare to humanity. Ethnomedicine has evolved and diversified into specializations along ethnic groupings worldwide. Nevertheless, attitude towards ethnomedicine is usually polarized varying from contemptuous dismissal to romantic glorification. Rarely does one come across people with balanced views. The discussion is based on 9 issues: view of ethnoknowledge of health from the early days, discovery and development of ethnomedicines, specializations in ethnomedicines, challenges and limitations, terminologies that shape ethnomedicine industry, merits and demerits of ethnomedicines, existing opportunities and the way forward. The ethnomedicine industry, just like any other field of professionalism, was not without challenges and limitations that affected its realization of full potential. In this discussion, 24 challenges and limitations are outlined but not limited to:- lack of information on standards, safety and efficacy, capacity building of ethnopractitioners, colonialism, climate change, witchcraft, socio-politics, recognition of ethnosystems, research and biased documentation, emerging diseases and pathogens, market value-chain, in-situ and ex-situ conservation, anthropogenic activities, sources of ethnomedicines, legal frameworks, harvesting, preparation, administration and storage methods, gender issues, poor remembrance of ethnomedical knowledge, existence of quackery, sources of ethnomedicines, biopiracy and bioprospecting, lack of mechanisms for monitoring and evaluation of ethnomedicines, advancement in human evolution and civilization, biological evolution and invasive alien species, stigmatisation due to poor perceptions and attitudes about ethnomedicines and competitive supremacy amongst ethnopractitioners and conventional practitioners, have all not favoured the industry. However, the use of ethnomedicines has tremendously increased and continues to increase albeit the above challenges and limitations facing the industry. The challenges and limitations are broadly and critically discussed while outlining opportunities and giving away forward.

Long-term biotic homogenization in the East African Rift System over the last 6 million years of hominin evolution.

Eastern Africa preserves the most complete record of human evolution anywhere in the world but we have little knowledge of how long-term biogeographic dynamics in the region influenced hominin diversity and distributions. Here, we use spatial beta diversity analyses of mammal fossil records from the East African Rift System to reveal long-term biotic homogenization (increasing compositional similarity of faunas) over the last 6 Myr. Late Miocene and Pliocene faunas (~6-3 million years ago (Ma)) were largely composed of endemic species, with the shift towards biotic homogenization after ~3 Ma being driven by the loss of endemic species across functional groups and a growing number of shared grazing species. This major biogeographic transition closely tracks the regional expansion of grass-dominated ecosystems. Although grazers exhibit low beta diversity in open environments of the Early Pleistocene, the high beta diversity of Mio-Pliocene browsers and frugivores occurred in the context of extensive woody vegetation. We identify other key aspects of the Late Cenozoic biogeographic development of eastern Africa, their likely drivers and place the hominin fossil record in this context. Because hominins were undoubtedly influenced by many of the same factors as other eastern African mammals, this provides a new perspective on the links between environmental and human evolutionary histories.

Disparities in achieving SDG goal of ‘no poverty’ for developing countries: technical efficiency estimates across Asian, African and American nations

ABSTRACT Globally, people acknowledge poverty as the greatest tragedy in human history, a serious threat to sustainable living, and a barrier to the development of human capital. Realising the importance of lowering global poverty, the United Nations incorporated ‘End poverty in all its forms everywhere’ as the first of the 17 SDGs for Sustainable Development. This background motivates us to look into how different lower-middle- or lower-income countries are achieving the first SDG goal. Consequently, the study primarily investigates the efficiency of 43 lower middle- or lower-income countries in Asia, Africa, and America in reaching the SDG goal of ‘No poverty’ by using the Stochastic Production Frontier from 2019 to 2020. Concurrently, the analysis pinpoints the causes of the nation’s inefficiency in accomplishing that objective. According to the study’s findings the Korea Republic is the most efficient nation at reaching the objective of ‘No poverty.’ Guinea is the least efficient. In conjunction with inefficiency issues, the analysis demonstrates that rising CO2 emissions paradoxically promote efficiency in the battle against poverty; conversely, rising corruption increases inefficiency. Conflict significantly impedes any constructive goal, such as poverty reduction. Corruption and intentional homicides serve as proxy indicators of conflict in this context. A rise in conflict variables reduces the nation’s efficacy in lowering poverty rates. The article ends by outlining future research goals and making pertinent policy recommendations.

The slave class of Sparta City State in the fifth century B.C

One of the most important social classes of Spartan city-state society was the slaves, known as the Helots. They were the majority of the other classes. As a result of Sparta's colonialist operations, most of its population was enslaved, especially both regions of Laconian and Messenia, this class belonged to the state in terms of ownership, so they were used for many political and economic purposes and whatever heavy responsibilities were on their shoulders, on the other hand they were harshly supervised, because these were basically free people and forced As slaves, they therefore constantly tried to be free and regain their citizenship, until they carried out several rebellions and revolutions, known in human history as the Spartan Slave Revolution in the 5th century BC. This research, shed light on the characteristics of the slave class in the city-state of Sparta and the early stages of slavery in and their differences from other Social classes, then the way they were treated by the rulers of the city-state and revolted this class for their elementary rights, against the rulers of the city-state of Sparta.

The slave class of Sparta City State in the fifth century B.C

One of the most important social classes of Spartan city-state society was the slaves, known as the Helots. They were the majority of the other classes. As a result of Sparta's colonialist operations, most of its population was enslaved, especially both regions of Laconian and Messenia, this class belonged to the state in terms of ownership, so they were used for many political and economic purposes and whatever heavy responsibilities were on their shoulders, on the other hand they were harshly supervised, because these were basically free people and forced As slaves, they therefore constantly tried to be free and regain their citizenship, until they carried out several rebellions and revolutions, known in human history as the Spartan Slave Revolution in the 5th century BC. This research, shed light on the characteristics of the slave class in the city-state of Sparta and the early stages of slavery in and their differences from other Social classes, then the way they were treated by the rulers of the city-state and revolted this class for their elementary rights, against the rulers of the city-state of Sparta.

Exploring the potential of Lactocaseibacillus rhamnosus PMC203 in inducing autophagy to reduce the burden of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a lethal pathogen in human history, causes millions of deaths annually, which demands the development of new concepts of drugs. Considering this fact, earlier research has explored the anti-tuberculosis potential of a probiotic strain, Lactocaseibacillus rhamnosus PMC203, leading to a subsequent focus on the molecular mechanism involved in its effect, particularly on autophagy. In this current study, immunoblotting-based assay exhibited a remarkable expression of autophagy marker LC3-II in the PMC203 treated group compared to an untreated group. A remarkable degradation of p62 was also noticed within treated cells compared to control. Furthermore, the immunofluorescence-based assay showed significant fold change in fluorescence intensity for alexa-647-LC3 and alexa-488-LC3, whereas p62 was degraded noticeably. Moreover, lysosomal biogenesis generation was elevated significantly in terms of LAMP1 and acidic vesicular organelles. As a result, PMC203-induced autophagy played a vital role in reducing M. tuberculosis burden within the macrophages in treated groups compared to untreated group. A colony -forming unit assay also revealed a significant reduction in M. tuberculosis in the treated cells over time. Additionally, the candidate strain significantly upregulated the expression of autophagy induction and lysosomal biogenesis genes. Together, these results could enrich our current knowledge of probiotics-mediated autophagy in tuberculosis and suggest its implications for innovatively managing tuberculosis.

The strategy of traditional Chinese settlement digitization: a landscape gene information chain theory-based perspective

Traditional Chinese settlements (TCSs) embody millennia of human and cultural history, with the core culture serving as their essence. However, any damage incurred by these TCSs can result in the loss of core culture. In the era of China’s digital transformation, there has recently been a significant push toward digital reforms within TCSs. Thus, this paper introduces a traditional settlement digitalization (TSD) framework with a specific focus on enhancing the preservation of TCS landscape gene through the perspective of landscape gene information chain theory. This research uses the Nanxun traditional settlement (TS), Huzhou, Zhejiang, China, the first TS listed as a World Cultural Heritage Site in China, as a case study, extracting and identifying the area landscape gene and digital visualization status. This article identifies the landscape gene information chain of the Nanxun TS and redesigns its digital visualization and application scheme under the TSD framework. This study reveals the notion of a digital landscape gene characterized by four key attributes: identical, interactive, immersive, and intelligent. The results of this study will help guide the sustainable protection, application and planning of the Nanxun TS and promote the study of other sections of landscape gene theory. This research not only contributes to the development of landscape gene information chain theory but also provides guidance for the digital transformation of other TCSs and cultural heritage sites.

REVIVAL OF THE EVIL EMPIRE AS A THREAT TO HUMANITY

Empires are an extraordinary phenomenon in the history of mankind. The study of empires requires scientific understanding, thoughtful comparison and deep analysis. Such way of studding the comparative approach of the problem has arisen that will help us understand the nature of the emergence and disappearance of imperial formations, find answers to difficult questions: how empires grew, for what reasons some of them were powerful and others weak, why some empires disappeared and others flourished (John Hutchinson, 2017). Is there a connection between the instability of power, coups and the death of empires? And finally, what are the consequences for world development of the disappearance of imperial formations. Among the reasons for the demise of empires, researchers single out political and economic problems, social and cultural issues, and environmental challenges. The author of the article tries to explain how the Moscow Empire was formed and how the Russian Empire manages to survive despite a number of dangerous challenges. In the submitted article prof. L.Chekalenko for the first time revealed the phenomenon of "saving" the empire in historical and political dimensions. The author discovered that Russia was saved by its vassals – conquered peoples. So, the article examines the factors that support and revive imperial formations, and also makes cautious assumptions about the future scenarios of the development of events surrounding the current situation.

REVIVAL OF THE EVIL EMPIRE AS A THREAT TO HUMANITY

Empires are an extraordinary phenomenon in the history of mankind. The study of empires requires scientific understanding, thoughtful comparison and deep analysis. Such way of studding the comparative approach of the problem has arisen that will help us understand the nature of the emergence and disappearance of imperial formations, find answers to difficult questions: how empires grew, for what reasons some of them were powerful and others weak, why some empires disappeared and others flourished (John Hutchinson, 2017). Is there a connection between the instability of power, coups and the death of empires? And finally, what are the consequences for world development of the disappearance of imperial formations. Among the reasons for the demise of empires, researchers single out political and economic problems, social and cultural issues, and environmental challenges. The author of the article tries to explain how the Moscow Empire was formed and how the Russian Empire manages to survive despite a number of dangerous challenges. In the submitted article prof. L.Chekalenko for the first time revealed the phenomenon of "saving" the empire in historical and political dimensions. The author discovered that Russia was saved by its vassals – conquered peoples. So, the article examines the factors that support and revive imperial formations, and also makes cautious assumptions about the future scenarios of the development of events surrounding the current situation.

XVIII CENTURY AZERBAIJAN HISTORICAL REALITY AND LITERATURE

Throughout the entire history of mankind, literature has been a fact of the time of its creation. When we look at the issue both in a universal context and in a local one, we see approximately the same picture. Just as Homer is a fact of ancient Greece, the work of the genius Azerbaijani poet Nizami Ganjavi of the 12th century is considered to be the fact of the mighty Seljuk Empire, the state of the Atabays of Azerbaijan. Khagani Shirvani's literary heritage, dominated by rebellious and grievous motives, was a literary phenomenon caused by the state of the Shirvanshahs, the Akhsitan dynasty. The invasion of the Mongols, the invasion of Emir Timur, the period-specific manifestations of discontent against oppression and slavery, the spread of philanthropy and the phenomenon of Imadaddin Nasimi.. The work of Alishir Navai, the Uzbek-Chagatai poet and statesman of the 15th century, the author of the first “Khamsa” in Turkic, and the great Turkic culture, which was called the Timurid renaissance, were echoes of Huseyn Baygara's rule which lasted 37 years, in culture, science and literature. The establishment of the Safavid state of Azerbaijan in the XVI century and the fact that Azerbaijan remained the “metropolis and central province of the state” (Efendiyev, 2007: 11) throughout the century, the domestic and foreign policy has had a direct impact on the change of the direction of literature. The biggest event was the stabilization of the tradition of writing in the Azerbaijani language, the preference for the folk language, and the rapid development of ashug poetry. If in the literature of three centuries ago there was a palace splendor, then in the poetry of this period there is already a roar of battlefields, heroic motives surpass love poems, ashug poetry, which is closer to the people, and therefore has a lot of influence and propaganda power. The 18th century Azerbaijani literature is also a “mirror that shows the straight and the crooked” of its time. The article examines the most important events in the history of Azerbaijan of the XVIII century, their influence on the development of literature and features of their reflection in artistic works.

XVIII CENTURY AZERBAIJAN HISTORICAL REALITY AND LITERATURE

Throughout the entire history of mankind, literature has been a fact of the time of its creation. When we look at the issue both in a universal context and in a local one, we see approximately the same picture. Just as Homer is a fact of ancient Greece, the work of the genius Azerbaijani poet Nizami Ganjavi of the 12th century is considered to be the fact of the mighty Seljuk Empire, the state of the Atabays of Azerbaijan. Khagani Shirvani's literary heritage, dominated by rebellious and grievous motives, was a literary phenomenon caused by the state of the Shirvanshahs, the Akhsitan dynasty. The invasion of the Mongols, the invasion of Emir Timur, the period-specific manifestations of discontent against oppression and slavery, the spread of philanthropy and the phenomenon of Imadaddin Nasimi.. The work of Alishir Navai, the Uzbek-Chagatai poet and statesman of the 15th century, the author of the first “Khamsa” in Turkic, and the great Turkic culture, which was called the Timurid renaissance, were echoes of Huseyn Baygara's rule which lasted 37 years, in culture, science and literature. The establishment of the Safavid state of Azerbaijan in the XVI century and the fact that Azerbaijan remained the “metropolis and central province of the state” (Efendiyev, 2007: 11) throughout the century, the domestic and foreign policy has had a direct impact on the change of the direction of literature. The biggest event was the stabilization of the tradition of writing in the Azerbaijani language, the preference for the folk language, and the rapid development of ashug poetry. If in the literature of three centuries ago there was a palace splendor, then in the poetry of this period there is already a roar of battlefields, heroic motives surpass love poems, ashug poetry, which is closer to the people, and therefore has a lot of influence and propaganda power. The 18th century Azerbaijani literature is also a “mirror that shows the straight and the crooked” of its time. The article examines the most important events in the history of Azerbaijan of the XVIII century, their influence on the development of literature and features of their reflection in artistic works.

Tracing Soil Contamination from Pre-Roman Slags at the Monte Romero Archaeological Site, Southwest Spain

Soil serves as a repository of human history, preserving artifacts within its horizons. However, the presence of chemically reactive remnants, such as ancient slags, can significantly impact the surrounding soil environment. This paper addresses this scarcely explored issue by focusing on soil contamination arising from pre-Roman slag deposits at the Monte Romero archaeological site in southwest Spain, dating back to the Tartessian period (c. 7th century BC). Through the high-resolution microscopy examination of slag wastes and the trace element analysis of soil samples by ICP-OES, this study evaluated current contamination status using a multi-index approach. The results revealed markedly high levels of Pb (>5000 mg kg−1), Cu (up to 2730 mg kg−1), and As (up to 445 mg kg−1) in the soil compared to a control sample. The identification of secondary complex compounds like Cu arsenates and Pb arsenates/antimonates within slag cavities suggests post-depositional weathering processes, leading to the dispersion of potentially toxic elements into the surrounding soil. Assessments through indices of contamination and potential ecological risk highlighted severe contamination, particularly concerning Ag, Pb, Sb, Cu, and As. This study underscores the importance of addressing potential environmental hazards associated with archaeological sites hosting remnants of metal production.

Paying Tribute: Returning to the Story of the “Qur‘ān of ‘Uthmān

Objectives: The Qur’an occupies a central position in a religious and philosophical system that has had a significant and emblematic impact on human history, influencing Arabic studies worldwide. Such is particularly true for Russian Arabic studies, where the '‘Uthmanic Qur’an', with copies in Saint Petersburg and Uzbekistan, has played a crucial role. This study aims to honour our teachers and the Arab community of Qashqadarya, who continue to preserve their language and culture. Methodology: Synthetic, Comparative. Findings: The history of these manuscripts spans over twelve centuries, providing rich material linked to the fate of human lineages, nations, cities, peoples, and Islamic civilisation since its emergence in the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century until the triumph of Islam. This Islam endured against the communist regime in the Islamic republics of the Soviet Union. The Russian School of Arabic Studies survived the 1917 Revolution due to its concentration on research areas that were of particular importance at the time. These included the study of Arabic sources on the history of the USSR territories and the living Arabic dialects used in the Central Asian republics. Such led to the publication of significant works on the language, ethnography, and history of the Arabs of Qashqadarya, whose ancestors brought the '‘Uthmanic Qur’an' from the Arabian Peninsula via the Silk Road to their land in Uzbekistan. Originality: Today, advanced research techniques must be used to study and analyse the '‘Uthmanic Qur’an' manuscript and reconstruct the origin, culture, and dialects of the Arab population in Qashqadarya, Uzbekistan. These include DNA analysis and modern linguistic methods based on big data and artificial intelligence technology.

Human Migration is widely Viewed as Dramatic Consequence of Climate Change: A Case Study of Amitabh Ghosh’s Gun Island

Migration is not a new phenomenon in human history. Human migration occurs through ages due to socio-economic and political issues. People travel or migrate from one country to another for a better life and livelihood. The immigrants have to undergo a myriad experiences and face manifold issues socially, politically and psychologically. Amitabh Ghosh’s novel Gun Island deals with the contemporary environmental issues, border crossings, and human migration along with the story of investigation of folk myths of Bonduki Sadagar (Gun Merchant). Ghosh also focuses on large scale human migration in search of livelihood. This paper highlights the drawbacks or the negative impacts of wrong usage of technology through which people get enticed with the fascination of foreign countries in the contemporary world of globalisation. Amitabh Ghosh in his novel attempts to focus on the experience of immigrants and human values of migrants due to environmental and technological development.

Research on the Use of Organic Fertilizer Instead of Chemical Fertilizer and Its Effect on the Morphological and Yield in Fennel Plant

Objective: Organic manures can be used as an alternative method to replace chemical fertilizers for sustainable agricultural production. Sheep manure and vermicompost are the most important alternative applications. These manures can increase soil fertility, plant productivity, and quality. Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) has been used as a medicinal and aromatic plant throughout human history, and it is widely used as a food additive, pharmacological substance, and medicinal application. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted to determine the effect of different organic applications (sheep manure (SM) and vermicompost manure (VM)-10, 15, and 20 t/ha) and chemical fertilizer (Ammonium sulfate (AS)-40, 80, and 120 kg/ha) with a control (no fertilizer or manure) on the morphology, yield, and essential oil, and fixed oil yield of fennel. Results: The results of the study showed that significant statistical differences were found only in plant height and the fixed oil yield of fennel. The fruit yield ranged from 90.14 kg/da to 122.72 kg/da, and the 80 kg/ha ammonium sulfate (AS-2) and 10 t/ha sheep manure (SM-1) applications had the highest values. Essential oil yield and fixed oil yield changed between 2.57-3.85 L/da and 16.18-36.90 L/da, respectively. The result of the study suggested that applications of SM-1 had the highest thousand fruit weight, fruit yield, essential oil yield, and fixed oil yield compared to other applications. PCA analysis showed the relationships among the examined properties, and component 1 and component 2 revealed 61.50% of the total variation of the valuables. Conclusion: Sheep manure application (SM-1) can be used for the high fruit, essential oil, and fixed oil yield of fennel for sustainable agriculture.