Genetic History Research Articles

Abstract IA016: Bayesian phylodynamics to quantify cancer growth across space and time

Abstract Phylogenetics has traditionally inferred shared genetic histories of species over macroevolutionary time. With the expansion of cancer multi-region and single-cell sequencing, phylogenetic approaches have found new uses mapping the evolutionary histories of tumors as well. Recently developed “phylodynamic” methods that integrate phylogenetic and population dynamic modeling offer further promise - uncovering cancer growth dynamics from the topologies and branch lengths of tumor trees. Here, I discuss two recent efforts in this area: 1) Heterogeneous growth rates across a tumor become encoded in the branching patterns of phylogenetic trees built from multi-region sequencing. We introduce a cancer-specific extension to a class of multi-state birth-death models to infer these growth rate differences across space. We apply our model (SDevo) to a sample of hepatocellular carcinomas and infer that these tumor peripheries grow 2-6 times faster than their interiors. 2) Tumors experience differential growth rates over time as they acquire new driver mutations and invade their surrounding tissues, and these growth dynamics similarly leave characteristic signatures in their phylogenies. We employ Bayesian skyline models to dissect tumor growth dynamics from a dataset of diverse cancers and reveal variation in cancer growth rates over time. As cancer sequencing continues to proliferate, phylodynamic approaches are poised to reveal new quantitative insights into cancer growth dynamics across time and space. Citation Format: Maya Lewinsohn, Trevor Bedford, Nicola F. Müller, Alison Feder. Bayesian phylodynamics to quantify cancer growth across space and time [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference in Cancer Research: Translating Cancer Evolution and Data Science: The Next Frontier; 2023 Dec 3-6; Boston, Massachusetts. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(3 Suppl_2):Abstract nr IA016.

Male Breast Cancer: Current Scenario and Future Perspectives.

Male breast cancer (MBC), one of the rare types of cancer among men where the global incidence rate is 1.8% of all breast cancers cases with a yearly increase in a pace of 1.1%. Since the last 10 years, the incidence has been increased from 7.2% to 10.3% and the mortality rate was decreased from 11% to 3.8%. Nevertheless, the rate of diagnoses has been expected to be around 2.6% in the near future, still there is a great lack in studies to characterize the MBC including the developed countries. Based on our search, it is evidenced from the literature that the number of risk factors for the cause of MBC are significant, which includes the increase in age, family genetic history, mutations in specific genes due to various environmental impacts, hormonal imbalance and unregulated expression receptors for specific hormones of high levels of estrogen or androgen receptors compared to females. MBCs are broadly classified into ductal and lobular carcinomas with further sub-types, with some of the symptoms including a lump or swelling in the breast, redness of flaky skin in the breast, irritation and nipple discharge that is similar to the female breast cancer (FBC). The most common diagnostic tools currently in use are the ultrasound guided sonography, mammography, and biopsies. Treatment modalities for MBC include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and targeted therapies. However, the guidelines followed for the diagnosis and treatment modalities of MBC are mostly based on FBC that is due to the lack of prospective studies related to MBC. However, there are distinct clinical and molecular features of MBC, it is a need to develop different clinical methods with more multinational approaches to help oncologist to improve care for MBC patients.

Analisis Faktor Penyebab Terjadinya Miopia pada Mahasiswa Fisika Angkatan 2020 Universitas Negeri Padang

The organ of sight plays a central role in acquiring necessary information, enabling us to carry out various daily activities normally. The eyes can experience refractive errors, one of which is nearsightedness or myopia. Myopia is a refractive eye disorder with a high prevalence worldwide. There are various factors that can influence the development of myopia. One highly influential factor is the habit of reading and writing at too close a distance. Additionally, other factors include a history of exposure to light from computers or gadgets, age, type of pregnancy, birth history, nutritional status, deficiency of vitamins A and D, as well as genetic factors or family history. This study aims to determine the factors causing myopia among physics students of the 2020 intake at Padang State University. This research employs a descriptive qualitative research method and was conducted in December 2023. Research findings show that the highest percentage of individuals unaware of distant objects' presence is 70%, while 20% are aware, and 10% occasionally notice distant objects. The highest percentage of smartphone usage duration is 100%, with usage exceeding 5 hours, while 0% use it for less than 5 hours. Regarding smartphone lighting, 50% prefer bright illumination, 30% opt for moderate brightness, and 20% prefer dim lighting.

Factors Influencing Venous Remodeling in the Development of Varicose Veins of the Lower Limbs.

One of the early symptoms of chronic venous disease (CVD) is varicose veins (VV) of the lower limbs. There are many etiological environmental factors influencing the development of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), although genetic factors and family history of the disease play a key role. All these factors induce changes in the hemodynamic in the venous system of the lower limbs leading to blood stasis, hypoxia, inflammation, oxidative stress, proteolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), changes in microcirculation and, consequently, the remodeling of the venous wall. The aim of this review is to present current knowledge on CVD, including the pathophysiology and mechanisms related to vein wall remodeling. Particular emphasis has been placed on describing the role of inflammation and oxidative stress and the involvement of extracellular hemoglobin as pathogenetic factors of VV. Additionally, active substances used in the treatment of VV were discussed.

Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy Natural History Study Report 1: Clinical Features and Genetic Findings

To analyze the genetic findings, clinical spectrum, and natural history of Best vitelliform macular dystrophy (BVMD) in a cohort of 222 children and adults. Single-center retrospective, consecutive, observational study. Patients with a clinical diagnosis of BVMD from pedigrees with a likely disease-causing monoallelic sequence variant in the BEST1 gene. Data were extracted from electronic and physical case notes. Electrophysiologic assessment and molecular genetic testing were analyzed. Molecular genetic test findings and clinical findings including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), choroidal neovascularization (CNV) rates, and electrophysiologic parameters. Two hundred twenty-two patients from 141 families were identified harboring 69 BEST1 variants. Mean age at presentation was 26.8 years (range, 1.3-84.8 years) and most patients (61.5%) demonstrated deterioration of central vision. Major funduscopic findings included 128 eyes (30.6%) with yellow vitelliform lesions, 78 eyes (18.7%) with atrophic changes, 49 eyes (11.7%) with fibrotic changes, 48 eyes (11.5%) with mild pigmentary changes, and 43 eyes (10.3%) showing a vitelliruptive appearance. Mean BCVA was 0.37 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR; Snellen equivalent, 20/47) for the right eye and 0.33 logMAR (Snellen equivalent, 20/43) for the left eye at presentation, with a mean annual loss rate of 0.013 logMAR and 0.009 logMAR, respectively, over a mean follow-up of 9.7 years. Thirty-seven patients (17.3%) received a diagnosis of CNV over a mean follow-up of 8.0 years. Eyes with CNV that received treatment with an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agent showed better mean BCVA compared with eyes that were not treated with an anti-VEGF agent (0.28 logMAR [Snellen equivalent, 20/38] vs. 0.62 logMAR [Snellen equivalent, 20/83]). Most eyes exhibited a hyperopic refractive error (78.7%), and 13 patients (6.1%) received a diagnosis of amblyopia. Among the 3 most common variants, p.(Ala243Val) was associated with a later age of onset, better age-adjusted BCVA, and less advanced Gass stages compared with p.(Arg218Cys) and p.(Arg218His). BVMD shows a wide spectrum of phenotypic variability. The disease is very slowly progressive, and the observed phenotype-genotype correlations allow for more accurate prognostication and counselling. Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FRACTIONATED CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) LASER IN THE TREATMENT OF RED STREAKS AND STREAK STREAKS

The research developed consisted of analyzing the effectiveness of fractional CO2 laser in the treatment of stretch marks. Among the main aesthetic changes in the body, this one is like stars. The stretch mark is an atrophic aesthetic lesion, caused by ahuge stretch and a consequent rupture of the collagen and elastin fibers, responsible for theelasticity of the skin. They affect a large portion of the population, being more frequent inadolescent and pregnant women, although it can also present in obese people, patients withhormonal imbalances, users of medications and patients with a genetic history. The treatmentsfor stretch marks vary according to the stage of evolution of the stretch and the phototype ofthe patient's skin. Among the most sought after is the fractional CO2 laser, its practiceconsists of promoting tissue damage through thermal damage and vaporization of cells,leading to the stimulation of neocolagenesis, with the main target being the water present inthe tissues. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using fractional CO2laser in the treatment of red and white streaks, identifying its benefits, describing itsmechanism of action and analyzing the results obtained by the scientific literature. To thisend, a bibliographic search was carried out in the main databases, a virtual health library(bvs); online electronic scientific library (scielo), academic Google and lilacs. Therefore,concluding that fractional CO2 laser is effective for the treatment of stretch marks, however,attention is needed with the patient's phototype due to complications that may occur, such aspost-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, persistent hyperpigmentation, scarring, burns andKoebner syndrome.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FRACTIONATED CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) LASER IN THE TREATMENT OF RED STREAKS AND STREAK STREAKS

The research developed consisted of analyzing the effectiveness of fractional CO2 laser in the treatment of stretch marks. Among the main aesthetic changes in the body, this one is like stars. The stretch mark is an atrophic aesthetic lesion, caused by ahuge stretch and a consequent rupture of the collagen and elastin fibers, responsible for theelasticity of the skin. They affect a large portion of the population, being more frequent inadolescent and pregnant women, although it can also present in obese people, patients withhormonal imbalances, users of medications and patients with a genetic history. The treatmentsfor stretch marks vary according to the stage of evolution of the stretch and the phototype ofthe patient's skin. Among the most sought after is the fractional CO2 laser, its practiceconsists of promoting tissue damage through thermal damage and vaporization of cells,leading to the stimulation of neocolagenesis, with the main target being the water present inthe tissues. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using fractional CO2laser in the treatment of red and white streaks, identifying its benefits, describing itsmechanism of action and analyzing the results obtained by the scientific literature. To thisend, a bibliographic search was carried out in the main databases, a virtual health library(bvs); online electronic scientific library (scielo), academic Google and lilacs. Therefore,concluding that fractional CO2 laser is effective for the treatment of stretch marks, however,attention is needed with the patient's phototype due to complications that may occur, such aspost-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, persistent hyperpigmentation, scarring, burns andKoebner syndrome.

GENETIC EPISTEMOLOGY, FROM JEAN PIAGET’S OWN WORDS AND WORKS

The principal intention and meaning of Jean Piaget’s work is difficult to grasp, particularly due to its great length and depth, and some widely spread general misconceptions about it. In order to help clarify it, and furnish data for the discussions about it, this article aims to expose and clarify, in general lines, Piaget’s main project: Genetic Epistemology. The intention here is to point out its motive and constitution, from Piaget’s own published works and words. In the end, the data analysis shows that the main intention and meaning of Piaget’s work was to build a new chapter in Epistemology, Theory of Knowledge and Philosophy of Science, founding and establishing Genetic Epistemology: a new inter-, trans- and multidisciplinary area, directly bound to the scientific methods and contents, and their geneses, especially related to Genetic and Cognitive Psychologies and History of Science. As the outcome, this area furnished various studies of scientific notions and concepts, including their geneses, many analyses of the methods of various sciences, and studies on the System of Sciences, as well as more detailed studies of the elements necessary for the acquisition of knowledge, with concepts so close to the experience that they are immediately applicable.

Genetic history of Cambridgeshire before and after the Black Death.

The extent of the devastation of the Black Death pandemic (1346-1353) on European populations is known from documentary sources and its bacterial source illuminated by studies of ancient pathogen DNA. What has remained less understood is the effect of the pandemic on human mobility and genetic diversity at the local scale. Here, we report 275 ancient genomes, including 109 with coverage >0.1×, from later medieval and postmedieval Cambridgeshire of individuals buried before and after the Black Death. Consistent with the function of the institutions, we found a lack of close relatives among the friars and the inmates of the hospital in contrast to their abundance in general urban and rural parish communities. While we detect long-term shifts in local genetic ancestry in Cambridgeshire, we find no evidence of major changes in genetic ancestry nor higher differentiation of immune loci between cohorts living before and after the Black Death.

Detection of chromosomal aneuploidy in ancient genomes

Ancient DNA is a valuable tool for investigating genetic and evolutionary history that can also provide detailed profiles of the lives of ancient individuals. In this study, we develop a generalised computational approach to detect aneuploidies (atypical autosomal and sex chromosome karyotypes) in the ancient genetic record and distinguish such karyotypes from contamination. We confirm that aneuploidies can be detected even in low-coverage genomes ( ~ 0.0001-fold), common in ancient DNA. We apply this method to ancient skeletal remains from Britain to document the first instance of mosaic Turner syndrome (45,X0/46,XX) in the ancient genetic record in an Iron Age individual sequenced to average 9-fold coverage, the earliest known incidence of an individual with a 47,XYY karyotype from the Early Medieval period, as well as individuals with Klinefelter (47,XXY) and Down syndrome (47,XY, + 21). Overall, our approach provides an accessible and automated framework allowing for the detection of individuals with aneuploidies, which extends previous binary approaches. This tool can facilitate the interpretation of burial context and living conditions, as well as elucidate past perceptions of biological sex and people with diverse biological traits.

Genome-wide polygenic risk scores for colorectal cancer have implications for risk-based screening.

Hereditary factors, including single genetic variants and family history, can be used for targeting colorectal cancer (CRC) screening, but limited data exist on the impact of polygenic risk scores (PRS) on risk-based CRC screening. Using longitudinal health and genomics data on 453,733 Finnish individuals including 8801 CRC cases, we estimated the impact of a genome-wide CRC PRS on CRC screening initiation age through population-calibrated incidence estimation over the life course in men and women. Compared to the cumulative incidence of CRC at age 60 in Finland (the current age for starting screening in Finland), a comparable cumulative incidence was reached 5 and 11 years earlier in persons with high PRS (80-99% and >99%, respectively), while those with a low PRS (< 20%) reached comparable incidence 7 years later. The PRS was associated with increased risk of post-colonoscopy CRC after negative colonoscopy (hazard ratio 1.76 per PRS SD, 95% CI 1.54-2.01). Moreover, the PRS predicted colorectal adenoma incidence and improved incident CRC risk prediction over non-genetic risk factors. Our findings demonstrate that a CRC PRS can be used for risk stratification of CRC, with further research needed to optimally integrate the PRS into risk-based screening.

'Almost nothing is firmly established': A History of Heredity and Genetics in Mental Health Science.

For more than a century, scientists have tried to find the key to causation of mental ill health in heredity and genetics. The difficulty of finding clear and actionable answers in our genes has not stopped them looking. This history offers important context to understanding mental health science today. This article explores the main themes in research on genetics and inheritance in psychiatry from the second half of the nineteenth century to the present day, to address the question: what is the history of genetics as a causative explanation in mental health science? We take a critical historical approach to the literature, interrogating primary and secondary material for the light it brings to the research question, while considering the social and historical context. We begin with the statistics gathered in asylums and used to 'prove' the importance of heredity in mental ill health. We then move through early twentieth century Mendelian models of mental inheritance, the eugenics movement, the influence of social psychiatry, new classifications and techniques of the postwar era, the Human Genome Project and Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) and epigenetics. Setting these themes in historical context shows that this research was often popular because of wider social, political and cultural issues, which impacted the views of scientists just as they did those of policymakers, journalists and the general public. We argue that attempting to unpick this complex history is essential to the modern ethics of mental health and genetics, as well as helping to focus our efforts to better understand causation in mental ill-health.For a succinct timeline of the history of psychiatric genetics, alongside the history of other proposed causes for mental ill-health, visit: https://historyofcauses.co.uk/.

Development on Mathematical Models of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in Individuals with A Genetic History

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) type 2 is one type of DM that is suffered by many DM sufferers. Type 2 DM can pass on to its offspring so it is necessary to prevent the emergence of type 2 DM. Prevention can be done such as exercise, weight loss, and dietary regulation. This study is a development of previous research with a primary focus on individuals who have a genetic history of having suffered from type 2 DM and it is recommended to choose one of the three prevention parameters involved. The next model development is to find the free equilibrium point values of DM type 2 and DM type 2 and the model will be analyzed for stability at the equilibrium point. The analysis of the basic reproduction number (R0) using the next generation matrix yielded the following values for each assumption: 0.1599; 0.1586; 0.1590; and 0.1582. Weight loss factors were discovered to play a significant influence in preventing type 2 diabetes among the three parameters studied.

Artificial Intelligence in the Detection of Breast Cancer

Breast carcinoma, the prevalently existing malignancy and the primary cause of disease mortality among females worldwide. Breast cancer is determined by a multitude of elements, including ageing, genetic history, specific alterations and genetic variations, a record of fecundity and menopause, a sedentary lifestyle, alcohol use, adiposity, nutrition, race and pectoral radiation treatment. Since the previous two decades, various researches on breast cancer has enabled significant advancements in our understanding of the condition, leading to more effective and non-toxic treatments. Increased scanning and public awareness have enabled early detection at stages amenable to full surgical intervention and curative therapy. Breast cancer screening mammography tries to detect the illness at an early stage when therapy would be more effective. Because mammography are such high-resolution images, researchers have thought of putting AI technology to use. They've trained the AI to examine minute patches and create a map of the most dangerous areas. The research shows that AI can recognize differences that are unnoticeable and recognizes breast tumors exactly like a skilled radiologist, providing the most accurate data. As a result, the incidence of this disease has dramatically increased,especially among juveniles. In this article, there are discussions about several causes, medical signs, non-drug treatments (such as radiation and surgery), and drugs (such as chemotherapy, and gene therapy) and thus, its detection by AI.In clinical medicine, AI can aid in establishing diagnoses and predicting the progression of disease in the future. AI jobs go beyond the computer-aided detection that is already used. AI's automated capabilities have the potential to advance medical professionals' diagnostic abilities in fields including exact tumor volume delineation, cancer phenotype extraction, translation of tumoral phenotypic characteristics to clinical genotype ramifications, and risk prediction. In breast cancer, the value of integrating image-specific data with underlying biological,pathologic, and clinical traits is growing.

A review on increasing risk for gastrointestinal bleeding associated with dabigatran

Dabigatran, a reversible direct thrombin inhibitor, is widely used in clinical practice as a therapeutic option due to its unique mechanism of action in comparison to other anticoagulants. Although patients taking dabigatran experience a reduced risk of fatal bleeding, a higher risk of gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is associated with dabigatran, and its rational use between anticoagulation and bleeding is challenging for clinicians. To prevent GIB, it is imperative for clinicians to understand the pharmacological characteristics of dabigatran to ensure that its prescription should be avoided in patients with bleeding. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of action and pharmacokinetics of dabigatran and bleeding sites in the gastrointestinal tract in patients treated with dabigatran, as well as discuss the factors that increase the risk of dabigatran-induced GIB, including dose, age, drug interactions, race, genetics and past medical history. Finally, the treatment and prevention of GIB with dabigatran is also discussed. This review will help clinicians choose their drugs and doses more carefully for treating GIB.

Procena rizika u korelaciji sa gojaznošću i laboratorijskim monitoringom najčešćih tipova karcinoma dojke kod žena u Kantonu Sarajevo

Abstract: Introduction: Breast cancer (BC) is a malignant disease that predominantly affects women, with known genetic components such as mutations in tumor suppressor genes BRCA1 and BRCA2. Other risk factors include unhealthy lifestyles, lack of physical activity, and consumption of alcohol and cigarettes. Aging also plays a role in BC development, with hormonal influences such as estrogen and progesterone promoting cancer growth. Material and Methods: Research was conducted using data collection tools for risk factors and tumor markers from primary healthcare unit records. The sample comprised 200 women, divided into two groups based on BC diagnosis, with complete medical documentation. Male BC cases were excluded. Results: Statistical significance was found between genetic components, family history, aging, obesity, alcohol and cigarette consumption, longer hormone exposure, and female BC development using the Chi-Square test, confirmed by Fisher's Exact test. Tumor markers CA 15-3, CEA, CA 19-9, and CA 125 were useful for BC screening and metastasis detection, as determined by the One Sample T-test. In Sarajevo Canton, invasive ductal BC was the most common type among women, while lobular carcinoma in situ was the least common. Conclusion: Correlations between risk factors, including aging, unhealthy lifestyles, and hormone exposure, and increased BC risk were confirmed. Tumor markers CA 15-3, CEA, CA 19-9, and CA 125 were effective in diagnosis, screening, and metastasis detection in females, with sensitivity for regression detection at 81.8% and specificity at 100%.

Population genetics and genetic variation of Pomacea canaliculata (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae) in China revealed bysequence analyses of three mitochondrial genes.

The Golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata, is one of the world's 100 worst invasive alien species that is best known for its damage to wetland agriculture. It also acts as an intermediate host of some zoonotic parasites such as Angiostrongylus cantonensis, posing threats to human public health and safety. Despite is beingan important agricultural pest, the genetic information and population expansion history of this snail remains poorly understood in China. In this study, we analyzed the genetic variation and population genetics of P. canaliculata populations in seven regions of China based on molecular markers of three mitochondrial (mt) genes. A total of 15 haplotypes were recognized based on single mt cox1, nad1, and nad4, and eight haplotypes were identified using the concatenated genes. High haplotype diversity, moderate nucleotide diversity, low gene flow, and high rates of gene differentiation among the seven P. canaliculata populations were detected. Shanghai and Yunnan populations showed higher genetic flow and very low genetic differentiation. The results of Tajima's D, Fu's F s, and mismatch distribution showed that P. canaliculata did not experience population expansion in China. Genetic distance based on haplotypes suggested that nad1 gene was more conserved than cox1 gene within P. canaliculata. The phylogenetic analyses showed there may be two geographical lineages in the Chinese mainland. The present study may provide a new genetic marker to analyze P. canaliculata, and results support more evidence for studying the genetic distribution of P. canaliculata in China and contribute to a deeper understanding of its population genetics and evolutionary biology.

Genomic insights into the complex demographic history and inbreeding phenomena during Zhou Dynasty on the Central Plains of China.

In the Central Plains of China during the Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BCE), the social hierarchy gradually solidified, accompanied by frequent wars and the phenomena of multicultural and multi-ethnic integration. These social phenomena collectively influenced the population's genetic structure at that time. However, our understanding of the genetic history of this period remains largely unknown owing to limited ancient DNA studies. In this study, we successfully obtained 11 ancient genomes from the Guanzhuang site during the Zhou Dynasty on the central plain of China. Our findings revealed remarkable genetic continuity with the Neolithic populations of the Yellow River Basin and emphasized genetic diversity through the analysis of uniparental genetic markers. Population structure analysis further confirmed the genetic similarity between the Guanzhuang population and ancient populations of the Yellow River Basin and indicated genetic exchanges with ancient populations from surrounding regions. Intriguingly, signs of inbreeding within the Guanzhuang community cast doubt on the stringent enforcement of the contemporary marital regulations against consanguineous marriages within the same surname or clan. These revelations significantly enhance our insight into the complex interplay of ancient demography and societal organization, concurrently presenting a genetic perspective to view the complex evolution of Chinese civilization's multiethnic.

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF FEATURE ENGINEERING MODEL FOR CVD MULTI-DIMENSIONAL DATASETS STANDARDIZATION

Cardio Vascular Diseases (CVD) are most common medical abnormalities in modern times. According to World Health Organization (WHO), the CVD related deaths spot is higher and increased due to chronical reasons such as unhealthy lifestyle, food habits, geographical changes and comorbidities from genetic history. The studies are focused on one particular causes as it trends to eliminate the comorbidities influencing the secondary causes. Hence a large unbalanced prediction and independent datasets are created and customized. In this research, the authors have aimed to propose dataset standardization on CVD. The proposed standardization is based on attribute interdependency mapping and indexing. The attribute interdependency from one influencing parameter is aligned and coordinated with secondary attributes from relationship/dependency evaluation. Further, the dependency mapping is simplified by layering and customizing the data attributes. The multi-dimensional CVD datasets extracted in this process is mapped and tracked from feature engineering process. The dataset standardization of CVD is novel and first of its kind in data analytics and processing.

Characteristics of body mass index and sodium intake of adults with hypertension family history in Yogyakarta

Hypertension is a progression of prehypertension due to the accumulation of several non-genetic risk factors (environmental factors) that occur together (common underlying risk factors) or genetic factors or the interaction between the two. Risk factors for hypertension that can be controlled include high sodium intake, lack of physical activity, obesity, smoking, and alcohol consumption, while risk factors that cannot be controlled include increasing age, gender, and a family or genetic history of hypertension. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of Body Mass Index (BMI) and sodium intake in adults with a family history of hypertension in Yogyakarta. This study used a case-control design. Subjects studied were healthy individuals with a family history of hypertension as case subjects (n = 42), and control subjects were individuals without a family history of hypertension (n = 41). Body mass index (BMI) was measured with anthropometry, and sodium intake was measured using a quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Independent Sample T-test and Chi-Square test analyzed the data with a significance level of p &lt; 0.05. The average BMI and sodium intake are higher in the case group than in the control group. There was no significant association between BMI and sodium intake and risk factors of hypertension (p&gt;0.05). Body mass index and sodium intake in the case and control group were not significant differences (p&gt;0.05). The BMI values and sodium intake levels were higher in the group of individuals with a family history of hypertension compared to those without a family history of hypertension, but not statistically significant.