History Of Encounters Research Articles

A tale of caution: the tails of NGC 752 are much longer than claimed

ABSTRACT Understanding the exact extent and content of tidal tails of open clusters provides useful clues on how field stars populate the Milky Way. We reanalyse, using Gaia EDR3 data, the tails around the open cluster NGC 752. Compared to previous analyses, we look at a much wider region around the cluster and use first the convergent point method, coupled with a clustering analysis using dbscan. We find that the cluster, located 433 pc away and well described by a Plummer profile, has very long and asymmetric tails, extending more than 260 pc on the sky (from tip to tip) – four times larger than previously thought – and contains twice as many stars. Numerical models computed with petar serve as a guide and confirm our analysis. The tails follow the predictions from the models, but the trailing tail appears slightly distorted, possibly indicating that the cluster had a complicated history of galactic encounters. Applying an alternative method to the newly developed compact convergent point method, we potentially trace the cluster’s tidal tails to their full extent, covering several thousands of parsecs and more than 1000 stars. Our analysis therefore opens a new window on the study of open clusters, whose potential will be fully unleashed with future Gaia data releases.

Mismeasuring Diversity: Popularizing Scientific Racism in the Romanian Principalities Around the Mid-Nineteenth Century

This study explores a neglected episode in the history of Romanian encounters with racial classification theories before and during the mid-nineteenth century. The study begins with a brief historiographic discussion and illustrates the recent debates concerning definitions of the origins of scientific racism, as portrayed by Stephen Jay Gould and Nicolaas Rupke. Accordingly, this paper identifies three suggestive case studies (Iacob Czihac, Iuliu Barasch, and Dimitrie Ananescu) that might shed some light on the intellectual roots of racial classifications in Romania. Placing this investigation amongst emerging studies of the popularization of science, this paper argues that naturalists and physicians alike, trained and influenced by the German tradition of Naturphilosophie , expressed their authority in reproducing and diffusing racial classifications and gendered concepts of reproduction.

The Racial Horizon of Utopia: Unthinking the Future of Race in Late Twentieth-Century American Utopian Novels

The Racial Horizon of Utopia: Unthinking the Future of Race in Late Twentieth-Century American Utopian Novels

The state as a whiteman, the whiteman as a/’hun: personhood, recognition, and the politics of knowability in the Kalahari

AbstractThe article is dedicated to the loving memory of !A|’xuni.The Ju|’hoansi of east central Namibia sometimes refer to the state as a whiteman and to the whiteman as a/’hun(steenbok). In this article, I contextualize these naming practices by tracing the history of colonial encounters on the fringes of the Western Kalahari through a small‐scale animist perspective. I then discuss what this means for the concept of ‘recognition’, which I treat as a two‐way intersubjective process of making oneself un/knowable to others. I argue that the Ju|’hoansi have engaged in parallel processes of mis/recognition vis‐à‐vis their colonial Others. By failing to enter into reciprocal relations with the Ju|’hoansi, the whiteman and the state have remained outside of the Ju|’hoansi's social universe and have thus compromised their own personhood.

Data-Becoming: History, Violence, and Justice

In this paper, I offer a materialist perspective on data-becoming through a series of (non)living encasements. The living bodies included as examples here (Emmett Till, William T. Simpson, and LaVerne Turner) point to a historical legacy of violence and justice that continues, albeit differently, in different contexts, at different times, and from different social positions. These encasements show that any meanings imbued in data are dependent on when and where it arises, what is intra-acting with it, and in what context. Along these lines, I suggest data is always in-process of becoming something other at the level of material intra-action. This paper understands the movement of racialized, gendered, and sexualized bodies for justice and their coincidental, intra-active relations as a set of ongoing, changing conditions that re/de/construct (non)violent realities across time and space. I offer a way to reconsider data as always evolving and resistant to the confines of written research which may open up pathways for non-binary applications of historical fact, violent encounter, and political justice in critical qualitative research.

ML-Fresh: Novel Routing Protocol in Opportunistic Networks Using Machine Learning

Opportunistic Networks (OppNets) is gaining popularity day-by-day due to their various applications in the real-life world. The two major reasons for its popularity are its suitability to be established without any requirement of additional infrastructure and the ability to tolerate long delays during data communication. Opportunistic Network is also considered as a descendant of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (Manets) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), therefore, it inherits most of the traits from both mentioned networking techniques. Apart from its popularity, Opportunistic Networks are also starting to face challenges nowadays to comply with the emerging issues of the large size of data to be communicated and blind forwarding of data among participating nodes in the network. These issues lower the overall performance of the network. Keeping this thing in mind, ML-Fresh-a novel framework has been proposed in this paper which focuses to overcome the issue of blind forwarding of data by maintaining an optimum path between any pair of participating nodes available in the OppNet using machine learning techniques viz. pattern prediction, decision tree prediction, adamic-adar method for complex networks. Apart from this, ML-Fresh also uses the history of successful encounters between a pair of communicating nodes for route prediction in the background. Simulation results prove that the ML-Fresh outperforms the existing framework of Opportunistic Networks on the grounds of standard Quality-of-Service (QoS) parameters.

To Africanize Spain: Twentieth-Century Spanish Poetry and the Persistent Forms of al-Andalus

To Africanize Spain: Twentieth-Century Spanish Poetry and the Persistent Forms of al-Andalus

An Adaptive Routing Algorithm Based on Relation Tree in DTN.

It is found that nodes in Delay Tolerant Networks (DTN) exhibit stable social attributes similar to those of people. In this paper, an adaptive routing algorithm based on Relation Tree (AR-RT) for DTN is proposed. Each node constructs its own Relation Tree based on the historical encounter frequency, and will adopt different forwarding strategies based on the Relation Tree in the forwarding phase, so as to achieve more targeted forwarding. To further improve the scalability of the algorithm, the source node dynamically controls the initial maximum number of message copies according to its own cache occupancy, which enables the node to make negative feedback to network environment changes. Simulation results show that the AR-RT algorithm proposed in this paper has significant advantages over existing routing algorithms in terms of average delay, average hop count, and message delivery rate.

A Sexual and Gender Minority Inclusive Tool to Identify and Reduce Psychological Distress Related to Vaginal Brachytherapy Treatment

Evidence has shown treatments for gynecologic cancers can pose a significant impact to quality of life (QoL) and psychosocial functioning for cancer patients and cancer survivors, with very limited understanding of the impact of such treatments on the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer/questioning community, also referred to as sexual and gender minorities (SGM), a diverse and medically underserved population. Specifically, intracavitary vaginal brachytherapy (ICVBT) for endometrial cancers can cause a negative impact on QoL and can even result in PTSD after treatment. Thus, better understanding a patient's unique identity and chosen sexual preferences, as well as assessing underlying anxiety, psychosocial issues, and/or prior non-consensual sexual encounter(s) can potentially alleviate distress during and after this sensitive treatment. Here, we present an innovative, SGM-inclusive assessment tool to identify potential risk factors for physical and/or psychosocial distress that may occur in patients undergoing ICVBT.We combined two previously published, validated tools to assess for urinary, bowel, and sexual symptoms in patients undergoing ICVBT. Next, as part of the ongoing LGBTQ initiative at our academic comprehensive cancer center, our department's LGBTQ Task Force, which is composed of volunteer patients, physicians, nurses, physicists, dosimetrists, and support staff reviewed the questionnaire and provided critical feedback for inclusivity. We subsequently had the questionnaire reviewed for health literacy by our Patient Education Liaisons.The task force recommended inclusion of sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) demographic questions to the survey, and adjustment of previous questions for improved inclusivity of SGM-identifying patients, especially those who identify as transgender, gender non-binary, and/or who choose to not engage in penetrative vaginal intercourse. Additionally, it was recommended to include a question that screens for a history of non-consensual sexual encounters to reduce triggering past trauma. The task force felt these items were important for the practitioner to discuss with their patient prior to the procedure, with the goal to reduce acute anxiety and possibly prevent acute and long-term negative physical and/or emotional outcomes.Our ICVBT survey tool is designed to screen for "at-risk" patients, and provide a pathway for open dialogue between patients and physicians to potentially reduce undue harm during this important, yet sensitive treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such ICVBT survey tool to assess for a history of sexual trauma, and include SOGI and gender-inclusive questions. This adaptation has allowed our team to approach patients in a sensitive manner inclusive of their identity and prior experiences. Preliminary data is being collected and will be presented at the conference.

Emergency Department Encounters Among Youth With Suicidal Thoughts or Behaviors During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Population-level reports of suicide-related emergency department (ED) encounters among youth during the COVID-19 pandemic are lacking, along with youth characteristics and preexisting psychiatric service use. To characterize population-level and relative change in suicide-related ED encounters among youth during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with 2019. This cross-sectional study evaluated ED encounters in 2019 and 2020 at Kaiser Permanente Northern California-a large, integrated, community-based health system. Youth aged 5 to 17 years who presented to the ED with suicidal thoughts or behaviors were included. The COVID-19 pandemic. Population-level incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and percent relative effects for suicide-related ED encounters as defined by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-recommended International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) codes in 4 periods in 2020 compared with the same periods in 2019. There were 2123 youth with suicide-related ED encounters in 2020 compared with 2339 in 2019. In the 2020 group, 1483 individuals (69.9%) were female and 1798 (84.7%) were aged 13 to 17 years. In the 2019 group, 1542 (65.9%) were female, and 1998 (85.4%) were aged 13 to 17 years. Suicide-related ED encounter incidence rates were significantly lower in March through May 2020 compared with this period in 2019 (IRR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.51-0.63; P < .001), then returned to prepandemic levels. However, suicide-related ED visits among female youth from June 1 to August 31, 2020, and September 1 through December 15, 2020, were significantly higher than in the corresponding months in 2019 (IRR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.04-1.35; P = .04 and IRR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.11-1.35; P < .001, respectively), while suicide-related ED visits for male youth decreased from September 1 through December 15, 2020 (IRR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.69 to 0.94). Youth with no history of outpatient mental health or suicide encounters (129.4%; 95% CI, 41.0-217.8) and those with comorbid psychiatric conditions documented at the ED encounter (6.7%; 95% CI, 1.0-12.3) had a higher risk of presenting with suicide-related problems from September to December 2020 vs the same period in 2019. In this cross-sectional study of youth experiencing suicidal thoughts and behaviors, suicide-related presentations to the ED initially decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic, likely owing to shelter-in-place orders, then were similar to 2019 levels. However, a greater number of female youth, youth with no psychiatric history, and youth with psychiatric diagnoses at the time of the ED encounter presented for suicide-related concerns during the pandemic, suggesting these may be vulnerable groups in need of further interventions. Adjustments in care may be warranted to accommodate these groups during periods of crisis.

David Kornhaber. Theatre &amp; Knowledge

In this short introduction, Kornhaber presents a clear, accessible, internationally minded overview of theatre’s historical encounters with knowledge. He invites us to expand our understanding of theatre and knowledge from being separate, quarrelsome opposites to recognizing that they are in dialogue.

Reduced pediatric urgent asthma utilization and exacerbations during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID‐19 pandemic has had a profound impact on healthcare access and utilization, which could have important implications for children with chronic diseases, including asthma. We sought to evaluate changes in healthcare utilization and outcomes in children with asthma during the COVID‐19 pandemic. We used electronic health records data to evaluate healthcare use and asthma outcomes in 3959 children and adolescents, 5–17 years of age, with a prior diagnosis of asthma who had a history of well‐child visits and encounters within the healthcare system. We assessed all‐cause healthcare encounters and asthma exacerbations in the 12‐months preceding the start of the COVID‐19 pandemic (March 1, 2019–February 29, 2020) and the first 12 months of the pandemic (March 1, 2020–February 28, 2021). All‐cause healthcare encounters decreased significantly during the pandemic compared to the preceding year, including well‐child visits (48.1% during the pandemic vs. 66.6% in the prior year; p < .01), emergency department visits (9.7% vs. 21.0%; p < .01), and inpatient admissions (1.6% vs. 2.5%; p < .01), though there was over a 100‐fold increase in telehealth encounters. Asthma exacerbations that required treatment with systemic steroids also decreased (127 vs. 504 exacerbations; p < .01). Race/ethnicity was not associated with changes in healthcare utilization or asthma outcomes. The COVID‐19 pandemic corresponded to dramatic shifts in healthcare utilization, including increased telehealth use and improved outcomes among children with asthma. Social distancing measures may have also reduced asthma trigger exposure.

Relationship between work-related ocular events, facial injuries and associated factors amongst dental professionals during COVID-19.

In dental settings, COVID-19 can be transmitted directly from patients to dentists through small droplets, saliva splashes, blood, and other body fluids liberated as a result of dental procedures. To determine the prevalence of ocular and facial injuries in dental professionals and to investigate factors in dental practice contributing to ocular injuries. An analytical cross-sectional study was performed in public and private sector universities. The study had 301 participants including final year undergraduate students, interns, postgraduate trainees, general practitioners, and dental specialists. Data were gathered online using Google forms. Information on sociodemographic, practice details, history of ocular and facial encounters during the clinical experience, and protective measures adopted by the dentists were collected. Means and standard deviations were calculated for continuous variables whereas frequencies and percentages were calculated for categorical variables. A Chi-square test was applied for association between variables. Ocular events and facial injuries occurred more in females 204 (67.8%) than in males 97(32.2%). Final year students reported more incidence of ocular encounters than specialists (40.9%, 3.3%). Dentists working in the government sector underwent more ocular encounters than those in private sectors 185(61.4%) and 96 (31.8%). Majority of participants reported that scaling was the procedure in which dentists experienced an ocular event. A significant association was found between ocular events, qualification, years of experience in clinical practice, number of patients treated per day, improper posture, and proper armamentarium (p < 0.05). However, no association was found between ocular events, gender, working sector, and dental procedures. Occurrence of ocular injuries were high compared to facial injuries and these outcomes were dependent on dental expertise and experiences. Appropriate measures should be adopted to minimize the risk of disease transmission and COVID-19 through the eyes among practicing dentists.

‘They are all dead that I could ask’: Indigenous Innovation and the Micropolitics of the Field in Twentieth-century Southern Africa

Recovering the agency, skill and innovation of archaeological field assistants from historical encounters is essential to interrogating processes of knowledge production, but is often hampered by access to appropriate archival sources and methods. We detail a field project from early twentieth-century Basutoland (modern-day Lesotho) that is unique both for its aim to salvage details of rock-art production as a dying craft and for its archive chronicling the project's intellectual journey from experiment to draft manuscripts to published work over more than three decades. We argue that critical historiographic attention to this archive offers a guide for examining the intimate dynamics of fieldwork and the effects of these micropolitics on the archaeological canon. We demonstrate how sustained attention to long processes of knowledge production can pinpoint multiple instances in which the usability of field assistants’ scientific knowledge is qualified, validated, or rejected, and in this case how an African assistant is transformed into an ethnographic interlocutor. For rock-art studies especially, this represents a need for interrogating the epistemic cultures—not just the content—of foundational historical data.

Collision risk analysis on ferry ships in Jiangsu Section of the Yangtze River based on AIS data

To assess the collision risk of ferries in the Yangtze River during crossing, the collision risk modeling is conducted based on AIS data. Risk Influencing Factors (RIFs) including Distance to Closest Point of Approach (DCPA), Time to Closest Point of Approach (TCPA), distance and relative velocity are involved. First, the historical multi-ship encounter scenarios involved ferry during crossing are identified from AIS data. Then, the value of RIFs is calculated according to their cumulative distribution, and their corresponding weights are determined using entropy theory. Next, the Collision Risk Index of Ferry (CRIF) is proposed considering the behavior of ferry and multiple target ships, which makes it possible to assess real-time collision risk during crossing and to integrate collision risk of each voyage based on historical encounter scenarios. The performance of the proposed model is evaluated according to the analysis on several encounter scenarios with different collision risk. Furthermore, the areas with higher collision risk are identified. The results bring some new insights to enhancing navigation safety of ferries.

What the Field Stands to Lose

The pandemic of 2020 brings the field of American foreign relations, or the United States and the World, or the global history of international relations, to an important crossroads. The pandemic will have a direct impact on the ongoing trend in the field toward transnational (read: multilingual, multi-archival, globe-trotting) research. Closed borders and heightened tensions will limit access to archives, conference interactions, and routine scholarly exchanges. At the same time, caregiving responsibilities and challenging economic conditions for both universities and individual households will determine whose research is most detrimentally affected by COVID-19 shutdowns, and in many cases, limit participation by some of the very same groups whose voices SHAFR has been seeking to amplify in its push for diversity. Access to archives limited by closed borders, travel warnings, and rising international tensions has the potential to challenge the “transnational turn” in the history of international relations and American encounters with...

Seafarers, the mission and the archive: Affective, embodied and sensory traces of sea-mobilities in Melbourne, Australia

The Mission to Seafarers, founded in 1856, is an international organisation that offers support to the seafaring community. Recently, at its mission in Melbourne, Australia, a century's worth of records were discovered, concealed in boxes under its theatre stage. These included annual reports, scrapbooks, diaries, letters, visitors log books, newsletters, artefacts and an array of evocative photographs. Besides providing rich insights into the history of seafaring, of Melbourne as a port city and of the Mission itself, the discovery of this extraordinary resource produced profound non-representational affective, emotional and sensory intensities for those connected with the Mission. Heightened anticipation about the unknown and unexplored stories that might lie within escalated as we worked to catalogue the material. As enticing fragments were uncovered and connections made, this feeling intensified. This paper reveals the affective qualities of the archives and histories of connections and encounters that are so evocatively felt in the Mission. The retrieved archive supplements the already atmospheric space of the ship-themed Mission, a realm replete with eccentric artefacts and eclectic traces, as well as with seafarers and staff. I register this broader affective context here, while also recounting my own sensorial entanglements with the archival material. I conclude by elaborating upon a process through which I became yet more intimately connected to the Mission by contributing to this emotionally saturated archive. This involved retrieving a recently found, long-lost object and returning it to its rightful place amidst great excitement, wonder and a few tears, an object that has subsequently become a symbolically charged element within the Mission's archive.

The Limits of Memory in Disavowed: Interference, Military Execution, and the Dishonored Dead

In looking at the history of U.S. military execution during World War II, this article explores the relationship between memory and psychological interference in the browser-based game Disavowed (2021). As an interesting example of the palimpsestuous negotiation between individual identity, narrativity, and cultural memory, Disavowed structures itself through the misremembering of an actual historical encounter. In such a way, it reconstructs a false history of events misconstrued within the memory of the game designer, put into dissonance with historical documentation of what “really happened” – an execution witnessed by tens of thousands of soldiers, but that seems largely erased from the record. The result is an interplay between the memories of veteran Theodore “Ted” Eaker, the public awareness of Private Eddie Slovik’s execution, and the journey to piece together what is a fractured, unreliable and racially problematic history of the practice of military execution.

En quête de confort dans la métropole : Peter Cook, Toyo Ito et le concours d’architecture résidentielle de Shinkenchiku (1977 et 1988)

This investigation approaches the annual Shinkenchiku Residential Design Competition (1965-2020) as a productive cross-cultural medium of exchange that generates new architectural knowledge. It situates this international competition of ideas in a long history of transnational encounters, to identify the contours of the ideological shift from the consolidation of modernist ideals to their critique. The paper highlights the iteration of the lack of “comfort” of modernist architecture, tracing the origins of this critique by referencing the 1977 and 1988 competitions, during which the respective judges Peter Cook and Toyō Itō challenged architects to devise innovative housing proposals to attain “comfort in the metropolis.” It initially employs a synchronic approach to investigate the origins of Cook’s competition theme, the multiple winning entries, the judges’ final remarks, and the after-effects of the competitions to apprehend how discrete geographies negotiated the notion of comfort. Next, the paper juxtaposes the outcomes of both years of the competition to offer a diachronic analysis of how architects have conceived the house and the city differently through time. This investigation reveals that the mechanism of this longstanding, idea-based competition confronts two judges’ positions to understand their cultural and architectural differences.

Magellanic Mayhem: Metallicities and Motions

Abstract We assemble a catalog of Magellanic Cloud red giants from Data Release 2 of the Gaia mission and, utilizing machine-learning methods, obtain photometric metallicity estimates for them. In doing so, we are able to chemically map the entirety of the Magellanic System at once. Our maps reveal a plethora of substructure within our red giant sample, with the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) bar and spiral arm being readily apparent. We uncover a curious spiral-like feature in the southern portion of the LMC disk, hosting relatively metal-rich giants and likely a by-product of historic encounters with the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). Modeling the LMC as an inclined thin disk, we find a shallow metallicity gradient of −0.048 ± 0.001 dex kpc−1 out to ∼12° from the center of the dwarf. We see evidence that the SMC is disrupting, with its outer isodensity contours displaying the S-shape symptomatic of tidal stripping. On studying the proper motions of the SMC giants, we observe a population of them being violently dragged toward the larger Cloud. The perturbed stars predominantly lie in front of the SMC, and we interpret that they exist as a tidal tail of the dwarf, trailing in its motion and undergoing severe disruption from the LMC. We find the metallicity structure in the Magellanic Bridge region to be complex, with evidence for a composite nature in this stellar population, consisting of both LMC and SMC debris.