History Of Dystocia Research Articles

Randomized comparison between a forced air system and warm water bath for resuscitation of neonatal hypothermic calves with or without oral administration of caffeine.

Hypothermia is a cause of neonatal calf death in cold climates. Practical and effective rewarming methods are important for bovine health within affected regions. To compare the rewarming rate and blood analytes (glucose, lactate, and cortisol) of calves resuscitated with forced air with warm water bath, with or without oral administration of caffeine. Twenty healthy neonatal Holstein bull calves. In this randomized, prospective study, calves born healthy and without history of dystocia were cooled to 32°C rectal temperature then thermally resuscitated using either forced air rewarming or warm water bath (40°C) with or without oral administration of caffeine. Rectal temperatures were used to quantify recovery rate. Measurements of glucose, lactate, and cortisol were recorded for every 2°C change in rectal temperature. Rectal temperature decline (0.03°C per minute) and total cooling time (191.0 ± 33.3 minutes) did not significantly differ among treatment groups. Calves were successfully resuscitated to 38°C by either method. Time required to euthermia using warm water was significantly faster (0.1°C per minute; 64.3 ± 17.8 minute; P < .05) than forced air (0.05°C per minute; 123.1 ± 20.0 minutes). Caffeine had no significant effect on resuscitation rate (P = .14; 95% CI, -0.002 to 0.024) in either treatment; however, caffeine was associated with reduced time to euthermia by 8.3 and 10.8 minutes, respectively. Changes in metabolic variables (glucose, lactate, and cortisol), were inversely related to rectal temperature with no statistical significance among rewarming methods. Although warm water submersion is faster, forced air rewarming is an effective alternative for restoration of euthermia.

Dystocia frequency and causes in horses with pregnancy disorders or a history of dystocia: A prospective study.

Dystocia typically presents a life-threatening condition for both the mare and the foal. This prospective long-term study aimed to ascertain whether mares with prior pregnancy disorders or a history of dystocia were at a higher risk of experiencing subsequent dystocia in comparison to those without such medical antecedents. To achieve this goal, the authors analysed 207 parturitions and 164 mares over a 10-year period. Of these, 57 were associated with pregnancy disorders or prior dystocia (Group 1), while 150 parturitions followed uneventful pregnancies in mares that had not yet experienced dystocia (Group 2). Mares in Group 1 were significantly more likely to develop dystocia than those in Group 2 (p = .0180; odds ratio = 2.98). Foetal causes of dystocia were more prevalent than maternal causes (p < .0389). Maternal mortality stood at 0.5%, and neonatal mortality reached 1.9%. The results demonstrate that mares are at significantly higher risk of developing dystocia after experiencing pregnancy disorders or parturition complications during previous pregnancies, emphasizing the need for systematic birth monitoring.

Penilaian Potensi Reproduksi Induk Sapi di Kecamatan Amahai, Maluku Tengah

Reproductive potential should be routinely evaluated because it significantly impacts the farmer's economy and the cattle population in ruminant development areas. This study aims to assess the reproductive potential of cows in the Amahai sub-district, which is one of the development points for the industrial livestock area in Maluku Province. Purposive and random sampling methods selected 98 cows owned by 30 breeders from 3 villages. Cows were evaluated for their reproductive performance, whereas breeders' evaluation was focused on general characteristics and rearing systems, and the results were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the potential reproductive value of cows in Amahai was generally considered promising because of the high percentage of calves born alive (97.98%), low rate of stillborn (1.13%), and abortion (1.1.7%), there was no history of dystocia. The population was dominated by cows with mediocre body condition scores (93.88%). Conversely, cows in this area have too young a first mating age (11.3 months), service per conception &gt; 1 (2.65), and long days open (4.71 months). This reproductive potential will be maximized if breeders understand the mating season, recognize estrus signs, implement a short weaning period (≤ 2 months after parturition), and make reproductive records.

Report of the Occurrence of Schistosomus Reflexus in a Goat Kid

The schistosomus reflexus (SR) etymologically refers to an abdominal and or thoracic cleft with eventration of viscera. This pathology is a rare and lethal congenital syndrome in calves, lambs, and goat kids. This condition is likely caused by various factors such as endocrine, metabolic, hereditary, and teratogenic in the first third of gestation, leading to disorders in embryonic development. In this report, a 3-year-old female Alpine goat was examined with a history of dystocia. The presence of an abnormal dead goat kid exposed to the abdominal viscera was detected in the birth canal and delivered successfully with gentle intervention. In the gross pathological examination, signs of the abdominal fissure, visibility of viscera, placement of viscera in a membrane, ankylosis of the limbs, hypoplasia of the right hind limb, inversion of the hind limbs due to inversion of the spine, pulmonary hypoplasia, lack of diaphragm formation and cleft palate were recorded. According to the gross pathology, SR was diagnosed. The present report shows the occurrence of SR in an Alpine goat kid.

Management of dystocia due to multiple mal-dispositions in a Marwari mare

A Marwari mare with history of dystocia since last twelve hours was presented to the gynecology section of teaching veterinary clinics of GADVASU. Per vaginal examination revealed multiple fetal mal-dispositions as the cause of dystocia. After lubrication of birth canal, fetal position was corrected by mutation and the dead fetus was delivered using forced traction. Post-operative treatment was given to the mare. There was an uneventful recovery of the mare.

Dystocia in Goat Due to Dropsy of Fetus Born Co-Twin with Live Fetus

A non- descript goat of 6 years’ age was presented to TVCC, COVAS, Udgir with the history of dystocia. The case was already handled by local non – technical person. The goat was examined for fetal position and presentation. A live male fetus was removed with gentle traction and another fetus with ascites was removed with obstetrical manipulation and partial fetotomy. A successful management of dystocia in non – descript goat due to dropsy of the fetus born co-twin along with normal fetus is achieved after three days treatment.

Topical Ozone Therapy in the Treatment of Pharmacodermia in a Dog (Canis lupus familiaris)

Background: Pharmacodermia is a drug reaction that manifests itself on the skin and mucous membranes. The main drugs that cause pharmacodermia are β-lactam antibiotics. It has a rare occurrence in dogs and may present different clinical signs. Ozone therapy is used to treat various conditions, such as infections and inflammatory diseases. This therapy acts through oxidative stress generating a positive inflammatory response to the body and stimulating the formation of granulation tissue and angiogenesis. Since pharmacodermia is rare in dogs and reports of ozonized sunflower oil and ozone for treat pharmacodermia is are rare in the literature, this paper aimed to report the use of ozonized sunflower oil in the treatment of pharmacodermia in a young female Rottweiler dog assisted and treated at a private veterinary clinic in Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil. Case: A 2-year-old Rottweiler female, weighting 53.3 kg was attended at a private veterinary clinic in Garanhuns (Pernambuco - PE) with a history of dystocia. The dog was submitted to ovary-hysterectomy under general anesthesia. After anesthesia recovery was prescribed omeprazol (1 mg/kg, orally (P.O) SID for 10 days), cephalexin (20 mg/kg, P.O. BID for 10 days), tramadol hydrochloride (4 mg/kg, P.O. BID for seven days), carprofen (4.4 mg/kg, P.O. SID for three days), and the use of Elizabethan collar. Furthermore, for topical treatment was described chlorhexidine digluconate (0.2%) and ointment of allantoin and zinc oxide, SID, for 10 days. Seven days after the surgical procedure, the owner's dog reported by a telephone call the appearance of wounds in the dorsal region of the dog. Ten days after surgery, the dog returned to the veterinary clinic for stitches removal and wounds evaluation. During the physical examination, observed the presence of two cutaneous wounds, one located in the cervicothoracic region and the other wound was identified in the thoracic region and presence of pain during palpation. The wounds presented purulent secretion, pink coloration, and presence of necrosis. No changes were observed in the physiological parameters during the physical examination. The owner reported normophagia, ingestion of water, normal defecation and urine. The wound region was clipped, and prescribed topical chlorhexidine digluconate (2%), allantoin with zinc oxide ointment every 8 hours, amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium (20 mg/kg, P.O. BID for 10 days), and dipyrone (20 mg/kg P.O. BID for five days). Five days after the beginning of the second treatment the owner reported no improvement and the increased of the lesion, although the dog presented normophagia, ingestion of water, normal defecation, and urine. Thus, according to a therapeutic history of the use of cephalexin and amoxicillin with clavulanate potassium, both belongings to the β-lactamic antibiotic, the clinical diagnosis of pharmacodermia was determined. Wound cleaning and debridement were performed It has been recommended to suspend the previous treatment, and prescribed the use of ozonized sunflower oil (4 drops in each wound, BID) until the complete healing, associated to cleaning with ozonized (47 μg/mL) saline solution (0.9%). The sunflower oil contained linoleic acid (48-74%) and oleic acid (14-39%), and it was purchased directly from the supplier. Discussion: Thirty days after the treatment with ozonized sunflower oil, there was complete remission of the wounds Five months after the treatment the dog returned to clinical examination. No remnants of the wounds were observed and there were no changes in the physiological parameters or in the laboratory exams. According to the present report case, the use of ozone therapy using the ozonized sunflower oil and saline solution (0.9%) is effective to treat wounds related to pharmacodermia.

Erratum to: Experimental investigations of transient pressure variations in a high head model Francis turbine during start-up and shutdown

This corrects the article “Experimental investigations of transient pressure variations in a high head model Francis turbine during start-up and shutdown” in volume 26, issue 2 on page 277. In the published article “Vaginal adhesions in a woman with the history of dystocia. Journal of Hydrodynamics, 2014, 26(2): 277–290. 10.1016/S1001-6058(14)60031-7,” the spell of author's name is given incorrectly. The Editorial Office of Journal of Hydrodynamics would like to correct the author's name. The Editorial Office apologizes for any inconvenience that it may have caused. Chirag Trivedi, Michel J. Cervantes, B. K. Gandhi, Dahlhaug G. Ole The author list should be corrected as follows: Chirag Trivedi, Michel J. Cervantes, B. K. Gandhi, Ole Gunnar Dahlhaug

Dystocia Due to Foetal Anasarca in Nellore Sheep: A Report of 5 Cases

Five Nellore ewes were presented to veterinary hospital with history of dystocia with full term pregnancy. As field veterinarian handled it with traction and failed, caesariotomy was conducted as per the procedure and the oversized fetuses were delivered.The ewes were maintained post-operative measures and recovered. All the delivered fetuses were showing conditions of foetal anasarca along with other anomalies like cleft palate, reduced body cavity short legs and atresia ani. Keywords: Dystocia, nellore sheep, foetal anasarca, caesariotomy, cleft palate Cite this Article K. Ramachandriah, C. Pavan Kumar, V. Devi Prasad. Dystocia Due to Foetal Anasarca in Nellore Sheep – A Report of 5 Cases. Research & Reviews: Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology. 2015; 4(1): 17–19p.

Small intestinal herniation through the broad ligament in a mare outside of the gestation period – a case report

A Furioso-North Star mare, aged 8 years, was examined for colic signs. The mare had a history of dystocia and post partum vaginal lacerations, acute endometritis and laminitis approximately one year before the admission for colic. Signs of persistent abdominal pain, moderate distended abdomen, non-passage of manure, fever, tachycardia, tachypnoea, congested mucus membranes, and “toxic line” were recorded. No intestinal borborygmi were present in the four quarters of the abdomen. On rectal examination, the colon, the ventral band of the caecum, the right ovary and the uterine horn were palpated on the right side of the abdomen. The spleen, the nephrosplenic ligament, the left ovary and a firm, distended and painful small intestine (SI) loop were palpated on the left side. The left uterine horn and the adjacent broad ligament were not detectable. Percutaneous abdominal ultrasound evaluation revealed a large amount of fluid in the abdominal cavity, SI distention and absence of peristalsis. Abdominocentesis yielded approximately 20 ml of red-tinged peritoneal fluid with increased mean protein concentration (5.2 mg/dl), white blood cell count (12,550 cells/μl), and lactate (14 mmol/dl). A presumptive diagnosis of SI strangulation was made. Surgical resection of the affected intestinal loops was recommended. Due to poor prognosis and financial limitations, the mare was euthanized. Post mortem macroscopic diagnosis was a herniation of 3 metres of the mid-jejunum through the left mesometrium, resulting in a complete and complicated strangulation. To prevent this type of SI strangulation, we recommend transrectal palpation of the urogenital tract (including the broad ligament) after foaling. If a defect is identified, we recommend flank laparoscopy for correction.

Histopathological study of encephalomalacia in neonatal calves and application of neuronal and axonal degeneration marker

Five calves that had shown neurological symptoms within 9 days after birth were histopathologically diagnosed as encephalomalacia. Two calves showed bilateral laminar cerebrocortical necrosis and neuronal necrosis in the corpus striatum and hippocampus. Since the distributional pattern of the lesions was consistent with that of global ischemia in other species, the lesions were probably hypoxic/ischemic encephalopathy consistent with the history of dystocia and perinatal asphyxia. One calf also showed bilateral laminar cerebrocortical necrosis. However, the lesions were chronic ones, because the calf had survived for long time and necropsied at postnatal day 118. Additionally, the lesions did not involve the corpus striatum and hippocampus. The other two calves showed multifocal necrosis with vascular lesions characterized by fibrin thrombi, perivascular edema and perivascular hyaline droplets in the cerebral cortex, corpus striatum, thalamus, brain stem and cerebellum. Considering the age of onsets and histopathological appearance, it was possible that latter three calves were also hypoxic/ischemic encephalopathy, however, exact cause of them was not revealed. In all calves, degenerated/necrotic neurons showed positive reactions for Fluoro-Jade C and degenerated axons showed immunoreactivity for Alzheimer precursor protein A4. Therefore, these markers were applicable to examination of brain injury in neonatal calves.

Traumatic sacral fracture following dystocia in a Thoroughbred foal

SummaryA Thoroughbred colt with a history of dystocia was referred for further management of suspected hypoxia. The foal showed signs of neonatal maladjustment syndrome and hindlimb paralysis. Radiography revealed the presence of a severe lumbosacral injury. The foal was subjected to euthanasia due to a hopeless prognosis. Computed tomography was performed post‐mortem and revealed a type I Salter Harris fracture of the cranial physis of the first sacral vertebra.

Erratum: Author's name correction

In the published article Vaginal adhesions in a woman with the history of dystocia. Obstet Gynecol Sci 2014;57(1):70-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5468/ogs.2014.57.1.70, the spell of author's name is given incorrectly. The Editorial Office of Obstet Gynecol Sci would like to correct the author's name. The Editorial Office apologizes for any inconvenience that it may have caused. Hyun Mi Kim, Jin Young Bae, Yoo Jin Cho, Mi Ju Kim, Hyun Wha Cha, Won Joon Seong The author list should be corrected as follows: Hyun Mi Kim, Jin Young Bae, Yoo Jin Cho, Mi Ju Kim, Hyun-Hwa Cha, Won Joon Seong

Dystocia due to Disproportion Maternal Pelvis in a Cow and Its Management

One non descriptive cow in her first parity was presented with history of dystocia. Per-vaginal examination revealed presence of emphysematous foetus with deformed maternal pelvis leading to squeezing of birth canal. So immediately planned for caesarean section. Required padding of sterile drapes around the gravid uterus was made to avoid contamination of abdomen by the uterine content and then the dead and emphysematous foetus was removed. Laparotomy wound was closed as per routine manner. Post-operatively administration of antibiotics, analgesics, fluid therapy and regular wound dressing were done till healing. After 12 days of operation skin sutures were removed and the cow recovered well.

Unilateral Bartholin's gland Cyst in a Holstein Friesian Crossbred Cow

A Holstein Friesian crossbred cow calved two times was brought with the history of infertility. Examination showed a unilateral Bartholin’s gland cyst on the left side of the vagina. The cyst was punctured, drained, and washed with antiseptic solution. The base of the cyst was incised and the vaginal wall was sutured with catgut No.2. The microbiological examination of the cyst was negative for active organisms. Cystic bartholins gland is more common in cows which are aged or had history of dystocia with necrotic vulvo-vaginitis, no such cause was found in this case.

Vaginal adhesions in a woman with the history of dystocia

Postpartum genital tract adhesions are unusual, and their cause has not been evaluated. However, severe dystocia and numerous pelvic examinations have been suggested as possible causes. Here, we report a case of vaginal adhesions following a difficult labor that presented as dyspareunia for 5 months. Pelvic examination and ultrasonography revealed a transverse vaginal septum that obstructed the vaginal cavity, and fluid collection proximal to this septum. The patient was successfully treated with surgical resection and administration of antibiotics.

Pituitary Stalk Interruption Syndrome in Chinese People: Clinical Characteristic Analysis of 55 Cases

ObjectivePituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS) is characterized by the absence of pituitary stalk, pituitary hypoplasia, and ectopic posterior pituitary. Due to the rarity of PSIS, clinical data are limited, especially in Chinese people. Herein, we analyzed the clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with PSIS from our center over 10 years.Patients and MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the clinical manifestations and laboratory and MRI findings in 55 patients with PSIS.ResultsOf the 55 patients with PSIS, 48 (87.3%) were male. The average age was 19.7±6.7 years and there was no familial case. A history of breech delivery was documented in 40 of 45 patients (88.9%) and 19 of 55 patients (34.5%) had a history of dystocia. Short stature was found in 47 of 55 patients (85.5%) and bone age delayed 7.26±5.37 years. Secondary sex characteristics were poor or undeveloped in most patients. The prevalence of deficiencies in growth hormone, gonadotropins, corticotropin, and thyrotropin were 100%, 95.8%, 81.8%, 76.3%, respectively. Hyperprolactinemia was found in 36.4% of patients. Three or more pituitary hormone deficiencies were found in 92.7% of the patients. All patients had normal posterior pituitary function and absent pituitary stalk on imaging. The average height of anterior pituitary was 28 mm, documented anterior pituitary hypoplasia. Midline abnormalities were presented in 9.1% of patients.ConclusionsThe clinical features of our Chinese PSIS patients seem to be different from other reported patients in regarding to the higher degree of hypopituitarism and lower prevalence of midline defects. In addition, our patients were older at the time of case detection and the bone age was markedly delayed. We also had no cases of familial PSIS.

Radiographic pelvimetry and evaluation of radiographic findings of the pelvis in cats with dystocia

Summary Objective: The aim of this study was to determine reference values for pelvic dimensions in radiographically unremarkable native Turkish cats (similar to European Shorthair cats) and to evaluate radiographic findings of the pelvis in cats with dystocia and to compare their pelvimetric measurements with those of radiographically unremarkable cats. Material and methods: Pelvimetry was performed on ventro-dorsal and lateral radiographs of radiographically unremarkable male (n = 34) and female cats (n = 23) with no history of dystocia and cats presented with dystocia. Cats with dystocia were classified in groups according to radiographical findings: cats without obvious radiographical changes, cats with traumatic pelvic stenosis and cats with pelvic narrowing due to metabolic disease. Statistical analyses were performed to find out significant differences between both groups with respect to gender and age. Results: Pelvic dimensions of radiographically unremarkable cats are greater in males compared to females. These differences increase with increasing age, but are not significant in cats older than 2 years. Twenty-five out of 37 queens presented with dystocia had significantly smaller pelvic dimensions compared to radiographically unremarkable queens. Deformation/narrowing of the pelvis in 12 cats (32%) due to old fractures and metabolic bone disease occurred in 7 and 5 cases, respectively. Conclusion: Old, untreated pelvic fractures and metabolic disorders may cause stenosis of the birth canal and dystocia. However, there is a high rate of queens without deformation, but smaller pelvic dimension experiencing dystocia. As 80% of these cats are around 1 year of age they might still be growing or are underdeveloped, despite pelvic physeal growth plates are already closed. Clinical relevance: Pelvic radiographs and pelvimetry before mating enables to identify cats with pelvic narrowing due to traumatic, metabolic, or developmental reasons and may prevent the queen from potential dystocia.

Clinical, Bacteriological, and Histopathological Study of Toxic Puerperal Metritis in Iraqi Buffalo

Data were collected from 42 buffalo with toxic puerperal metritis in 2 large herds, with a history of dystocia, prolapse, and retained placenta. All buffalo were subjected to detailed clinical examination including external inspection, vaginoscopy, and transrectal palpation of the cervix, uterus, and ovaries. Swabs for bacteriology and biopsies for histopathology were collected from the uterine lumen from each cow. Character, odor, and estimation of polymorphonuclear cells of the vaginal mucus were scored. Blood samples were collected from cows for creatine kinase and aspartate amino-transferase measurement. The most predisposing factor causing toxic puerperal metritis was retained placenta (52.4%), and the most prevalent bacteria in uterine lumen were Escherichia coli, Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Fusobacterium necrophorum (18.5, 16.7, 13.0, and 9.3%, respectively). High levels of polymorphonuclear cells were observed in buffalo infected with A. pyogenes and gram-negative anaerobic bacteria (62.1 and 76.4%). A high prevalence of gram-negative anaerobes was isolated from uteri harboring A. pyogenes (13.0%). Buffalo with toxic puerperal metritis had significantly higher creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase activities than controls (499.2±23.9 and 208.3±11.3 vs. 242.7±12.9 and 166.8±11.5 U/L, respectively). In a conclusion, gram-negative anaerobes and other facultative pathogens including A. pyogenes were important pathogens that cause severe uterine inflammation.

Rupture of the gastrocnemius muscle in six foals

Rupture of the gastrocnemius muscle and subsequent disruption of the reciprocal mechanism of the hind limb was diagnosed in 6 foals examined at 7 hours to 3 weeks of age. In 2 foals, the musculoskeletal injury was detected as an ancillary finding to clinical signs of neurologic dysfunction ascribed to hypoxic ischemic insult during delivery, whereas in the other 4 foals, musculoskeletal injury, manifested as inability to rise or stand unsupported, was the chief complaint at admission. Five foals had a history of dystocia and assisted delivery. Common clinical signs were inability to rise, disruption of the reciprocal mechanism, swelling in the caudal aspect of the thigh, instability of the stifle joint, and stifle joint effusion. For mild gastrocnemius injury, exercise restriction via forced recumbency, with minimal or no bandaging, may be sufficient treatment. For more severe disruption of the muscle, limb stabilization via splinting and intensive nursing and monitoring are necessary. Four foals had important concurrent problems, including musculoskeletal deformations (joint contractures), hypoxic ischemic disease, and failure of passive transfer and associated problems (ie, sepsis, polyarthritis, and pneumonia). Moderate to severe gastrocnemius muscle injury is difficult to treat successfully, and the long-term prognosis for athletic function should be regarded as guarded.