Historical Criticism Research Articles

Jeanne Marie Gagnebin e a crítica de Walter Benjamin ao direito

Abstract Among the production of the philosopher Jeanne Marie Gagnebin dedicated to Walter Benjamin’s thought, there are two texts in which Gagnebin seems to work more directly with Benjamin’s reflections on law: “Myth, Law and Justice in Walter Benjamin” and “State of exception: Between catastrophe and necropolitics”. These texts discuss the theoretical-political and historical foundations of the critique of Law made by the German philosopher. This article intends to realize a brief comment on these texts; and also to indicate, based on these texts and other moments in her work, that how Gagnebin interprets Walter Benjamin's philosophy of history brings us important elements for the task (still unfinished) to build a critical perception on law and especially on the historical regime underlying it. Based on this proposal, this article is divided into 3 parts. The first aims to comment the essays previously mentioned; the second to differentiate the reading suggested by Gagnebin from some influential interpretations of Walter Benjamin's work in theory and philosophy of law; and the third to discuss how the interpretation proposed by the Swiss-Brazilian thinker of Benjamin's texts on law is based in a more integrated reading of the historical criticism proposed by the German philosopher.

Plutarch's demiurgic moralism in his Theseus–Romulus

ABSTRACT: This article deals with the tension between two points of interest in Plutarch's Theseus–Romulus . On the one hand, the pair is part and parcel of the Parallel Lives and should thus be understood in light of their 'zetetic moralism'. On the other hand, Plutarch pays much attention to questions of historical criticism, not only in the two biographies but even in the programmatic proem. These two issues, and their mutual relation and interplay, are examined against the background of Plutarch's Platonism (particularly his reception of the Timaeus ). The task which Plutarch has set himself in this pair indeed bears comparison with that of the Demiurge who brought order to chaos. In that sense, Theseus–Romulus can be characterized as a project of 'demiurgic moralism'.

19th-century German Theologian Albrecht Ritschl's View of the Bible - Comparison with His Contemporaries, Schleiermacher and Strauss -

본고는 19세기 독일 신학의 맥락에서 리츨의 성서관을 분석한다. 성서무오 또는 축자영감 교리는 성서에 대한 누군가의 견해를 평가하기 위해 사용된 표준의 기초였다. 그러나 계몽시대 이후 학문의 발전으로 성서의 권위가 의문시되자 신학자들의 반응은 저마다 달랐다. 특히, 리츨은 계몽주의 이후 유럽에서 가장 중요한 신학 자였다. 리츨이 성서를 어떻게 보는지를 설명하기 위해 본고는 그를 다른 두 명의 동시대 신학자인 슐라이어마허와 슈트라우스와 대조하고 비교한다. 슐라이어마허는 체험을 중심으로 신약만을 인정했으며, 슈트라우스는 성서를 신화로 규정하고역사적 검토에 따라 신뢰할 수 없는 책으로 보았다. 리츨은 두 사람의 기여, 체험과역사 비평을 비판적으로 수용했다. 그리고 리츨은 신약의 배경으로, 신약을 예수에 대한 증언으로 보고, 성서는 종교적 가치를 지니는 기독교의 경전임을 확립했 다. 본고는 성서무오나 축자영감 교리를 넘어 성경의 권위와 가치를 어떻게 받아들일 것인가에 대한 신학적 관점을 탐색하였다.This article analyses Ritschl's view of the Bible in the context of German theology in the 19th century. The doctrines of biblical inerrancy or of verbal inspiration have been the basis for the standards used to evaluate someone's views of the Bible. The theologians reacted, however, differently when the authority of the Bible was questioned by the academic advancement after the Age of Enlightenment. Ritschl was especially the most significant theologian in Europe following the Enlightenment. In order to explain how Ritschl views the Bible, this article compares and contrasts contrasts and compares him with two other contemporary theologians, Schleiermacher and Strauss. Schleiermacher recognized only the New Testament based on the common religious experience of believers, while Strauss regarded the Bible mythical and unreliable according to historical criticism. Ritschl critically accepted the contributions, religious experiences and historical criticism of both theologians. He saw the Old Testament as the background for of the New Testament, accepted the New Testament as records of Jesus relatively without distortion, and claimed that the Bible is a Christian scripture with religious values. This article presents an alternative to traditional theological perspectives on the authority and value of the Bible apart from the doctrines of biblical inerrancy or inspiration.

Menalar Secara Historis Misi Universal dalam Kitab Yunus

This research aims to reason historically the universal mission in the book of Jonah. The method used is a qualitative approach by analyzing the text of the Bible using historical criticism exegesis. Because this research is descriptive qualitative in nature without field research, the researcher as the main instrument utilizes literature studies with various literature ranging from printed books, journals, websites and online applications. After analyzing the introduction of the book of Jonah, the problematic interpretation of the book of Jonah, the universal mission contained in the book of Jonah, to reflecting on it theologically, the research results show that the book of Jonah can be reasoned with historically. The universal mission contained in one of the Old Testament books emphasizes the mission paradigm that cannot be confined by a particular group or nation. Then it becomes a challenge for thinkers and researchers who tend to emphasize ratios more to reflect on the possibility of reasoning historically about things that are considered nonsensical stories. Thus, it is highly recommended to conduct research on other books, both in the Old Testament and the New Testament to find universal missionary characteristics as well as to answer the challenges of the 21st century which are increasingly critical and crises.

Spinoza’s Ethics

Spinoza’s Ethics

Тұрсынбек Кәкішев публицистикасындағы алаштану мәселелері

The article analyzes and concludes about the study of the problem of Alash studies in the journalism of scientist T.Kakishev, the civil position and personal views of the author in it. The scientist’s writings are dominated by factuality, which considered the circumstances that influenced the development of the opposite view of the idea of Alash in the history and literature of the Soviet period, which has not yet been fully studied. Special attention is paid to research methods in journalistic articles in which the scientist cited statistical data concerning the fate of the slanderous national intelligentsia, which suffered from political ideologies that took place in different periods of national history. Conclusions about the fate of the Kazakh intelligentsia, published in the newspapers «Zhuldyz», «Leninshil Zhas», reveal the scientist in a new light.T.Kakishev pays special attention to the activities of the press when considering the history of literary criticism, a research essay about the journal «Sadak», published by students of the madrasa «Galiya» in Ufa, works from journalistic trips to regional studies, personal study, is a sample of collecting and generalizing, analyzing, forecasting information. The articles of the scientist «Kiyas kisyndar kiyameti», «Kagidaga ainalgan kateler tuzelse», «Ult ziyalylaryn tagdyr-talayy» explain the conclusions concerning the historical event and the political situation of that period, as well as the slanderous statements of the Alash intelligentsia. The article reveals the methods of analysis of works, printed articles on the topic of a scientist who comprehensively investigated the problem of Alash studies.

David F. Ford. The Gospel of John: A Theological Commentary

David F. Ford. <i>The Gospel of John: A Theological Commentary</i>

Frantz Fanon’s Decolonized Dialectics: The Primacy of the Affective Weight of the Past

Drawing from the critical phenomenology of Alia Al-Saji, Christina Sharpe’s notion of “the wake,” and Jan Slaby’s work on affect, this paper offers a critique of George Ciccariello-Maher’s (2017) formulation of Frantz Fanon’s decolonized dialectic. I argue that Ciccariello-Maher’s formulation, while excellent in most respects, nevertheless contains a significant lacuna. While he is correct to point out that Fanon’s critique of universal reconciliation forces his dialectical activity to remain firmly rooted in the present, by failing to fully draw out how the past always already weighs on the present, Ciccariello-Maher runs the risk of obscuring the affective weight of Fanon’s historical critique. This is problematic for the way it obscures the full range of ethical possibilities that stem from this particular affective&amp;nbsp;experience—possibilities that Jan Slaby (2020: 189–95) makes clear via Christina Sharpe’s notion of “the wake.” In other words, while Ciccariello-Maher seems to frame Fanon’s recourse to infinitely deferred reconciliation as a reflection of the “ethical nihilism” (2017: 62) that characterizes the system of oppression he is responding to, a reformulation of Ciccariello-Maher’s observations with respect to affectivity re-frames this infinite deferral as an “embodied ethics of being and knowing” (Slaby 2020: 189). I will ultimately argue that this reformulation helps us understand Fanon’s parting words in Black Skin White Masks—“Oh my body, always make me a man who questions!” (Fanon 2008b: 206; 1952: 188)—as a call for the type of ethics suggested by Sharpe’s notion of “the wake” (2016).

Ukrainian Music Criticism of the 2010s: General Situation, Problems, Directions of Development (Based on the Examples From Contemporary Art Music Scene)

"The paper focuses on the 2010s in the history of Ukrainian music criticism. The materials on contemporary art music were chosen to support the authors’ reflections and conclusions. Selection of the time, period and material for the research are conditioned both with the specific social situation of Ukraine and with the recent developments in its music scene. The paper characterizes the main media, most popular critical genres, and methods of critical coverage. It is highlighted that the problems of Ukrainian music criticism during the 2010s were linked to the post-Soviet past and, in general, to the colonial status of Ukrainian culture in the Russian Empire and later in the Soviet Union. Such problems include the absence of independent journals for music criticism, dominance of information genres over reviews, general stable positive evaluation of musical scene activity etc. A few examples illustrate the gradual changing of situation during the 2010s. The authors offer to consider that new period of Ukraine music criticism history began in 2020 when The Claquers, a critical media about art music in Ukraine and abroad aiming to solve the mentioned problems, was established. Keywords: Ukrainian music criticism, contemporary art music, policy of colonialism, review, announcement. "

In Eastern Europe it is unusual to write a new theory – the exceptions are indeed exceptional. Considering the alternative versions of modernities, Romanticisms or Reformations, it seems that we can at last set aside the compulsory model of the West-East transfer of knowledge, in order to reveal particular aspects of the Central-East European cultures or different ways the local

In Eastern Europe it is unusual to write a new theory – the exceptions are indeed exceptional. Considering the alternative versions of modernities, Romanticisms or Reformations, it seems that we can at last set aside the compulsory model of the West-East transfer of knowledge, in order to reveal particular aspects of the Central-East European cultures or different ways the local contexts transform adapted key concepts and theorems. Instead of their simple assimilation into the Western canonic patterns, there are two more directions which complement this tendency: on the one hand, we can investigate the local import of historical criticism dismantling the hegemony of theory, and on the other hand we can study the local embeddedness of circulating theoretical trends from before the new historical turn. However, this is again, as usually, the application of a recent – albeit elsewhere more advanced – Western methodology, this time that of comparative literary and cultural studies. Facing this situation, I will try to dislocate the theory of the contextualist approach through questioning its conception of time as canonized in fundamental terms like histor(icit)y.

Forming the Corpus Criticorum (1450–1640): Bibliography, Title Pages, Dataset

The <em>Corpus Criticorum (1450–1650)</em> (CC) is a pioneering comprehensive bibliography of early modern publications that feature the notion of critique on their title pages. It was constituted by collecting, validating, and curating information from pan-European, language-based, and national union catalogues. A complementary and interconnected “data package” was deposited on <em>Zenodo</em>, comprising: (1) a classical text-based bibliography, supplemented by (2) a CSV dataset of information contained therein, (3) the images of title pages not readily available online, and (4) a comprehensive BibTeX dataset. The CC can be reused in further internal research on the history of critique and as a model for research on the history of other concepts and ideas.

Socrates and the Sophists: Reconsidering the History of Criticisms of the Sophists

To examine the sophists and their legacy, it is necessary to reconsider the relation between Socrates and the sophists. The trial of Socrates in 399 BCE seems to have changed people’s attitudes towards and conceptions of the sophists drastically, because Socrates was the first and only “sophist” executed for being a sophist. In the fifth century BCE, people treated natural philosophy, sophistic rhetoric and Socratic dialogue without clear distinctions, often viewing them as dangerous, impious and damaging to society. After the trial of Socrates, however, Plato sharply dissociated Socrates from the sophists and treated his teacher as a model philosopher and the latter as fakes, despite many common features and shared interests between them. While Plato’s distinction was gradually accepted by his contemporaries and by subsequent thinkers through the fourth century BCE, some disciples of Socrates and the second generation of sophists continued to pride themselves on being sophists and philosophers at the same time. Thus, this paper argues that Socrates belonged to the sophistic movement before Plato dissociated him from the other sophists, although the trial of Socrates did not immediately eliminate confusion between the sophist and the philosopher. The reconstructed view of the contemporaries of Socrates and Plato will change our conception of the sophists, as well as of Socrates. Finally, the paper examines the relation of Socrates to Antiphon of Rhamnus. Plato deliberately ignored this Athenian sophist because he was a shadowy double of Socrates in democratic Athens.

Down with This Sort of Thing: Seth Heringer and the End of the Historical-Critical Method

Down with This Sort of Thing: Seth Heringer and the End of the Historical-Critical Method

“Special Feature: The Achievements of John Dennis,” ed. Claude Willan. 1650–1850: Ideas, Aesthetics, and Inquiries in the Early Modern Era, ed. Kevin L. Cope

“Special Feature: The Achievements of John Dennis,” ed. Claude Willan. <i>1650–1850: Ideas, Aesthetics, and Inquiries in the Early Modern Era, ed. Kevin L. Cope</i>

Notes towards a historical, critical theory of memory constellations: Postcolonial nationalist memory in Michael Anthony’s King of the Masquerade

The historical and critical theory of memory constellations addresses two challenges in cultural memory studies: the detachment of memories from socio-historical contexts and the risk of critical concepts becoming dogmatic. Instead of imposing a memory concept top-down, memory constellations analyse cultural memories from the bottom-up by triangulating these with their historical precedents and the social conditions that enable the memories to emerge. The tensions, conflicts and contradictions between memory, genealogy and social conditions enable a fundamentally historical critique. The description of the steelpan in Michael Anthony’s novella King of the Masquerade and wider societal as well as transnational dynamics reveals a memory war that can be described as a memory constellation of postcolonial nationalist remembrance.

Yamin’s sociocultural and mythical creation of colonized Indonesia by the Dutch for 350 years

This research aims to assess Muhammad Yamin’s sociocultural aspects in the process of developing the 350-year Dutch colonization of Indonesia myth. Descriptive qualitative research and Kuntowijoyo’s socio-cultural approach were used. A bibliographic search, document analysis, and data from the 1957 first national history congress, and M. Yamin’s profiles and academic manuscripts were used. Our results show that the myth of the 350-year Dutch colonization of Indonesia was deliberately created in 1936 to weaken the fighting spirit and unity of the Indonesian people. Then, M. Yamin adopted the myth to foster a fighting spirit of nationalism, patriotism, and unity in the Indonesian people during the colonial period. Critical historians eventually began to challenge Yamin’s version of philosophy of history. Moreover, G.J. Resink, in 1968, studied the myth of the 350-year Dutch colonization of Indonesia, successfully dispelling it. Finally, Indonesia accepted Resink and other researchers’ findings as a new historical fact in 2012.

Structured Intervention Units and Mental Health in Canadian Federal Prisons: A Policy Assessment of Bill C-83

On 21 June 2019, the federal government passed Bill C-83: An Act to amend the Corrections and Conditional Release Act and another Act with the primary intention of eliminating the use of administrative and disciplinary segregation in Canadian federal prisons and replacing the practice with structured intervention units. This new correctional model would serve as a way to separate unsafe inmates while ensuring they receive appropriate mental health services, increased time outside of their units, and meaningful human contact. The conception of Bill C-83 was largely a result of a history of widespread criticisms that administrative segregation infringed on human rights, posed significant mental health concerns, and violated the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. While the reform mitigated immediate pressure on the federal government to act, several advocacy groups, legal experts, politicians, and other stakeholders voiced negative opinions and indicated the shortcomings of the new units and the impact they will have on the health of prisoners. Bill C-83 has the potential to prompt significant change in the context of prison health reform, but this will be dependent on the federal government’s coordination with Correctional Services Canada.

Gerakan Perempuan Abad 19-20

Women's organizations are formed from among women themselves, because of the self-awareness of women. The steps taken by women figures throughout history are proof of the seriousness of Indonesian women to lay the foundation for the women's movement in the name of humanity and social justice. Fujinkai was one of the organizations that were allowed to remain standing during the Japanese occupation. This article will discuss the women's movement that emerged in the 19-20 centuries, by explaining the role of several women at that time. This discussion is limited temporally, namely in the pre-independence period only. In writing articles, the author uses the historical method by going through a series of stages such as gathering sources (heuristics), verification (historical criticism, validity of sources), interpretation, and writing. From this research resulted in several discussions, namely: 1) Women and the nature of humanity, 2) Women's movements in the colonial period, 3) Women during the Japanese colonial period.

A Study of Paradigms and Theoretical Key Words of Asian American Literary Criticism

A Study of Paradigms and Theoretical Key Words of Asian American Literary Criticism

Between Dogma and Data: Wilhelm Schmidt and the Afterlives of 19th-Century Ethnolinguistics

Father Wilhelm Schmidt SVD (1868-1954) was one of the great linguistic and ethnological information hoarders of the early 20th century. Through the missionary Society of the Divine Word, he coordinated an army of trained fieldworkers who supplied him with information for his twelve-volume synthesis of world religions, his atlas of the world’s languages, and the journal Anthropos. Schmidt saw himself as practicing Catholic modern science, based on historical criticism and observational data. His guiding tenet was that language structures and material culture were linked to intersecting patterns of original Kulturkreise (cultural spheres), each with their own form of primeval monotheistic religious awareness. In other words, Schmidt sought to confirm Catholic dogma through data; a confirmation bias that mainly taints his ethnological work. This article investigates to what extent it also informed his more technical linguistic work, and how the two are interrelated.