Historical Criticism Research Articles

Metaphors of Textual Materiality in Late Medieval Middle English Sermons

This article explores the use of book metaphors in a selection of late medieval Middle English sermons, both orthodox and Wycliffite. These book metaphors engage with the materiality of the codex in a variety of ways, drawing on understandings of scribal practice, the dyptical structure of the physical book, learning and reading practices, and parchment production. Although sermon texts are usually considered void of any creativity, these book metaphors prove diverse and inventive. Through a close reading of particular case studies, I argue that sermons often express an ambivalence toward the material text, at once warning of the biblioclastic effect of sin and the textual manipulation of the devil and offering the devout a metaphorical means of writing their own salvation. The article engages with historical criticism on the use, purpose, and function of the sermon form while considering how these written and spoken texts themselves responded to late medieval literacy, book use, book production, and other material objects.

Designed by Chance: Form and Recorded Motion

Designed by Chance:Form and Recorded Motion Jordan Schonig (bio) A new jargon was heard around the [Disney] studio. Words like "aiming" and "overlapping" and "pose to pose" suggested that certain animation procedures gradually had been isolated and named. Verbs turned into nouns overnight, as, for example, when the suggestion, "Why don't you stretch him out more?" became "Get more stretch on him." … As each of these processes acquired a name, it was analyzed and perfected and talked about.1 At first glance, not much is remarkable about this anecdote from Disney animators Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston. A specialized vocabulary is a necessary feature of any craft, and phrases such as "squash and stretch" and "rubber hose" are ubiquitous terms for categorizing stylistic differences within the history of animation. But when viewed from the vantage of the history of film theory and criticism, a striking set of distinctions emerges. Whereas film scholars have devised a formal vocabulary to describe variations in shot scale and angle, editing patterns, and approaches to mise-en-scène, animators and animation scholars have developed terms to describe forms of onscreen movement. To identify a "squash and stretch" within a character's leap or to compare a flailing limb to a "rubber hose" is to identify a sense of unity—a form—perceived across a succession of visual sensations. In what follows, I'll show how film studies stands to gain from thinking of movement in this particular way and how an attention to forms of movement can change the way we think about film form more generally.2 [End Page 173] By forms of movement, I do not simply mean types of movement, where such types might be divided into the movement of human subjects, the camera's movement, or the movement that results from editing.3 Rather, I mean perceptual wholes or shapes of motion mentally stitched together through time. Think of forms of movement as temporal gestalts, except instead of perceiving the aural unity of a melody across the succession of individual notes, we perceive a visual unity: a shape or pattern of motion. In everyday life, forms of motion enable us to identify things in the world, such as when we recognize a friend from behind by their gait.4 Our friend's way of walking—as distinct from, say, the contours of their body—has a motion signature that we are able to identify across time. For animators, this ordinary cognitive faculty of stitching together forms from fields of motion is indispensable. Animators don't simply see characters who move; they see forms and styles within and across those movements. This way of seeing undergirds Norman McLaren's oft-cited definition of animation as "not the art of drawings-that-move, but the art of movements-thatare-drawn."5 For animators, forms of movement such as squash and stretch or rubber hose often take perceptual priority over the design of the object or character that is moving.6 This faculty is as well documented in animation scholarship as it is in animation practice. We can see it in Sergei Eisenstein's notion of the "plasmatic," a way of moving marked by the metamorphic flexibility of a figure's contours, or in Thomas Lamarre's distinction between cinematism and animetism, two opposing aesthetic tendencies for representing mobile views of animated space.7 We can see it in Vivian Sobchack's phenomenological analysis of the computer-animated "morph"—itself a form of motion subsumed within the broader form of the metamorphic—and Aylish Wood's study of the "spatial transformations" in Caroline Leaf's sand animations.8 In each of these cases, forms of movement are identified and named as a means of expanding the reader's ability to see those forms.9 While forms of movement abound in live-action film—such as the onrush of space typical of forward camera movement or Charlie Chaplin's [End Page 174] tramp walk—they are rarely presented as objects of analysis. Part of the reason for this is that form has been understood in film studies as the product of artistic choices. Moreover, in live-action film, movement is recorded rather...

Program of Russian art historians and training courses in this field

The suggestions about reprinting the program of P.V. Pavlov for discussion in the academic community of historians, cultural studies scholars and art historians are expressed. The proposed scholarly discussion around the propaedeutic heritage of art historians of the 19th – early 20th centuries should become one of the steps to prepare a new version of the history of Russian art criticism.

Art of Being an Art Critic. Review of: Busev, M. A. (2020). Iskusstvo postigat’ iskusstvo: sbornik statei k 100-letiiu N. A. Dmitrievoi [Art of Comprehending Art: Collected Articles for N. A. Dmitrieva’s 100th Birthday]. Moscow: BooksMArt. 408 p.: Il.

This review examines Art of Comprehending Art, a collection of scholarly articles based on the materials of the conference Historical and Theoretical Issues of Art Studies: For N. A. Dmitrieva’s 100th Birthday (held on April 24–25, 2017 at the State Institute of Art Studies of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation). The first part of the collection presents colleagues’ memories about N. A. Dmitrieva’s work revealing various facets of her talent. In the second part of the book, scholarly articles by contemporary art historians are devoted to the issues that N. A. Dmitrieva examined, i.e. the history of art criticism and art education in Russia, theoretical and methodological issues (image and word, issues of interpretation, kitsch), the creative work of P. Picasso, M. Vrubel, and A. Chekhov. The third section contains fragments of N. A. Dmitrieva’s diary, as well as two previously unpublished articles.

V. M. Zhirmunsky in Hungary, 1962: Towards the history of the scientific ties

The scientific report of an outstanding linguist and literary critic V. M. Zhirmunsky on his trip to Budapest in October 1962 to an International conference on comparative literature is published with comments and the introduction. This document is not only remarkable in the context of the history of Soviet-Hungarian scientific ties and intellectual exchanges between socialist countries, but also in the light of the history of literary criticism and Slavic studies. It’s interesting because the document reflects the views of the major scientist on the development of international scientific contacts, shows his criticism of the Soviet academic bureaucracy and cautious dissatisfaction with the existing system of science management. The report is also important in connection with the study of intellectual transfers in the Cold War era. The presented document reveals pain points in the history of Soviet science diplomacy. A detailed introduction shows the interaction of V. M. Zhirmunsky and his colleagues with Hungarian scientists, their joint research projects. A special place is given to the figure of Prof. István Sőtér, a prominent Hungarian literary critic and writer, who was the initiator of the 1962 conference. His relations with Soviet scientists, in particular, with Yu. G. Oksman, whom the Hungarian scientist tried in vain to invite to the aforementioned Budapest conference. At the same time, it is concluded that difficulties in the development of international relations of Soviet scientists, in addition to ideological reasons, were due to low management efficiency and bureaucratization.

К вопросу о ценообразовании произведений искусства в процессе исторического развития художественных практик

In modern art practice, the issue of formation of symbolic and economic value of works of art remains acute and relevant. In the history of art art historians, curators, and art critics used to determine symbolic value. The issue of formation of economic value of works of art is still debatable. The task of the study is to identify features of the pricing of works of art inherent in individual periods of the development of artistic practices in a historical context. The authors address the issue retrospectively, considering the relationships between art and market, originated in the 18th century in Holland. The paper conducts a detailed analyze of the epistolary heritage of P. M. Tretiakov, concluding that in the 19th century it was the professional environment that acted as a regulator of the pricing of works of art. Economic conditions of the 20th century in the domestic art put to the forefront state insurance or state order, therefore the volume of payment of works depended on regalia and social status of an artist. The situation of the beginning of the 21st century brought not only new forms and mechanisms to the art market as Internet trading, corporate collecting, art banking, but also new problems that influenced the pricing process.

„Bis zur Grenze des Tragbaren“. Zur Geschichte der Kritik am Antisemitismus im Feuilleton des ›Pester Lloyd‹ 1933 bis 1944.

“At the limit of tolerability”: On the history of criticism of anti-Semitism in the feuilleton of ›Pester Lloyd‹ 1933–1944. When Siegfried Brachfeld’s dissertation on the last decade of the most influential Germanlanguage newspaper in Hungary appeared in 1971, a turning point in the cultural and scientific debate about anti-Semitism became apparent. A contemporary contextualisation of the only academic work by the popular entertainer constitutes the starting point for an inspection of the reception of literary antisemitism in Hungarian fiction with the help of random samples from ›Pester Lloyd‹.

The return of metaphysics as a subject matter of historical ontology: analytical review (ending)

The second part of the article continues the analytical and historiographical overview of the problems that are substantively related to the question of the role, meaning and historical fate of metaphysics. The author focuses on the phenomenon of the return of metaphysics to the philosophy of our time. The author traces the gradual rehabilitation of metaphysical problems in post-positivist studies of sci-ence. An attempt is made to differentiate these studies from the viewpoint of the opposition between internalism and externalism. The author shows the limits of this differentia-tion and highlights the mixed type of re-search, which focuses on the interaction of “external” and “internal” determinants of knowledge. It is shown that the postpositivist idea of the background knowledge extends not only to scientific (empirical) knowledge, but also to its philosophical (theoretical) justification, which is recognized by many re-searchers as historically and culturally conditioned. This opens up the possibility of a historical critique of the ontological presuppositions of the epistemological (transcendental) justification of science. Such presuppositions are considered in relation to the dis-course of negative ontology, which prohibits the cognitive experience of transcendent be-ing. The author shows that the criticism of these assumptions is carried out in the form of a regressive transcendental argument, which, comparing them with a new, philo-sophically revised scientific ontology, reveals their historically limited character. Thus, the regressive transcendental argument allows us to go beyond the negative ontology of the transcendental justification of science. This leads to the replacement of historical epistemology, whose subject matter is limited to knowledge and its historically mobile structures, with historical ontology, which returns to the description and explanation of reality. The author considers the concepts of new re-alism in the context of historical ontology and traces the connection of the new realism with the post-metaphysical and metametaphysical discourses.

Tortured Images in Viet Thanh Nguyen’s The Sympathizer & the War on Terror

This article develops an analytic of torture to read Viet Thanh Nguyen’s Pulitzer Prize-winning 2015 novel The Sympathizer beyond its narrative time surrounding the US war in Vietnam. By focusing on Nguyen’s description and uses of torture in the text, the article locates the period’s gender-, sexuality-, and race-based violence as part of an ongoing genealogy of US state-sanctioned torture, predicated upon Orientalist assumptions about pain, sexuality, and humanity. Specifically, the article reads the narrator’s forced confession and his use of staged photographs to torture others in dialogue with the 2004 photographs documenting prisoner abuse at the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq. Nguyen’s novel emerged a decade later amid debate on the use of torture, only one year after the US Senate Select Committee on Intelligence released its “Torture Report,” condemning the inhumane interrogation practices at Abu Ghraib. By having his characters draw on US training materials and advisors to implement torture practices infamously replicated decades later, Nguyen demonstrates that United States-led torture is not an exception, but rather state policy. Nguyen’s novel excavates these teleologies of racialized violence in the United States for popular audiences and puts forth a sharp historical critique of US racialized violence and militarized intervention.

Memoirs of E. A. Malov as an important educational resource in the field of propaganda science

The article is devoted to the autobiographical texts by E.A. Malov, a missionary and a teacher of the Kazan Theological Academy during the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. This period of time was characterized by a massive apostasy in the Kazan province of Orthodox newly baptized and old-baptized "foreigners" to Islam or paganism, which largely predetermined the specifics of the academy scientific work and its professors. The texts are written in the form of a diary describing the reflections on the implementation of a missionary campaign among Muslims and Orthodox "foreigners" and the conversations with shakirds and mullahs of the Kazan province during the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. E.A. Malov's diaries are directly related to his missionary activity, in which he participated actively throughout his life. Unlike many autobiographical texts that belonged to the clergy of that period, the Kazan missionary's diaries do not reflect the facts from his personal, and family life. The author of the diaries formulated the principles of "missionary science", the methods of refuting paganism and the Islamic religion. The texts of the diaries show that E.A. Malov strove to establish clear disciplinary boundaries of "missionary science," based mainly on historical criticism of sources, requiring specialized training. it is concluded that this source can be considered as one of the valid educational references in the field of propaganda science.

Male or Female: An Analysis of the Two Couples in “White Tigers” in The Woman Warrior

The Woman Warrior, written by Maxine Hong Kingston, depicts some either real or imaginary stories focusing on five women, with several male images connected with those mainly portrayed females. However, the two couples in “White Tigers” maintain a kind of harmonious relationship and bear some subversive character features, compared with others in the novel, even in other literary works. This paper makes an analysis of the two couples’ major characteristics through close reading, explores the probable causes by seeking the cultural origins and from the perspective of historical criticism, and then draws the conclusion that the two couples are testaments to androgyny, which, indeed, cannot go without Eastern philosophy, Western mythology and the experiences of Maxine Hong Kingston.

Thomism as a Tradition of Understanding

Thomism as a Tradition of Understanding Jeremy D. Wilkins But in choosing or rejecting opinions, one ought not be led by love or hatred for the one who introduces the opinion, but rather by the surety of the truth; and therefore we ought to love both those whose opinion we follow and those whose opinion we reject. Both have diligently inquired into the truth, and helped us in this.1 SCHOLASTIC THEOLOGIANS were wont to identify themselves with schools. Despite their differences, the schools shared a common set of questions and a common procedure for establishing a question. Schools could be distinguished and related by their positions on these questions. Thus, a century and a half ago, the renowned historian of dogma Théodore de Régnon remarked that Thomism, in its widest sense, indicates the doctrinal options proper to the Dominican school, but, in a more restricted sense, means the positions of Bañez over against those of Luis de Molina on the efficacy of grace, predestination, and divine operation.2 As this [End Page 247] example suggests, however, historical scholarship has troubled our conception of the relationship between the schools and their eponymous masters.3 More momentously, it has dissolved the situation in which recognizable schools could flourish in controversial relation to one another. Theologians disagree not only in their evaluation of past achievement but also about what the important questions are today. Scholarship has become more sophisticated, but also more difficult to integrate systematically and coordinate methodically. The range of discourses now trading as "theological" is riotously diverse. The deprecation of Scholastic theology and philosophy may be one point on which almost everyone agrees. School loyalty seems otiose. Thomism, however, continues to inspire a following. The nature of the Thomist tradition has been the object of explicit reflection among professing Thomists ever since the provocation of William de la Mare's Correctorium fratris Thomae in the thirteenth century, and continues to be so today.4 Still, as [End Page 248] more recent reflections attest, the exemption of Thomists from the sociological and intellectual transformations of the field has been, if anything, only partial. A Thomist receives something from Thomas Aquinas, but what? "Thomism" may designate the thought or perhaps the system of Aquinas. In this sense, Thomism can be neither more nor less perfect than the thought of its originator; only Aquinas is the ideal Thomist, and the best we can do is internalize his lessons and defend them as the need of the hour suggests. Alternatively, "Thomism" can name a set of positions on recognized questions. These positions can be identified in retrospect. But retrospect does not settle the present, the possibility of a living Thomism, open to dialectical purification and development in relation to new questions. Here, I take up the question of a living Thomism, but what I have to say is germane, I believe, to larger questions about the development and authority of theological traditions. First, I distinguish traditions of belief from traditions of understanding, and suggest that a tradition like Thomism ought to be understood primarily as a tradition of understanding. However, the matter is not quite so simple, especially in the case of Aquinas, who came to occupy a place of unique privilege in the firmament of Catholic thought. A second section, accordingly, considers how the authority of Aquinas has been construed, and a third examines his enduring value. Besides Aquinas, there is the matter of Thomism. It once seemed possible to define Thomism by a set of theses on common Scholastic questions, but the introduction of new questions, the re-evaluation of some old ones, and historical criticism of the Thomist tradition has complicated matters. What, then, is it? At the very least, Thomism is a complex of intellectual and social relations among thinkers whose positions are shaped, in fundamental ways, by an apprenticeship to Aquinas, as I argue in a fourth section. What it might yet be, in our very different, post-Scholastic context, I suggest in a fifth part by the example of Bernard Lonergan. [End Page 249] I. Belief and Understanding In a famous little quodlibet, Aquinas was asked whether a teacher ought to respond...

Totalidad y exterioridad en el pensamiento de Enrique Dussel. Interpretación y problematización / Totality and exteriority in Enrique Dussel’s thought. Interpretation and problematization

Dos conceptos centrales para comprender la obra de Enrique Dussel son los de totalidad y exterioridad. Ambos aparecen en toda la variedad temática de su obra: en trabajos de ética, de historia de la filosofía, de filosofía política, teología o de crítica económica. Este artículo se propone un recorrido por ambos conceptos teniendo en cuenta la presencia de una doble argumentación: una de corte filosófica y otra de raíz histórica. El objetivo es poner en evidencia cierto reenvío de uno a otro plano de las argumentaciones filosófica e histórica que presenta ciertos atolladeros. Para ello, se expone primero la concepción filosófica de la totalidad y luego la necesidad de dar cuenta de su carácter estructurador: el llamado núcleo ético-mítico. Se exponen también los dos caminos ético-míticos generales que de facto tomaron las grandes civilizaciones, mostrando luego -ejemplificando con las relaciones entre cristianismo y Cristiandad- las relaciones complejas e inestables entre totalidades, la exterioridad, tanto en su dimensión metafísica como histórica, y el problema del fetichismo. Luego, introduciremos algunas consideraciones en torno a las ideas de différance (Derrida) y de dislocación (Laclau) ateniendo a su impacto en el pensamiento decolonial. A partir de allí, dada la ausencia de origen o centro trascendental, se matiza la idea de totalidad cerrada; se revisa la noción de núcleo ético-mítico en su carácter monolítico, unívoco y monovalente; y se complejiza la cuestión de la exterioridad -y su relación con la idea de víctima-poniendo en cuestión su carácter metafísico u originario.

Teorías sobre el cine de Miguel Delibes

De 1953 a 1999 Miguel Delibes publica en diferentes medios de comunicación una serie de artículos acerca del cine tratando diversos aspectos: reseña estrenos cinematográficos, reflexiona sobre géneros, sobre el cine español y europeo, sobre avances técnicos de la industria cinematográfica y sobre algunas de las adaptaciones de sus obras literarias al cine. Todos estos documentos, examinados actualmente y en conjunto, conforman una poética del arte cinematográfico escasamente señalado hasta la fecha y constituyen una importante aportación al estudio de la historia de la crítica cinematográfica en España. En esta investigación analizo y examino las principales contribuciones del escritor a esa poética del cine.

From Philosophy of Religion to History of Religions Criticism of the Western Construction of Religion

Din felsefesi ile Dinler Tarihi “din” üzerine felsefi ve tarihsel bir takım incelemeleri ve soruşturmaları içerir. Ancak incelemelerine ve soruşturmalarına konu edindikleri “din” kavramının mahiyetine yönelik derin bir sessizlik ve belirsizlik göze çarpar. Bu disiplinlerde “din” denilince bilimsel bir nesne mi, olgusal bir gerçeklik mi, yoksa ideolojik bir inşa mı kastedildiği belli değildir. Din felsefesi disiplininde din üzerine felsefi soruşturmalar yapılırken Hristiyan teolojisinin genel ve özel sorunları mı tartışılır, yoksa her dinin özel sorunlarından yola çıkılarak felsefi bir soruşturma mı yapılır? Dinler tarihi dinin tarihsel görünümleri ve dönüşümleri mi tasvir eder, ya da dinler tarihi Batılı metafizik önyargıların bilimsel bir forma bürünmüş hali midir? Bu makalede Batı’da din felsefesinden dinler tarihi disiplinine seyreden din üzerine yapılmış çalışmaların bazı örtük varsayımları ve problemleri hakkında bir soruşturma yapılacaktır. Makalenin temel iddiası genel olarak Batı’da ortaya çıkan din bilimlerinin özel olarak ise din felsefesi ile dinler tarihi disiplininde kullanılan “din” kavramının Batı merkezci bir gramer tarafından inşa edildiği ve Hristiyan kültürün söz dağarcığı ile şekillendiğidir. “Din” üzerine bu örtük varsayımlar ve arkaplan ile yüzleşilmediği veya hesaplaşılmadığı takdirde hem akademik olarak hem de entelektüel olarak anlamlı bir mesafe alınamayacaktır. Makalede jeneolojik yöntemle dinin Batılı inşasının yarattığı sorunlar dile getirilecektir. Bu sayede dinler arasındaki belirgin farklılıkların bastırılmasının önüne geçilebilecek ve belli bir kültürde kurgulanmış bir dinin diğer dinlere ontolojik ve epistemolojik şiddet uygulanmasının önüne geçilmiş olacaktır.

Unité d’analyse en traductologie descriptive. Une contribution à la méthodologie des DTS

This article aims to specify one method of descriptive analysis, which can be used in the epistemological framework of the Descriptive Translation Studies and the theory of the polysystem. The challenge is essentially to define the unit of analysis in relation to traditional translation methods (borrowing, tracing, literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence, adaptation), defined in 1958 by Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet. We aim to associate the comparative stylistics with polysystem theory on the descriptive studies of translation and to propose a method of qualitative and quantitative analysis on corpus of source and target texts. The method could be profitable especially for studies in the field of the history of translation (in the phase of “historical criticism” according to the taxonomy of the discipline formulated by A. Pym).

A Brief History of the Theory and Practice of Computational Literary Criticism (1963-2020)

This paper will construct a history of computational literary criticism (CLS) which has engaged statistical methods by providing an historical account of the journal articles as well as other publications which have advanced the field to the most significant extent since 1963. This paper divides the history of CLS into three distinct epochs, within each of which the methods and theories CLS scholars utilise undergo significant qualitative transformation. The decisive factor in each of these epochs is CLS’ relationship to traditional literary criticism. Partly as a result of this, CLS scholarship initially cleaves to organic theories of literary style and adopts a highly polemicised opposition to then-regnant post-structuralist theories of authorship.

REVISIONISME STUDI AL-QUR`AN DI BARAT: PENDEKATAN, TIPOLOGI, DAN RELASI PENGETAHUAN-KUASA DALAM KAJIAN DAVID S. POWERS TENTANG AYAT-AYAT WARIS

The commonly accepted assumption among Muslims is that the Islamic law of inheritance known as ‘ ilm al-farā`idh represents what correctly understood from the Qur`ān. This article is intended to study David S. Powers’ study of the transformation of the so-called proto-Islamic law of inheritance accepted from the Prophet into this science. The study will be focused on his approach to this issue, his stand within oriental study of the Qur`ān, and his study viewed from pos-colonial perspective. Employing synthesized typology of orientalists’ stand in studying Islam, and Edward Said’s perspective of the so-called “intellectual powers”, in this article, I argue that Powers’ study of the issue represents revisionist’s stand of Islam and the Qur`an, applying synthesized approaches of literary and historical criticism. But, his analysis belongs the Western radical analysis of influence of Roman law on the Islamic law and in the context of West-East opposision, reflects Western people’s superiority against Eastern’s (Muslim community) inferiority in understanding their own scripture, the Qur`ān.

Critical History, Subversion and Self-subversion: the Curious cases of Jean Mabillon and Richard Simon (II/II)

"Jean Mabillon and Richard Simon were both eminent seventeenth-century scholars who practiced contextualizing critical philology in order to forge unbeatable scientifical instruments against the skeptics and reinforce the authority of historical documents. But Simon’s work produced a mutation of the meaning of authenticity that would prove subversive and would generate outrage. His sociological and institutionalist understanding of the history of sacred texts not only merged both their production and their transmission into a common, ontologically homogenous historical process, but also included a survey of the sociological and cultural circumstances that transformed the text into a real authority. Furthermore, this anti-essentialist understanding of the gradual formation of the text allowed a positive reevaluation of the tradition as a continuous practice aiming at keeping alive an already historical truth. Key words: historical criticism, biblical hermeneutics, Richard Simon, Jean Mabillon, Spinoza "

Pembelajaran Sejarah pada Masa Kolonialisme Belanda

This article aims to examine the development of historical learning during the Dutch Colonialism period, especially after the implementation of the Ethical Policy. In the field of education, indigenous elite students have access to Western (Dutch) education with the Colonial-Centrism curriculum, including history lessons. Historical learning in the early twentieth century characterized by learning materials oriented towards European superiority, Dutch legitimacy over Colonialism in the Dutch East Indies, delegitimation of rulers (kings/sultans) in Nusantara, and the indoctrination of colonized nations to accept Colonialism. This research used the historical method, namely heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The results of this research showed us that historical learning during the Colonialism period was oriented to legitimize the political power of Dutch Colonialism and indoctrination for indigenous elites to accept Colonialism. That is because historical learning has a strategic role in influencing elite indigenous students to receive and support colonial domination and structure in society. On the other perspectives, history lessons produced indigenous students that increase the ability of critical thinking about Colonialism and Western Imperialism.