History Of Aquaculture Research Articles

Aquaculture’s offshore frontier: learning from the Canadian courts on ocean grabbing, ocean privatization, and property as process

Many coastal nations have endorsed the Blue Economy as both an economic and environmental opportunity, despite numerous questions as to how industrial expansion into deep ocean waters might be regulated for sustainability. Aquaculture is one industry actively promoting a move offshore, with numerous offshore leases in development. Drawing on the history of aquaculture in the nearshore, and relying on a processual approach to property, we explore questions around the regulation of privatized ocean spaces: What can court cases involving aquaculture in the nearshore tell us about the role of law in promoting sustainable offshore ocean spaces? And what in turn does this suggest about extractive capitalism, the privatization of ocean spaces, and the law? We examine 46 Canadian court cases which cover a 30-year time frame and multiple Canadian jurisdictions. We argue that there are lessons here regarding the questionable ability of law to effectively regulate existing or future aquaculture operations once privatization emerges. The lessons from these Canadian court cases, taken together with a burgeoning literature on legal geography, more-than-human methodologies, and critical environmental law, suggest the varied legal dimensions of deep-sea aquaculture frontier imaginaries and highlight the real limits to regulating the extraction of resources in this perceived open space (terra nullius). We highlight crucial barriers to sustainability through what we are calling jurisdictional opaqueness in regulatory issues. The results include poor regulation and overlapping or contested jurisdictions, which relates in turn to inadequate consultation, frequent environmental problems (toxic chemicals, anoxia, salmon escapes, marine debris), and scientific disputes.

ВЛИЯНИЕ РАЗВЕДЕНИЯ ЛОБСТЕРОВ В ЗАЛИВЕ СУАН ДАЙ, ПРОВИНЦИИ ФУЙЕН НА СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКУЮ И ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКУЮ ОБСТАНОВКУ

Xuan Dai Bay, province Phu Yen has diverse biot and high species richness. This is a favorable condition for the development of aquaculture with high-value farming species such as lobster, cobia, grouper... Based on the history of aquaculture and enviromental conditions, the Provincial People's Committee of province Phu Yen planned to develop Xuan Dai Bay into a key aquaculture area for high-quality seafood (lobster). Research results show that lobster farming operations in the area are very crowded and growing rapidly. Lobster farming has made a significant contribution to the socio-economic development of the area in recent years through larval fishing, fresh food supply, and lobster trade. Lobster farming has clearly changed the face of the countryside, creating many jobs, increasing incomes and improving the lives of people in the area. However, leftover food is dumped directly into the bay, which is one of the causes of environmental pollution. At all sampling stations, the content of total organic carbon in bottom sediments is high. It varies widely between sampling stations and tends to be high in the interior of the bay. The average value is 51.21±11.85%, ranging from 26.68% to 62.12%. These organic substances decompose, causing changes in the structure of sediment particles, reducing the amount of dissolved oxygen in water and sediment and even, under severe hypoxic conditions, promoting a series of anaerobic reactions, creating toxins for living organisms.

Comparison of production trends in Japan with long history in aquaculture and challenging success of Türkiye as a fairly new country in fish farming

Comparison of production trends in Japan with long history in aquaculture and challenging success of Türkiye as a fairly new country in fish farming

Fish for the Elite: Seafood Restaurants and North Korean Watery Environmental Histories

Fish have long been of importance to North Korea, vital to its developmental ambitions, and through structures of division such as the Northern Limit Line, also to its politics. Fish and seafood in general have been key elements in the cuisine and dietary practices of the Korean peninsula since the beginning of its recorded history. Korean food frequently has fish, molluscs and cephalopods at its heart, from more common forms such as jjigae stews 찌개, to the challenging san-nakji 산낙지 (live octopus). Fish is eaten everywhere on the Korean peninsula, though of course it is less frequently eaten in the interior and in mountainous areas. Fish and seafood products are also eaten across all social classes on the Korean peninsula and in Korean history. In particular miyeok 미역 or wind/beach dried kelp has long been a vital element in Korean cooking, and the drying of miyoek by coastal communities was a key element to many of those communities social and economic practices in previous sentences. Of course there were varieties of seafood and maritime products that only the rich and elite could afford, and places where such food could be bought and consumed naturally became rarefied and expensive places, and seafood became an important element in the rediscovered “Korean Royal Court Cuisine” 조선왕조 궁중요리 Joseon wangjo gungjung yori, which harked back to the food practices of the Joseon dynasty. North Korea itself claims or aspires to be a classless society and a political space where there are no elites, and where the memory of the Joseon dynasty is dismissed as a feudal aberration. This paper explores an element of the reality of North Korea dining and food consumption and practices, particularly around seafood. Considering the vital importance of fishing and seafood to North Korea, particularly as a source of revenue and goods for export, and the role of fish and maritime products as a vital source of protein in Pyongyang’s conceptions of socialist developmental practice, the paper in particular considers the environmental and ecological histories of the seas around the north of the Korean peninsula in mind, as well as North Korea’s history of aquaculture, and efforts to farm particular species like Sturgeon and Atlantic Cod. Having done this the paper seeks to understand what the presence of elite fish restaurants and dining places in Pyongyang, and the research and logistics required to support them mean within the nation’s environmental and developmental history.

The Anthropology of Aquaculture

Aquaculture is nothing new. It has a long, fascinating history that stretches from antiquity at least 8,000 years ago. What is new is the evolution of aquaculture in modern times into highly intensive monocultures which arose in the 1970–1980's. Modern aquaculture production has grown worldwide but remains concentrated in Asia due to the: (1) increased demands for aquatic foods as explosive population growth occurred in coastal cities with increasing affluence, (2) expansion of scientific and engineering breakthroughs, (3) high export values of aquatic foods, and (4) sharp decline of costs of global to local transport/shipping. The pioneering anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss brought the idea of “structuralism” to anthropology: the concept that societies throughout history followed universal patterns of behavior. A qualitative document analysis of the key anthropological literature to assess aquaculture developments from antiquity to the beginning of the modern era was conducted to evaluate if there was adequate evidence to support a theory of anthropological “structuralism” for aquaculture in human history. Seven case studies of the cultural/environmental history of aquaculture were reviewed in diverse parts of the world (China, Australia, Egypt, Europe, South America, Canada/USA, Hawai'i). Analysis supports the structural theory that whenever the demands of aquatic/seafood-eating peoples exceeded the abilities of their indigenous fishery ecosystems to provide for them, they developed aquaculture. Modern aquaculture concepts and new communities of practice in “restoration aquaculture” have beginnings in Indigenous anthropology and archeology in aquaculture and point the way for Indigenous nations to engage as leaders of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) ecosystem approach to aquaculture worldwide. Bringing ancient knowledge of Indigenous aquaculture into the modern context is an essential part of an alternative, “radical transformation” of modern aquaculture. There is an urgent need to develop and promote locally designed and culturally appropriate aquaculture systems that fit into the livelihoods of communities as part of a larger, diverse portfolio of food security.

Breve historia de la acuicultura y salmonicultura en el sur de Chile(1856-2000)

Three periods distinguish the development and evolution of aquaculture and salmon farming in Chile. Between 1856 and 1920, a period of private management began, influenced by incipient international markets and naturists such as Federico Albert. Between 1921 and 1970, the state management promoted the settlement of waters through the investigations of the Hunting and Fishing Division. Careers in Marine Biology, Oceanography and Fisheries Engineering are created, and in turn, the government established bodies dedicated to aquaculture research, such as the Institute for Fisheries Development, IFOP. Between 1971 and 2000, the industrial management generated the installation of fish farms with new technologies (forms of production) and the emergence of the transnational salmon industry modified the economic and environmental outlook of the territories. Based on the work of Sergio Martinez (2003), a brief history of aquaculture is presented until before the salmon farming crisis occurred in 2007 and 2016.

Evaluation of gamete quality indicators for Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus

The reproductive performance of farmed Arctic charr exhibits substantial individual variation. The causes behind this variation have not yet been properly explained, despite the species relatively long history in aquaculture. The aim of the present study was to provide better understanding of the issue by evaluating parent and gamete traits in relation to fertility and offspring viability under routine hatchery conditions. Are losses mainly due to failed fertilisation or mortality? Are maternal or paternal factor more predominant? The study covered sex hormone status of the broodstock, egg traits (egg size and wateriness of egg batches), milt traits (volume, density, and sperm motility characteristics), and symmetry of early cell division.We found that the majority of offspring loss occurred as embryo mortality, although a significant additional loss could be assigned fertilisation failure. Fertilisation and mortality rates were not inter-correlated. Neither of the evaluated egg traits, egg size and wateriness of newly stripped egg batches, proved to be useful indicators of egg quality. With regard to sperm traits, milt density as well as several computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA) parameters, i.e. swimming speed (VAP, VSL, and VCL) and beat cross frequency (BCF), were correlated with reproductive performance and could potentially be used as quality indicators for Arctic charr. Together, male 17,20β-P levels and BCF explained 69.5% of the between male variation in proportion of successfully eyed eggs.The results support previous indications that post-ovulatory aging of oocytes is contributing to the impairment of reproductive performance in farmed Arctic charr. In addition, a significant paternal factor to this impairment has been exposed. However, the cause and mechanism involved are still far from clear.

Shell repair and the potential microbial causal in a shell disease of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata

The pearl oyster Pinctada fucata is famous for producing luxurious pearls. As filter feeders, they are confronted with various infectious microorganisms. Despite a long history of aquaculture, diseases in P. fucata are not well studied, which limits the development of the pearl industry. We report here a shell disease in P. fucata and a study of the shell repair processes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the nacreous layer gradually recovered from disordered CaCO3 deposition, accompanied by a polymorphic transition from a calcite-aragonite mixture to an aragonite-dominant composition, as revealed by X-ray diffraction analysis. SEM also showed that numerous microbes were embedded in the abnormal shell layers. Similar indications were induced by a high concentration of microbes injected into the extrapallial space, suggesting the potential pathogenic effect of uncontrolled microbes. Furthermore, hemocytes were found to participate in pathogens resistance and might promote shell repair. These results further our understanding of pathogen-host interactions in pearl oysters and have implications for biotic control in pearl aquaculture.

Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus growth and expression of bile salt-dependent lipase in response to increasing dietary lipid supplementation.

Sciaenops ocellatus has a long history in aquaculture and many difficulties associated with its commercial culture have been addressed and successfully resolved; nevertheless, further research in lipid nutrition could address more comprehensive questions on the way these nutrients are utilized. The purpose of this study was to evaluate S. ocellatus growth and lipase gene expression in response to increasing dietary lipid supplementation. Four experimental diets were formulated to provide 3, 10, 16, or 23% lipid using menhaden fish oil. Twenty juveniles (mean initial weight 2.3 ± 0.1g) were stocked per aquaria in a recirculating system; each diet was assigned to three aquaria and fed to fish for 6weeks. At the end of the study, fish fed 3% of dietary lipid were significantly (P < 0.0001) smaller and showed significantly lower feed efficiency, condition factor, hepatosomatic index, and intraperitoneal fat than fish fed the other diets, but no differences were observed among fish fed 10, 16, or 23% lipid. A straight broken-line regression model for thermal growth coefficient provided an estimated value of 9.4% of dietary lipid as the optimal inclusion level. The bile salt-dependent lipase (BSDL) of red drum was 80.3kDa. Relative gene expression of BSDL was significantly higher (P = 0.0007) in fish fed 10% lipid, with no differences among the other dietary treatments. Results provided could help monitor the metabolic status of farmed fish and contribute to optimize diet formulations based on maximum gene expression of BSDL for supplementation of dietary lipid.

English

This paper reviews the current status of freshwater aquaculture in both India and Uganda. India has a long history of aquaculture, dating from the 4th century. Subsequently, the country has become a major contributor to global aquaculture and is believed to have more than 10% of the global fish diversity. Currently, India is the second largest aquaculture producer in the world with global contribution of 6.3% and the major contribution comes from freshwater aquaculture, whose share has gone up from 46% in the 1980s to over 85% in the recent years. Since 1980s, India has emerged as one of the largest investors and trading partners of Uganda. As such, there is much that Uganda can adopt from the India&rsquo;s freshwater aquaculture given their political, social and economic relations established overtime between the two countries. As the largest producer of Indian major carps, India has set the pace for change and innovation in culture practices since the 1960s. Uganda&rsquo;s aquaculture is also undergoing changes to meet the challenges of increasing demand, such comparisons through comprehensive literature review and case studies can form a strong foundation for future investment in aquaculture. In addition, generating information for each country&rsquo;s comparative advantage in aquaculture can assist in developing strategies for structural adjustment programmes. Some of those strategies, might promote integration of economic activities, human capacity building, information sharing and technology transfer. &nbsp; Key words: Aquaculture, carps, fish, freshwater, India, Uganda.

Improving household tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) aquaculture through participatory action research

Land based aquaculture has the potential to mitigate future shortfalls of food fish supply in Solomon Islands. However, aquaculture is relatively new in the Pacific and such potential is hampered by a lack of aquaculture knowledge and practice within local cultures. A participatory action research approach was used to conduct on-farm trials with farmers in Solomon Islands to develop relevant and improved ways of farming and maximising productivity of the resident exotic tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. During the 34month period when the research was undertaken improvements were evident, through increased farmer participation and improved knowledge of farmers on pond design and fish husbandry techniques. One of the contributing factors to improved farmer understanding was the production of knowledge products which were co-developed with and based on the farmers' local context. Productivity of a typical 20–38m2 pond ranged from 726 to 1819kgha−1year−1. Because 80% of this production was consumed by households, such ponds, producing easily harvestable small tilapia, have a role in supplementing household diets and contributing to improved nutrition at the subsistence level. While pond system productivity reached levels equivalent to low input tilapia ponds in other regions, the resident tilapia in Solomon Islands has limited opportunity for more than low level commercial enterprises. Established ponds are included in the daily livelihood tasks of both men and women and explicitly gender equitable approaches to partnerships with pond farmers provide opportunities to further increase benefits to households. A participatory action research approach, and the principles embodied therein, is recommended for further development of household aquaculture enterprises, regardless of species, in Solomon Islands. Statement of relevanceWe feel that our paper makes significant and novel advance to the field of aquaculture by:(1)Presenting results of a research that shows the importance and potential role of aquaculture in mitigating food and nutrition security in locations where it is increasingly difficult to access fish based protein sources, even in a South Pacific location perceived to contain an abundance of fish.(2)Participatory Action Research (PAR) has been employed in agriculture and aquaculture in Asia and Africa in the last 20years. We report in here the use of the PAR method within the Pacific Islands context in conducting research and developing aquaculture in a location where there is very little history of aquaculture within the local culture.

Potential for Local Fertilization: A Benthocosm Test of Long-Term and Short-Term Effects of Mussel Excretion on the Plankton.

Mussel aquaculture has expanded worldwide and it is important to assess its impact on the water column and the planktonic food web to determine the sustainability of farming practices. Mussel farming may affect the planktonic food web indirectly by excreting bioavailable nutrients in the water column (a short-term effect) or by increasing nutrient effluxes from biodeposit-enriched sediments (a long-term effect). We tested both of these indirect effects in a lagoon by using plankton-enclosing benthocosms that were placed on the bottom of a shallow lagoon either inside of a mussel farm or at reference sites with no history of aquaculture. At each site, half of the benthocosms were enriched with seawater that had held mussels (excretion treatment), the other half received non-enriched seawater as a control treatment. We monitored nutrients ([PO43-] and [NH4+]), dissolved oxygen and plankton components (bacteria, the phytoplankton and the zooplankton) over 5 days. We found a significant relationship between long-term accumulation of mussel biodeposits in sediments, water-column nutrient concentrations and plankton growth. Effects of mussel excretion were not detected, too weak to be significant given the spatial and temporal variability observed in the lagoon. Effects of mussels on the water column are thus likely to be coupled to benthic processes in such semi-enclosed water bodies.

A report of hailstorm damage to two species of freshwater sponge (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida: Spongillidae) populations of West Bengal, India

Selected freshwater bodies in Jagaddal of North 24 Parganas in West Bengal, India are inhabited by two species of sponge, Eunapius carteri (Bowerbank, 1863) and Spongilla alba (Carter, 1849) (Porifera: Demospongiae: Spongillidae). Most of these wetlands are perennial ponds without a history of aquaculture and toxin contamination. On 22 March 2014, the entire area of Jagaddal experienced an unprecedented hailstorm associated with a sharp decline of environmental temperature from 35 0C to 21 0C within 10–15 minutes. The hailstorm associated with torrential rain lasted for about 30 minutes. The natural habitat of the sponge was visited after six hours of the hailstorm in open day light conditions. During the field investigation, we recorded large-scale damage to the populations of E. carteri and S. alba. Macroscopic observation revealed that the fragmentation of body masses were also associated with cellular disintegration of the external surface. Sponge cells were experimentally dissociated from the sponge fragments and subjected to dye exclusion assay. A vital dye (trypan blue) exclusion assay of sponge fragments confirmed a high degree of mortality of the cells of E. carteri and S. alba. Hailstorm associated with the decline of environmental temperature down to 21 0C resulted in the mass destruction of these two species of sponges in their natural habitat. Any unprecedented and acute change in the climatic and hydrological parameter may lead to physiological adversity in the freshwater sponge. Subsequently, recovery from cold shock and mechanical stresses was overcome and a regeneration of sponge specimens was recorded within a period of around six months from the date of the hailstorm.

Application of dietary supplements (synbiotics and probiotics in combination with plant products and β-glucans) in aquaculture

This review addresses the dietary supplements, synbiotics and probiotics in combination with plant products or yeast/β-glucans in aquaculture. The potential applications of synbiotics have a relatively short history in aquaculture, but have generated interest because of numerous benefits reported in endothermic animals. Since the first study was published by (Aquaculture Science in 2009) the concept has been used in aquaculture to reveal effects on growth performance, gut microbiota, gut histology, immune parameters, haematological and biochemical parameters as well as increased disease resistance. However, a limited number of probiotic bacteria (mainly Bacillus and Enterococcus) and prebiotics (mannan oligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides, short-chain fructooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, arabinoxylan–oligosaccharides, isomaltooligosaccharide, chitosan oligosaccharide and inulin) have been used. Additionally, some studies have used plant products or yeast/β-glucans in combination with probiotics, and these studies suggested that these dietary supplements promote growth performance and boost some immune parameters. The present review identifies evaluations of gut microbiota and gut morphology, and mucosal immune response as significant gaps in existing knowledge and suggests issues that merit further investigations to conclude the potential of dietary supplements in aquaculture.

Australian native shrubs: Delivering benefits to livestock, soil, plants and people

s / Journal of Nutrition & Intermediary Metabolism 1 (2014) 1e55 6 marine products, particularlyfishmeal andfish oil, to beingmainly based on terrestrial products. One of the most important on-going strategies for feeding aquaculture is continually refining feeds to ensure they remain sustainable. This is especially the case for intensive aquaculture systems that rely on formulated manufactured aquafeeds. Ingredient screening and development underpin this and sit alongside other strategies to improve animal performance and increase how efficiently feeds are used. Aquaculture has global reach and offers aquaculture systems that are appropriate in different regions depending on environmental, cultural and socio-economic factors. For Atlantic salmon, off-shore and land-based systems are being discussed. Location-specific integrated multi-trophic aquaculture provides one direction with great promise, it also reflects the 3000 year old history of aquaculture that achieved an elegant solution through integrated polyculture. Funding source(s): N/A.

Transplantation of Icefish (Salangidae) in China: Glory or Disaster?

AbstractChina has a long history of aquaculture, and it contributes the largest aquaculture production worldwide. Aside from expanding aquaculture area and maximizing unit yield, introducing new potential species is greatly encouraged. Icefish (Salangidae) from Taihu Lake have been introduced into other lakes and reservoirs throughout the country since 1979. Neosalanx tangkahkeii was introduced into the southern part of China, and Protosalanx chinensis was introduced into the northern part of China, and both species have been introduced into a small part of central China and Yunnan Province in southwest China. Only one‐third of the transplantation was successful, and most of their yields experienced a burst‐down course. Intrinsic traits of icefish including annual life cycle, higher fecundity, lower trophic level, together with sufficient environment capacity supported the population forming and burst, while overfishing, pollution and short of food could result in the failure of the transplantation. The introduction of icefish brought in economic benefits, but severely threatened biodiversity, especially in plateau lakes in Yunnan Province, caused possible hybridization and carried diseases. According to different environmental conditions and economic needs at regional scale, further transplantation of icefish would face respective fate as resource conservation, rapid development, limitation and insignificance. Increasing attentions on environmental protection and sustainable resource utilization require a fresh evaluation and adjustment of icefish transplantation to achieve an ecologically healthy aquaculture.

Abstracts Of Shellfish Technical PapersPresented at the joint meeting of theNortheast Aquaculture Conference and Exposition Milford Aquaculture Seminar and the International Conference on Shellfish Restoration Groton, Connecticut December 12–15, 2012

It was with great excitement that we planned the combined meetings of Northeast Aquaculture Conference and Exposition (NACE) and the International Conference on Shellfish Restoration (ICSR) with the 33rd Milford Aquaculture Seminar (MAS). Bringing these different but complementary audiences together resulted in a meeting that combined many different aspects of fisheries restoration and aquaculture under one umbrella.Four hundred attendees including government representatives, research scientists, industry, and academia at both the university and vocational high school levels attended this event. The meeting commenced on Wednesday December 12th 2012, with over eighty people attending seven field trips to area aquaculture farms and research facilities. The formal program began on Thursday, December 13th with a plenary session including invited speakers Eric Schwabb, Acting Assistant Secretary for Conservation and Management at NOAA; Sebastian Belle, Executive Director of the Maine Aquaculture Association and Boze Hancock from the Nature Conservancy, who discussed the role of aquaculture in fisheries restoration. John Bullard, the Northeast Regional Administrator of NOAA Fisheries Service, addressed the group during the luncheon the following day. The technical papers and workshops presented were divided into 35 sessions over three days of the meeting and included topics such as the history of aquaculture, aquaculture hatchery innovations, siting and planning issues, risk management, aquaculture business management, ocean acidification, climate change, as well as aquaculture disease issues and potential remedies. Having persons present who have experienced problems and successes, along with those in manufacturing and government responsible for addressing concerns and sharing best practices, was invaluable. Discussions among this cross-section of persons who represent different aspects of aquaculture were as important as the well-presented and interesting formal papers and poster sessions. These discussions were facilitated by the many opportunities presented during the large trade show, reception, breaks, lunches, banquet and lobster bake held throughout the meeting.The importance of and need for aquaculture were made evident by all who were in attendance. We are grateful to the twenty four meeting sponsors and to all those who participated and made this such an important and memorable meeting.While oyster restoration efforts have been under way in the Chesapeake Bay for more than two decades, until recently, varying reporting methods and success criteria made it difficult to determine how much progress had been made. A goal to “Restore native oyster habitat and populations in 20 out of 35 to 40 candidate tributaries by 2025” was set in the 2010 strategy to implement the Chesapeake Bay Protection and Restoration Executive Order (signed by President Obama in 2009). This goal made it a priority for state and federal fishery managers, academics, and scientists working on oyster restoration to collaboratively define a “restored tributary” and a “restored reef” to enable them to track progress. A team of these people, led by NOAA staff, agreed on “oyster metrics” in 2011 (http//preview.tinyurl.com/8kmbdpm) that specify key metrics and target ranges for them, including tributary size, how to determine how much restorable bottom a tributary contains, how much of that restorable bottom needs to be restored, and the minimum oyster density and biomass in that restored bottom to count a tributary as restored. These new metrics enable experts to clearly see how oyster restoration efforts are working and use adaptive management to improve these efforts. These metrics serve as a tool to plan and evaluate oyster restoration consistently across the Chesapeake Bay, and the consensus-based framework used to develop them may have broader application to other restoration activities.In the past, oyster restoration in Maryland was performed primarily

A review and SWOT analysis of aquaculture development in Indonesia

AbstractIndonesia has a long history of aquaculture, dating from the 15th century. Subsequently, the country has become a significant contributor to global aquaculture production, destined for both international and domestic markets. In 2009 the Government of Indonesia announced its vision to see Indonesia become the highest (volume) producer of aquaculture products in the world by 2015, with production targets equivalent to an overall increase in production of 353% between 2009 and 2014. This paper comprises a PEEST (policy, economic, environmental, social, technical) review undertaken as a background study for a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis, the outcomes of the SWOT analysis and a discussion of possible approaches to support sustainable aquaculture development in Indonesia. To meet the vision of a dramatic expansion of aquaculture production, one or more of the following strategies is required: intensification and production segmentation, areal expansion, and/or production diversification. Most likely the continued development of aquaculture in Indonesia will be a combination of these three strategies, with the relative influence of each depending on production sector and market demands. A key issue identified in the PEEST review and SWOT analysis is the dominance (in terms of number) of Indonesian aquaculture by smallholder aquaculture farmers. We argue that a range of influences, including aquaculture production expansion and changing international market requirements, have the potential to negatively impact smallholder aquaculture farmers in Indonesia, and that further policy development should specifically address these issues.

C. E. Nash: The history of aquaculture

C. E. Nash: The history of aquaculture

The history of aquaculture

Abstract. Acknowledgments. 1 Fish and Shellfish as Food. 2 Seeds in Antiquity (2000 bc to ad 500). 3 Subsistence Farming through the Middle Ages (500 1450). 4 The Slow Dawn of Science (1450 1900). 5 The Roots of Modern Aquaculture (1750 1880). 6 Farming the Sea (1880 1920). 7 Fifty Lost Years (1900 1950). 8 Aquaculture in a World at War (1935 1945). 9 Postwar Pioneering (1950 1970). 10 Uncontrolled Expansion (1965 1975). 11 The Rise of the Institutions (1970 1980). 12 Building Global Capacity (1980 2000). 13 Modern Times (twenty-first century). Appendix. End Note. Index.