History Of Afghanistan Research Articles

Revisiting Lost Afghan in the works of Khaled Hosseini

“For many people in the West, Afghanistan is synonymous with the Soviet War and the Taliban. I wanted to remind people that Afghans had managed to live in a peaceful anonymity for the decades that the history of Afghans in 20th century has been largely pacific and harmonious.’’ Khaled Hosseini: Afghanistan was a different country in the year 1960 than the one that is apparent to us today. It is history how Soviets invaded the Afghanistan and pulled them in war, following Taliban rule and US invasion in 2001.The once peaceful and cherished nation known as ‘graveyard of empires’ is a mirage today. History witness that since 11th century B.C, different empires and forces have tried to gain control over Afghanistan. This paper is a sincere effort to excavate the layers hidden beneath the facade of Afghanistan.

Information Control in Afghanistan, 1901–1946

This article examines the history of information control in the first half of the twentieth century in Afghanistan. This was a period of great turmoil. The world fought two devastating wars and Afghanistan went through major political and social transformations that included several violent regime changes. Despite being a neutral state, the Afghan capital attracted European rivals who campaigned for the hearts and minds of Afghans. In addition to foreign intrigues, the Afghan rulers, too, used certain information practices as part of their surveillance regimes to suppress political dissent and public unrest. A contribution to media history in Afghanistan, this article looks into how the state tried to control the flow of information in this period through surveillance, censorship, and the spread of misinformation. This was an era when print and other media technologies gained significant popularity in Afghanistan but people continued to use mostly word-of-mouth to communicate information. Despite its best efforts, which often involved brute force, the article argues, the state was not always successful in preventing people from talking with each other.

An Over-View of the Literary Evidence of Afghan Rule in Kashmir

Kashmir was ruled by the Afghans from 1752 to 1819. This period is mainly recognized for its literature contains historical evidence. The determination of this study is to evaluate the historiography of “Afghan Rule” in Kashmir. The historians who have been writing about the 18th and 19th centuries think that the literary evidence of Afghan rule in Kashmir can be understood within the context of an intermittent of power struggle. Tribally minded people fought against proponents of a proposal to establish a secular state run by a centralized, unbiased bureaucracy under the control of a dictator. The comprehension of the time period's political and cultural aspects does not seem to have been a priority for the historians. The political system and political dynamics of the Afghan Rule are still unknown because of the odd nature of the chronological evidence that has survived from that time. This is an attempt to highlight the literary evidence of cultural history of Afghans over Kashmir. This study depends on the on secondary sources.

Afghanistan: la guerra delle donne, custodi di dignità e speranza

Departing from the direct testimonies gathered in Afghanistan during over 20 years of fieldwork, the paper offers an overview of Afghan women's resistance, especially following the experience of the RAWA association, in their fight against all the oppressive regimes that have featured Afghanistan's history, from the resistance against the Red Army, to that against the United State’s and NATO invasion, to the restored Taliban regime. The paper, also, focuses on the struggles of the Afghan democratic resistance in the years of the Soviet occupation, which the A. personally witnessed in 1980.

A study of Afghan architecture heritage and conservation efforts in Afghanistan

ABSTRACT Built heritage and heritage cities can provide us a strong visual image of national identity; it responds to the architecture's social, cultural, and economic context. Through the architectural heritage, we seek to understand the relation between architecture conservation and the history of architecture. And how does the relationship occur between these two? The history of Afghanistan's architectural heritage reflects the country's primordial legacy and has had played a remarkable role in Afghan civilization. It is needed to visualize, protect and preserve them. The Afghanistan’s architectural heritage sites are notable for various features, one of the most significant features being the architectural significance of ornamentation and elements. These architectural features depict the age in which the building was built, utilizing the technology, craftsmanship, building morphology and styles known at the time. Afghan culture has played a critical part in human civilization throughout its lengthy history and has made significant contributions. Scholarly interest in Afghan culture, including history, archaeology, art, and architecture, has spurred research into Afghan cultural heritage during the past two decades. This study investigates explicitly to reveal the identity of Afghan architecture heritage through history definitions, style, typology, conservation and its contribution to future sustainability.

War in Afghanistan: A Look Back at Twenty Years of American Presence

The history of Afghanistan is abundant in crises, coups, assassinations, political intrigues, as well as invasions and conquests. The last 40 years have been marked by long crises and conflicts: Soviet invasion 1979-1989, the civil war 1989-2001, the American invasion 2001-2021 with disastrous consequences for the country and the people. The invasion carried out in the name of ‘war on terrorism’, ‘bringing democracy’ and ‘freedom’, as a matter of fact, led to instability, turmoil, sectarian wars, deaths of tens of thousands of civilians and the formation of new terrorist organizations in the country, rather than peace and stability. War has become commonplace in Afghanistan. Once seen as the ‘shining star’ of Central Asia, Afghanistan is now known as the country exporting terrorism, drugs and refugees. The paper aims at showing causes and consequences of two decades long American presence in Afghanistan that left lasting imprint on Afghan society.

Khaled Hosseini's A Thousand Splendid Suns: A Saga of Unconventional Relationships

Khaled Hosseini has gained notoriety as a result of his accurate portrayal of his homeland, Afghanistan. His tales are set against Afghanistan's history, culture, customs, and ethnic variety. His novels’ themes are not limited to a single country or culture; rather, they show the sufferings, struggles, and adventures that are shared by many nations and cultures. A Thousand Splendid Suns follows the lives of two female protagonists, Mariam and Laila, and how their paths cross following a series of dramatic occurrences. The novel then tracks their ongoing relationship and support for one another in Kabul from the 1970s to the 2000s. The tale is set against the backdrop of Afghanistan's post-Soviet invasion insecurity. It also goes into detail about life under Taliban rule. The tale highlights the plight of “Afghanian-women” over the conflict's long years. This research paper will minutely trace unconventional relationships and their amalgamation in the novel A Thousand Splendid Suns. The novel is broken into four sections, each of which focuses on a different story. It provides readers with a comprehensive understanding of how women in other countries are treated, and continue to be treated, today.

Review of Television and the Afghan Culture Wars Brought to You by Foreigners, Warlords, and Activists by Wazhmah Osman (University of Illinois Press)

This review examines Wazhmah Osman’s book 'Television and the Afghan Culture Wars,' an ethnographic study of television media in Afghanistan. The book explores the Afghan mediascape through richly detailed interviews with media industry professionals and local Afghans, which provide a realist portrayal of the perils and triumphs of media houses in Afghanistan, local cultural contestations, changing gender norms, and the role and reception of television in the nation’s rather tumultuous political and cultural life. Osman deflates the dominant notion in Western discourses of Afghanistan as a "hopeless landscape of powerless people," (2) arguing that there is a thriving, internationally backed media infrastructure and a hopeful, culturally conscious citizenry in the nation. She argues that despite Afghanistan's history of violence, ethnic tensions, atrocities against women, and imperialistic agendas by foreign powers, the Afghan media sector is a widely accessible platform for retribution against years of underdevelopment and war, with "the potential to underwrite democracy, national integration, and peace" (3).

OVERVIEW STRUGGLE FOR ISLAMIC EMIRATE OF AFGHANISTAN

Afghan history evident mostly, war and battles, ranging from civil wars to international forces, Taliban came in power after the withdrawal of soviet forces. Destruction of world trade center proved way for US lead international forces to root Taliban, who were seated in Afghanistan and pushed them out of power, in 2001 this defeat could not be proved to be ultimate. Taliban insurgency caused a number of national and international concern for--- of the Taliban must ruined the women education and participation in all the sphere of life A number of international organization and NGOs examined the pathetic situation of female education in the country, this study emphasis and accessed the efforts of changing scenarios of powers and government and the center and context of Taliban and warriors groups .on the basis of the available result of interviews taken by the different international bodies found its roots in al-Qaeda. On different occasion and different instances were adopted by the Taliban about the implementation and interpretation of Islamic law previously, girls schooling. The facts found different view pointed many Taliban commander was not only their because of their religious extremes approaches but the tribal condition and restriction, contributed to intensified the situation despite on the effort of USA and allies, Taliban adopted the strategy to participate to government physical presence in the state. Wherever they got power. They prolonged the agitation by adopted the gorilla war.it completed the international forces to lose the patience China had it’s over strategy aiming at constitutional its boarder in the wakhan, ultimately the Taliban announce the Islamic emirate of Afghanistan after leaving number of US forces. A large number of Afghanis seeking refuge in different countries. Taliban could not so far achieving the confidence of their people which will rise new challenge for establishment of a strong state and sound government, while the long duration of wars destroyed the infrastructure completely

Afghanistan and the Failure of Liberal Peacebuilding

The collapse of the US-aligned Afghan government and the seizure of Kabul by the Taliban in 2021 as the United States withdrew its forces was ultimately caused by a change in US government policy in June 2003. At that point, the George W. Bush administration dropped its aversion to state-building and its plan for a limited intervention designed to rid the country of al-Qaeda and the Taliban. The US instead undertook an extended exercise in liberal peacebuilding, involving the creation of an institutionally and coercively powerful centralised Afghan state and a liberal-democratic system. This enterprise was inherently misconceived, largely ignoring Afghan history and culture, as well as the limitations of the US and its partners. The painful experience of the past 18 years indicates that liberal peacebuilding, at least along the lines of the US-led effort in Afghanistan, should not be attempted again.

The History of Afghanistan as Global History

AbstractFaiz Ahmed's Afghanistan Rising enters several historical subfields through a textured study of Afghanistan's modern history. This introduction to the kitabkhana offers a snapshot of these contributions—and their limits—through the lens of recent developments in imperial history, legal history, and global history.

Development Stages of Islamic Movements in the Pashtun Tribal Environment: The Case of the Rawshaniyya and Beyond

The Rawshani movement is the first well-documented example of supra-tribal unification and subsequent successful integration of the movement’s leaders into the alien state structures. But by no means is it an isolated phenomenon in Pashtun history. Similar pattern of religion-motivated supra-tribal unification, which should be considered as a product of historical relationships of power, remerged inter alia during more recent crises in the Afghan history. Due to the volatile nature of the Afghan state fluctuating between tribalism and ethnic pluralistic participation, military and Islamic dimensions have always been of paramount importance for state-community relations where religion, tribalism and ethnicity were often the means of state’s control of social resistance and its vehicles. In the time of crises, religion-inspired militia-type independent military formations were able to challenge the might of the state and occasionally even initiate the incipient state formation opposed to the communal institutions and those of the old regime. When this community-based military activity went beyond the scope of traditional annual cycle of violence it often acquired a supra-tribal or ethnic and regional dimension, which was legitimised by the Islamic ideology and institutions. This article offers some directions towards making a calibration tool or even identifying a pattern that may be used as an epistemological paradigm that may provide a sense of orientation and bearing in the intricacies of a complex historical interaction between Pashtun Islam, tribes and state.

Peeking into Afghan's history: A study from 1988 to 2010

The study will elaborate the Afghan historical events that took place right after the Geneva accord of 1988 when USSR forces pullout from the country till 2010. The article will explain the emergence of the Taliban and their establishment of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. Moreover, the paper will elaborate on the Taliban's nexus with al-Qaeda and their efforts to settle them in Afghanistan. Furthermore, this particular research tends to analyse the US retaliation and war on terror after the catastrophic event of 9/11. Additionally, the paper will illustrate the launching of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and the Taliban's bloody resurgence and their belligerence after the said mission. Consequently, the research will examine Obama's administration war strategies and tactics after his presidential victory over John McCain.

Implications of the Enigmatic Rise of Taliban: A Historical Perspective

The rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan in 1994 was the opening of a new chapter in the current Afghan history while Afghanistan's socio-political environment was in disorder. The emergence of the Taliban was a new phenomenon, and no one expected that an ordinary militia would become a strong power in Afghanistan. Taliban was a highly secret force that had neither formal structure nor any formal membership. It was also believed that the Taliban were Pakistan protege. Their rise to power in Afghanistan had a profound impact on Pakistan's society. Violence, drug trade, corruption and soared with the rise of the Taliban. Pakistan aimed in the militia support a friendly regime in Kabul and strategic equilibrium in the region. However, the Taliban harsh policies against women and Human Rights violations invoked international criticism. Taliban had no economic vision except for revenue from the drug trade and smuggling of goods via the Durand Line. Their policies had serious implications for the region and the globe. The Taliban support and provision of sanctuaries to Al-Qaida invited international sanctions. The September 11 Terrorist attack on US soil ultimately turned into the fall of the Taliban.

The Afghan Identity Reflected in A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini

The article deals the phenomenon of identity and its kinds, particularly ethnic and religious identities, as they are essential for forming an Afghan identity. Moreover, the history of Afghanistan has greatly influenced the development of Afghan identity. Several nations have tried to conquer this country and its people, but without any success. Afghanistan is considered a cemetery of great empires. We have decided to examine what influenced the formation of Afghan identity, especially the era from Soviet invasion to Taliban up to present days. The submitted research is based on a novel A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini, who is currently the most famous and popular author writing about Afghanistan.

Afghanistan: who is the famous field commander Ahmad Shah Massoud?

The article describes the spread of the name Ahmad Shah Massoud in the country since the establishment of the republican construction in Afghanistan in 1973, led by M. Daoud. In the history of Afghanistan, it is indicated that the young opposition leader resolutely joined the fight against the regime of M. Daoud. It is noted that he, although young, created special forces and led an armed fight against the state power of Afghanistan. In the mid-1970s, it was revealed that he had been exiled from the country and had taken refuge in Pakistan, while participating in insurgencies in other countries and undergoing training. It is comprehensively analyzed that after the April revolution in 1978, he returned to the country, created an armed force against the new government and began to turn into a talented field commander from day today. Since the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan in 1979, his name has spread throughout Afghanistan. He was the most formidable opponent who fought against the Soviet Army. His heroism, views, and personal qualities of command in the bloody war with the Soviet troops are described. Ahmad Shah is believed to have been a Mujahideen leader since the 1980s, and in the early 1990s, he reached the post of Afghan Defense Minister. It is noted that in 2001, he died as a result of an assassination attempt, became a national hero of his country. Key words: Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah Massoud, commander, war, army, military operation, field commander, force, opposition, Mujahideen

Islamic Emirates of Afghanistan: A Politico-Religious Perspective

This research delves into the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (IEA) established by Taliban in Afghanistan in September 1996 after the Afghan civil war. Though, IEA collapsed in December 2001 when the USA dislodged it by laying blame on the 9/11 events. The rule of Taliban was an important era in the history of Afghanistan in particular, and for the whole world in general. Respective research presents a detailed background of the ascendancy of Taliban in Afghanistan and taking over its reign. Moreover, this research discusses the politico-religious background of IEA and also analyzes the aforementioned two aspects of IEA. Finally, this research briefly discusses the factors that led to the ouster of IEA from power in Afghanistan in 2001.

Ideological Essentialization of Afghan Women in Hosseini's A Thousand Splendid Suns

This article analyses the representation of women in Khaled Hoesseini’s novel A Thousand Splendid Suns (2003). This novel foregrounds the Afghan history in the aftermath of the fall of monarchy and the subsequent Russianinvasion, rise of Taliban and the arrival of the US after 9/11. All these events resulted in ethnic cleansing, hunger, mass exploitation, displacement and physical and psychological trauma to the common people especially the poor, women, and children. They brought eternal political instability to the ancient nation. The article uses the feminist lens of interpretation and concludes that the novel presents a graphical picture of Afghan women, their sufferings, their fight against the social and political patriarchy and biasness, their pain, human values and struggle for dignity.

Д.Н.ЛОГОФЕТ ТАДҚИҚОТЛАРИДА РОССИЯ-АФҒОНИСТОН МУНОСАБАТЛАРИ

This article is devoted to the military activities of Russian major general serving in the Russian-Afghan borders, military publicist, orientalist D.N.Logofet, and the coverage in his works of the history of Afghanistan, Russian-Afghan political, trade and economic relations of the late XIXth and early XXth centuries

Two Versions of Ni‘matallāh Haravī’s Book on the History of Afghans

The book by Niʿmatallāh Haravī, the Mughal chronicler of the early seventeenth century, was the first and the only attempt to recount the entire history of Afghans (Pashtuns) in the vein of Persian medieval historiography. The text of the book has survived in two versions which strongly vary in its content, volume and structure. An opinion prevails that the book’s extended version (Tārīkh-i Khānjahānī va Makhzan-i Afghānī) is the original author’s edition, while its smaller variant (Makhzan-i Afghānī) is a later revised edition, probably compiled by another person. The article offers a correction of this view through the rereading of the author’s introduction and afterword to the book, and the analysis of the work’s structure and occasional editorial remarks. It is very likely that the book’s extant versions were different editions of its first preliminary variant (1610–1611) which bore the title Makhzan-i Afghānī (“The Afghan Treasury”) and contained mainly mythologized stories about Afghans’ poorly known origins and remote past. The book’s extended version (1612–1615), supplemented with data from authoritative written sources on the history of the Afghans in North India in the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times, was bound to meet the standards of professional historiographical literature. Besides, this version was supposed to gain official endorsement of the book’s dedicatee, the Afghan general Khānjahān Lōdī, whose name appeared in its title (Tārīkh-i Khānjahānī). An unknown compiler of the third edition, which was translated into Pashto in the beginning of the eighteenth century, took as a basis the original short variant of the book, having added to it selected material from the extended second edition.