History Of Quebec Research Articles

Hidden in Plain Sight: Fascism in Quebec during the Second World War

My doctoral dissertation on anti-Semitism and extreme right-wing nationalism in 1929–39 Quebec proved to be a thread that, once pulled, would reveal other aspects of Quebec history that had also been hidden in plain sight. The writing of the most prominent nationalists of the 1930s was available in most university libraries in Quebec. While some politicians acknowledged in their memoirs the influence of these intellectuals in their youth, the appeal of fascism and anti-Semitism was never mentioned. Their resounding silence was quickly shattered by reading the Université de Montréal (University of Montreal)’s Le Quartier Latin student newspaper, where articles praising fascism and denouncing the Jewish influence were common, and a little book that claimed that Pierre Elliott Trudeau had been a member of a revolutionary organisation that aimed at toppling the provincial government to establish an independent Quebec freed from democracy. Researching the French Nazi collaborators warmly received in Quebec after the Second World War led to a little-known man who became the personal ambassador to the Vatican of the premier of Quebec, Maurice Duplessis, during the Asbestos Strike of 1949. Combing through the files of some of the leading actors of that conflict in the Jesuits’ archives would reveal that the miners’ health threatened by asbestosis was a significant issue that the historiography of the event had neglected.

Je me souviens, j’imagine: essais historiques et littéraires sur la culture québécoise. Sous la direction d’Anne Caumartin, Julien Goyette, Karine Hébert et Martine-Emmanuelle Lapointe

‘Je me souviens’ is the motto of Quebec province, and it is inscribed on the coat of arms on the Parliament Building in Quebec City (inaugurated in 1884). In this context it urged the Québécois to remember their history, embodied in the statues of key historical figures (founders, explorers, military, religious and political figures, and anonymous representatives of the indigenous population) which decorate the building. But in its more familiar context today — on the province’s car licence plates — the motto has lost its context and the population no longer makes the automatic connection between it and the collective identity it once invoked. The sense of historical continuity, which had been integral to the ideology of ‘survivance’ in Quebec from the nineteenth to mid-twentieth century, no longer holds. The break with the traditionalist, Catholic past, which culminated in the Révolution tranquille in the 1960s, coincided with a questioning of the reliability of history and of collective memory. Across twenty-two essays by historians and literary and cultural scholars, the current volume addresses this rupture between a people and its history. Inspired by Pierre Nora’s concept of the lieu de mémoire, it offers analyses of key topoi of Quebec history and culture as they have been represented within the collective imaginary. Some contributions focus on a significant historical moment or emblematic location (for example, La Conquête, or Le Forum de Montréal, home of the Canadiens ice-hockey team, 1926–96), but more frequently the chapters take up commonplace figures such as the porteur d’eau or the coureur de bois, or choose a broader topic (the myth of Quebec as a matriarchal society; the high birth rate in francophone Canada; the shifting meanings of the term ‘colonisation’; attitudes towards the French language in Quebec), in order to revisit them, undermining stereotypes and analysing their transformations, and, in some cases, their relevance in Quebec today. The chosen sites of memory relate mostly to francophone (rather than anglophone or allophone) experience in Quebec, in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Essays dealing with various figures of the Other study images, clichés, and stereotypes as they function and shift within the collective (francophone) memory. These include contributions devoted to: the place of the indigenous voice, focusing on the earliest contact under French colonization; les maudits Français and the ambivalence of their presence in the Québécois sense of identity; and the place of l’Anglais in the imagination of (francophone) Quebec. The essay on the migrant Other focuses on one of the most problematic objects of memorialization. Migration (inward and outward, forced or voluntary) is central to what it is to become or to have been Québécois. But to attempt to memorialize the passage of migrants within or beyond Quebec is to attempt to capture a process of flight, of transition, of adaptation or exclusion. Accordingly, the essays in this wide-ranging volume engage the reader in what is both a reconfiguration but also a fundamental questioning of what its authors term ‘les contours d’un Québec évanescent’ (p. 18).

“You Don’t Have A History”: Passion as the Counter-Narrative of Heritage, History, and Archives

This paper describes my lifelong journey as a historian, heritage activist and librarian-archivist focused on recovering and sharing the history of Quebec and Canada’s English-speaking Black communities. This paper yet again contends that this community faces silence and invisibility. I share personal and professional examples of how I became passionate about Black history and I reveal the real-life consequences of its erasure. From this context, I provide detail on how this passion fueled decades of research, storytelling, and the building of collections and historical and archival materials. Over three decades ago, I responded with groundbreaking books: Blacks in Montreal 1628-1986: An Urban Demography (1989), and The Road to Now: A History of Blacks in Montreal (1997). Since that time, I have written extensively on the need to reshape Canada’s narrative so that it may embrace the diversity we boast about. I share how my efforts to address our cultural ignorance have led to the recent creation of the ABC’s of Canadian Black History Kit. Finally, my article concludes with an underscoring of how that very passion was rooted in my life’s mission to counter my own invisibility in Canada’s narrative.

Determination of Quebec's Quarterly Real GDP and Analysis of the Business Cycle, 1948–1980

This study aims to consolidate the economic history of Quebec over the period from 1948 to 2019 with the emphasis on the period 1948–1980 for which we estimated the quarterly GDP for the province. Unlike previous economic studies relating to this period, we identify the chronology of the economic cycle of Quebec by estimating the real quarterly GDP by using the method of Ginsburgh (Appl Stat 22(3):368–374, 1973) as modified by De Carufel and Lizotte (in: Paper presented at Congrès de la Société canadienne de Science Économique, Montréal, 1982). Our analysis of the duration and intensity of recessions confirms the presence of regional cycles in Canada. Il shows also that the business cycle of Quebec is more strongly correlated with the US cycle than with the cycle in the rest of Canada for the period prior to 1980 and more correlated to the cycle of the rest of Canada onwards. We provide insights on why this trend changed over time.

Fire in the Mainframe

The 1969 Sir George Williams computer centre occupation has always felt like a secret, or underground, history, with whose protection Black Montreal has been entrusted. It is underground because it is often buried by mainstream Quebec history. When the FLQ (Front de libération du Québec), Quebec nationalism, and the October Crisis of 1970 are discussed, little or no reference is made to the occupation. That omission is telling, because people of my generation have grown up hearing about those events as centrepieces of “recent” Canadian history, and because, at the very least, the occupation shares the timeline. The occupation, in fact, preceded the October Crisis, and there is anecdotal evidence of a kind of cultural overlap. As a Black writer in Quebec, I am attracted to minor characters and suppressed histories, and this informs part of my interest in the occupation.

Nationalism, Secularism, and Ethno-Cultural Diversity in Quebec

An ongoing debate over the intersections between secularism and ethno-cultural diversity is taking place in contemporary societies. For example, in just over a decade, Quebec has witnessed multiple attempts to reframe its approach to issues of nationalism in the context of secularism and the regulation of ethno-cultural diversity. This qualitative and historically minded article studies the relationship among nationalism, secularism, and the regulation of diversity, through three stages of analysis. First, it explores the Catholic history of Quebec and the secularization dimensions of its nationalism since the Quiet Revolution and the ongoing debate within the province about religious accommodation and the integration of immigrants. Second, it lays the stage for examining the political and historical rise of the recently passed Bill 21 An Act Respecting the Laicity of the State in Quebec, through analysis of the failed, yet pivotal, proposal for a “Quebec Charter of Values” during the leadership of Parti Québécois (PQ) Premier Pauline Marois (2012–14). Throughout this article, the content of the charter under the PQ and the successful Act under the Coalition Avenir Québec are discussed in light of policy transfer from France to Quebec regarding secularism and the public display of religious symbols, as well as Quebec’s unique context within the Canadian federation. Finally, it turns to recent political and policy developments in Quebec, including the passing of the new Act, as they relate to the changing relationship among nationalism, secularism, and diversity.

Brève histoire des épidémies au Québec: Du choléra à la COVID-19 by Denis Goulet

Reviewed by: Brève histoire des épidémies au Québec: Du choléra à la COVID-19 by Denis Goulet David Wright Goulet, Denis –Brève histoire des épidémies au Québec: Du choléra à la COVID-19. Québec: Septentrion, 2020. Pp. 172. In 1847, amid an emerging typhus epidemic, the public health authorities of Montréal frantically built fever sheds along the Saint Lawrence River to care for and contain infected Irish immigrants debarking from dozens of ships. Sanitary police were called in to act as a barrier to prevent the potentially contagious from escaping the scenes of misery under cover of darkness. Amid the palpable tensions, the Grey Nuns and the newly formed Sisters of Providence selflessly tended to the sick crammed into makeshift barracks, hundreds of whom would succumb in short order to what was known as "ship's fever." The Bishop of Montréal descended upon the dying to deliver last rites to his coreligionists before they were buried hastily in mass graves. Ultimately, several thousand died in the scorching heat of July and August of that year, including, as the epidemic inevitably spread throughout the city, the Mayor himself. The great typhus disaster is but one of the principal epidemics showcased in this informative "brief history" of epidemics in Quebec. The book is divided into two principal parts: the first covers the period from the cholera pandemic of 1831–1832 to the smallpox epidemic of 1885; the second begins with the Spanish flu of 1918 and concludes with the arrival of AIDS in the 1980s. The echoes of past responses to epidemics will no doubt resonate with readers living through the current COVID-19 crisis. Cholera prompted the installation and formalization of quarantine protocols; the typhus epidemic encouraged the establishment of municipal health boards; the smallpox riots of 1885 reflected the longstanding suspicion of, and resistance to, compulsory vaccination. Despite the implementation of sanitary reform and discoveries associated with "scientific medicine," the remedies of mainstream medicine were often insufficient. The 1918 Spanish flu revealed the limitations of the bacteriological revolution; the decennial polio outbreaks highlighted our growing preoccupation with technological solutions (such as the iron lung); and AIDS demonstrated how effective therapeutics and vaccines sometimes take years, indeed decades, to develop. Brève histoire des épidémies provides an accessible compendium of many of the prominent infectious disease outbreaks in the history of Quebec after the conquest. It will be of particular value to a general public eager to dip into medical history and to peruse the captivating stories of sacrifice, suffering, and scapegoating in the past. Readers, for example, might be surprised to learn that more residents of Quebec city died of cholera in 1832 than COVID-19 in 2020, despite the fact that the city's population was, in 1832, one-tenth of what it is today. The book's strongest contribution may lie in its careful analysis of the construction of Quebec's public health infrastructure over the last two centuries. Who knew that the Rockefeller Foundation, so active in Latin America, also played a pivotal role in funding unites sanitaires across the province during the interwar period? For academic historians, there are, of course, some downsides to emphasizing only the major epidemic outbreaks of the past two centuries. It is easy to forget that the biggest infectious disease killer of the 1800s was actually tuberculosis, which was so widespread as to [End Page 200] be considered endemic. What is more, the very high death rates from nonepidemic diseases of urban capitalism—"summer diarrhoea," measles, and "enteric fevers"—merit relatively little attention, even though Montréal had the dubious reputation of boasting the highest rates of infant mortality in the Western world in the decade leading up to the First World War. Nevertheless, this is a readable and accessible book that conveys technical aspects of disease transmission very clearly while maintaining a sensitivity to the diverse cultural and social aspects of epidemic outbreaks. Goulet demonstrates vividly how societal responses were often pluralistic, with some people placing faith in medical science and the power of government to do good, whilst others were more skeptical of the motives of medical men and...

(Re)visions télévisuelles de la colonisation du Nord – série médiatique d’Un homme et son péché de Claude-Henri Grignon

Claude-Henri Grignon’s novel Un homme et son péché presents the life of French Canadian colonial settlers of the Laurentides region at the end of XIXth century. It depicts a realistic image of the colonisation period of Quebec history. The novel is at the origin of a media series that englobes a radio adaptation, three filmic adaptations, theater adaptations, a comic, and two television series. The aim of this article is to discuss the vision of colonisation by analysing two television series based on Un homme et son péché: Les Belles Histoires des pays d’en haut broadcast from 1956 to 1970 and Les Pays d’en haut broadcast from 2016 to 2019 on ICI Radio-Canada Télé 1. The analysis will try to trace modifications inherent to the process of adaptation on different levels (protagonists, representation of space, ideological discourse) and their influence on the vision of the colonisation period.

Spousal Support in Quebec: Resisting the Spousal Support Advisory Guidelines

Since 2005, the Spousal Support Advisory Guidelines have become an essential part of the practice of family law throughout Canada. Aimed at structuring discretionary spousal support determinations under the Divorce Act and increasing the fairness of awards, the Advisory Guidelines have been embraced by appellate courts across jurisdictions. Quebec is the exception to that trend. Despite that marriage and divorce fall under federal jurisdiction, Quebec courts resist the application of these non-binding rules, written by two family law scholars. This article responds to Quebec’s resistance to the Advisory Guidelines and suggests that concerns about them may be misplaced. By reviewing the history of Quebec’s legislative approach to married spouses, it suggests that antipathy toward the Advisory Guidelines, based on their failure to reflect Quebec matrimonial law, is misguided. Rather, judicial approaches in Quebec based on autonomy and economic independence fail to reflect the reality of both the provincial and federal legislative landscapes respecting marriage and divorce.

Writing Herself into Being: Quebec's Autobiographical Writings from Marie de l'Incarnation to Nelly Arcan by Patricia Smart

Reviewed by: Writing Herself into Being: Quebec's Autobiographical Writings from Marie de l'Incarnation to Nelly Arcan by Patricia Smart Eftihia Mihelakis Smart, Patricia. Writing Herself into Being: Quebec's Autobiographical Writings from Marie de l'Incarnation to Nelly Arcan. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's UP, 2017. Pp. 324. $34.95 US paperback, $110.00 US hardcover. This thoroughly researched and illuminating book by French and Canadian Studies scholar and Chancellor's Professor Emerita Patricia Smart explores the experiences of women who helped weave the fabric of Quebec's history. The Association for Canadian and Quebec Literatures awarded Smart the prestigious Gabrielle-Roy Prize for its French version (De Marie de l'Incarnation à Nelly Arcan. Se dire, se faire par l'écriture intime, 2014). She is a renowned historian of women's literature noted not only for her ability to disseminate her work in English and in French, but also for her engagement with unearthing the importance of women's roles in culture and society. Most of her books have been recognized by eminent awarding bodies throughout Canada and Quebec. She has published and translated many other essays such as Writing in the Father's House: The Emergence of the Feminine in the Quebec Literary Tradition (1991), which received the Gabrielle-Roy Prize, the French version having won the Governor General's Award in 1988. [End Page 529] In Writing Herself into Being, Smart gives credence to a variety of genres that shed light on the political power of the intimate experience. Autobiographies, autobiographical fiction, annals of religious communities, letters, and published and unpublished diaries by girls and women form an intricate mobilizing circuit of "other forms of writing the self" (4). This diverse corpus allows the contemporary reader to measure the weight and systematic nature of historical silence of and about women, and to get hold of the perennially subversive nature of the act "of putting pen to paper [as] an essential part for the search for self and for agency" (11). The book follows a chronological evolution from the early French settlements of the "New World" to the period of personal and collective emancipation that began with the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s. The book has four parts, the first of which delves into some of the most central themes from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries: the intersection between religious (or pious) life and the difficulty of self-realization. The first part, "Living and Writing for God: The Mystical Era," begins with the new forms of religious life for women in New France in the seventeenth century. For Marie de l'Incarnation (1599-1672), "the great mystic and foundress of the Quebec Ursuline order" (17), and Marguerite Bourgeoys (1620-1700), the colony's first teacher who founded the Congrégation de Notre-Dame, writing allows for the "emergence of the feminine" (62). Through writing, they can reassert the singularity of their voices in a world rife with exclusion and violence. In the second part of the book, Smart pieces together the correspondence of Élizabeth Bégon (1696-1755) and Julie Papineau (1795-1862). She demonstrates how the eighteenth century marks the beginning of "an evolution in the concept of self and the forms of life writing" (67), as educated women were expected to master the epistolary arts. Smart sheds light on the background of these women's lives "when the missionary fervor that originally dominated New France has given way to an authoritarian Church" (76). The epistolary operated "as the primary site of reflection and self-reflection" (68); but it resounds time and space, as Smart explains, because its female voices speak intricately about the universal fear of silence and solitude as well as the need for hope and change. For Julie Papineau, "politics is a visceral commitment which frees her from the monotonous routine of her daily activities and gives her the feeling of participating in the creation of a better world" (97) and allows her to temporarily rebel in favour of the Rebellion against the Church. In her quest to shed light on the intricacies of these women's lives and writings, Smart warns the reader against the idea that the...

L’enseignement de l’histoire de l’Holocauste2 et l’éducation aux droits humains : pratiques et enjeux au Québec

This article focuses on the twinning of history teaching and human rights education. The case of the Holocaust illustrates the possibilities and limits of such a relationship, in light of the practices implemented in history and citizenship education classes in Quebec. Organized around four axes of analysis, the results show that teaching practices privilege above all an awareness to the human rights and are therefore centered on the knowledge of the rights. Similarly, the teaching of the Holocaust focuses on the Nazi efforts to persecute Jews without explicit references to human rights issues, which is how the curriculum prescribes it. Both subjects are therefore studied separately in the same sequence.

Histoire de l’Holocauste et éducation aux droits humains: arrimage réussi au Québec?

This article focuses on the twinning of history teaching and human rights education. The case of the Holocaust illustrates the possibilities and limits of such a relationship, in light of the practices implemented in history and citizenship education classes in Quebec. Organized around four axes of analysis, the results show that the teachers privilege above all an awareness to the human rights and a teaching centered on the knowledge of the rights. Similarly, Holocaust education focuses on the Nazi efforts to persecute Jews without explicit references to human rights issues. Both subjects are studied separately in the same sequence.

Charlotte Tassé (1893-1974), a tireless promoter of the French-Canadian nurses model.

A forgotten figure of the history of healthcare as well as Quebec's history, Charlotte Tassé (1893-1974) was a figurehead of the professionalization of Quebecoise nurses. This French-Canadian nurse established and ran two nursing schools, launched and directed a professional reference journal for thirty-five years, actively participated in the development of psychiatric nursing in Quebec, owned and managed one of the most important mental healthcare centers in the country, and also created a new class of nurses in Quebec: practical nurses. One of her main achievements was to establish and defend, with tenacity and persistence and through all her endeavors, a unique nursing model that was specific to Quebec: the French-Canadian nurses model. With its traditional values of care and femininity and avant-gardist representations of the nurses' job, which she dedicated to hospital management, her model contributed to making the history of nurses in Quebec unique and original. This paper focuses on the creation of this model and the active promotion it has benefited from for half a century by recounting, thanks to unpublished archives, the history of Charlotte Tassé's exceptional career.

Vegetation and climate history of Quebec’s mixed boreal forest suggests greater abundance of temperate species during the early- and mid-Holocene

Today, scattered disjunct stands of two temperate species, yellow birch and white pine, are present north of their continuous distributional range in southern Quebec (Canada) at topographical locations that offer protection from severe fires. This study tested whether these species had populations more numerous and widespread millennia ago when the climate was presumably warmer. Specifically, this research involved the analyses of pollen, plant macrofossils, and charcoal fragments of two sites within the western part of Quebec’s balsam fir – paper birch bioclimatic domain: a forest humus deposit from a yellow birch stand (local scale), and a peatland (regional scale). Fossil data suggest that white pine was more abundant regionally between 7500 and 5000 cal. BP, before coming rare under subsequent cooler conditions. Likewise, yellow birch was more abundant regionally between 7700 and 1500 cal BP. Its subsequent decline and the local disappearance of white pine by ∼200 cal. BP may both be explained by the severe fires that occurred in recent centuries, as well as the rarity of suitable habitats for these species. The sustained presence of temperate species in mixed boreal forests is the result of the combined action of climate, natural disturbances and habitat characteristics.

The Writing of Women into Canadian Educational History in English Canada and Francophone Quebec, 1970 to 1995

The 1970 Report of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women of Canada represents the first official federal document to examine the situation of women in Canadian education through a feminist lens. It paid close attention to education, claiming that “whenever women are denied access to education, they cannot be said to have equality.” Feminist historians participated in this transformative movement in response to an increasing demand to make women visible; the new social history, which developed novel methodologies in its quest to recover the past from the bottom up, assisted them in their efforts to develop the field of women’s history across Canada. Our article examines the importance of feminist associations, publishing houses, journals, and awards in supporting the development of scholarship on women and education. We follow that overview with comments about the earliest scholars working in this field, concentrating first on those in English Canada and then moving to the history of the field in French Canada.RésuméLe Rapport de la Commission royale d’enquête sur la situation de la femme au Canada de 1970 constitue le premier document fédéral officiel à étudier la situation des femmes dans l’éducation canadienne dans une perspective féministe. Il a accordé une attention particulière à l’éducation, affirmant que lorsqu’« on refuse à une femme la possibilité de faire les mêmes études que l’homme, on ne peut dire qu’elle bénéficie de l’égalité ». Les historiennes et historiens, en majorité des chercheuses féministes, ont participé à ce mouvement de transformation en réponse à la demande croissante pour rendre les femmes visibles. Ayant contribué à développer de nouvelles méthodologies cherchant à reconstituer le passé à partir d’une approche « du bas vers le haut », la nouvelle histoire sociale leur a permis de développer le champ de l’histoire des femmes à travers le Canada. Notre article examine l’importance des associations féministes, des maisons d’édition, des revues et des prix comme soutien au développement de la recherche sur les femmes et l’éducation. Dans un second temps, nous examinons les figures pionnières de la recherche dans ce domaine, en nous concentrant d’abord sur les personnalités importantes du Canada anglais, avant de poursuivre avec l’histoire de ce champ de recherche au Canada français.

Gaining Nationhood: A Comparative Analysis of Images Found in Ontario and Quebec History Textbooks, 1920 to 1948

The centenary of the beginning of the First World War has seen renewed global attention to the war. A proliferation of scholarly works, commemorative public events, documentaries, and museum exhibits dedicated to the war ensured that the participating nations reaffirmed messages of service and sacrifice. The global response provides some insight into how nations crafted the memory of the war and the links made between remembrance and national identity. The Canadian War Museum, along with various state commemorations, encased the events of the war within narratives of heroism and sacrifice, most recently with the celebratory focus on the Battle of Vimy Ridge. This renewed interest in the war inspired this study, which explores how the war was portrayed in Ontario and Quebec history textbooks in the immediate post-war decades. This project argues that an analysis of both the textual narratives and the visual culture portrayed in history textbooks helps us better understand messages of nationhood in Canada. Through an examination of history textbooks that were approved in Ontario and Quebec between 1920 and 1948, we seek to uncover what the Ontario Department of Education, the Catholic church, and publishers felt were important for students in schools to remember about Canada’s participation in the war.RésuméLe centenaire du début de la Première Guerre mondiale a contribué à renouveler l’intérêt du public pour la Grande Guerre. On observe alors une prolifération des ouvrages académiques, des événements commémoratifs publics, des documentaires et des expositions muséales qui y sont dédiés et dont le but est de réaffirmer le message de service et de sacrifice des États qui y ont pris part. Ces ouvrages et événements donnent un aperçu de comment les nations construisent leur mémoire de la guerre ainsi que des liens tissés entre le devoir de mémoire et l’identité nationale. Le Musée canadien de la guerre, ainsi que plusieurs commémorations gouvernementales, synthétisent les événements de la Grande Guerre dans un récit d’héroïsme et de sacrifice. Un exemple récent de cela est l’intérêt porté à la bataille de la crête de Vimy. Cet intérêt renouvelé envers la Grande Guerre a inspiré cette étude qui explore comment celle-ci a été représentée dans les manuels scolaires de l’Ontario et du Québec dans les décennies suivants la fin de la Première Guerre mondiale. Ce projet propose qu’une analyse des manuels centrés sur les récits textuels et de la culture visuelle aide à mieux comprendre les messages associés à la construction de la nation canadienne. À partir d’un examen des manuels scolaires approuvés pour l’Ontario et ceux disponibles pour le Québec entre les années 1920 et 1948, nous cherchons à découvrir ce que le Département de l’Éducation de l’Ontario, l’Église Catholique et les maisons d’éditions considéraient comme étant importants à ce souvenir à propos de la participation du Canada à la Première Guerre mondiale.

Scholarship on Moroccan Jews in Canada: Multidisciplinary, Multilingual, and Diasporic

A historiography on Moroccan Jews in Canada (1960–2015) offers an exemplary case study of conducting comprehensive research on religious and ethnic minorities within a Canadian national framework. To find literature on this community, one must take a multinational, multidisciplinary, and multilingual approach. This mirrors the diasporic reality of Moroccan Jews, themselves dispersed from Morocco to Israel, France, Canada, and beyond. Scholarship on Moroccan Jews in Canada must cross the linguistic divides of Quebec and Ontario, as the majority francophone, but also Spanish- and Judeo-Arabic-speaking, population settled predominantly in Montreal followed by Toronto. In an attempt to examine Moroccan Jews as part of Canadian and Quebec history, the authors examined over 130 articles for this study—mostly regarding Moroccan Jews in Montreal, but these also included some key works in Canadian Jewish studies and Quebec studies. In what follows, we analyze the chronology of these works in relation to broader trends in Canadian Jewish studies and Quebec studies. The trends in the growth of studies on Moroccan Jews in Canada have been divided into roughly four overlapping periods: immigration and integration (1960s to 1970s); recognition and rapprochement (1980s); multi-culturalism, interculturalism, and the production of ethnicity (1990s); and memory, identity, and religion (2000s to present).

Notes on Contributors

Previous article FreeNotes on ContributorsPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailQR Code SectionsMoreNancy Christie teaches history at the University of Western Ontario. Her work centers on the cultural, political, legal, and social history of eighteenth-century Quebec, with a particular emphasis on the impact of British colonialism after the Conquest of 1763. Winner of numerous scholarly awards, in particular for Engendering the State: Family, Work and Welfare in Canada, she is the author of a major forthcoming volume, A Northern Bastille: The Formal and Informal Politics of Colonialism in Post-conquest Quebec, 1760–1837.Jason Dawsey is a lecturer in the Department of History at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, where he teaches courses in modern European history. Currently, he is completing a monograph on Günther Anders’s critique of technology.Michael Gauvreau teaches history at McMaster University. His research focuses on the cultural, intellectual, and social histories of Canada and Quebec from the eighteenth to the twentieth century. He is the author of the prize-winning The Catholic Origins of Quebec’s Quiet Revolution, 1931–1970, and his new research centers on Quebec in the age of revolutions.Aaron G. Jakes is assistant professor of history in the Department of Historical Studies at the New School. He teaches classes on the history of the modern Middle East, environmental history, and the historical geography of capitalism. He is the author of “Boom, Bugs, Bust: Egypt’s Ecology of Interest, 1882–1914,” Antipode (2016), and he is currently working on a book manuscript entitled State of the Field: Colonial Economism and the Crises of Capitalism in Egypt, 1882–1914.Ahmad Shokr is a junior research fellow at the Crown Center for Middle East Studies at Brandeis University and an assistant professor of history at Swarthmore College. He teaches classes on the history of the modern Middle East, the political economy of empire and decolonization, and the history of capitalism. He is a contributor to several volumes, including Dispatches from the Arab Spring: Understanding the New Middle East (University of Minnesota Press, 2013) and The Journey to Tahrir: Revolution, Protest, and Social Change in Egypt (Verso, 2012).Kristoffer Smemo is a PhD candidate in history at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He has taught courses on twentieth-century American social and political history. His dissertation examines how social struggle shaped the rise and fall of the liberal wing of the Republican Party during the mid-twentieth century. His work has appeared in the Journal of American History and Labor: Studies in the Working-Class History of the Americas.Samir Sonti is a PhD candidate in history at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He has taught the history of capitalism and labor studies. His dissertation focuses on the politics of inflation in the twentieth-century United States.Gabriel Winant is a PhD candidate in history at Yale University. He has taught twentieth-century American history, the history of capitalism, and African American history. He is completing a dissertation on the transformation of the labor market and the emergence of the health care economy in Pittsburgh in the second half of the twentieth century. Previous article DetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Critical Historical Studies Volume 4, Number 1Spring 2017 Sponsored by the Chicago Center for Contemporary Theory (3CT) Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/691061 © 2017 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

КВЕБЕКСЬКЕ НАЦІОНАЛЬНЕ ПИТАННЯ В РОКИ ДРУГОЇ СВІТОВОЇ ВІЙНИ ТА ПОВОЄННИЙ ПЕРІОД

The paper deals with the Quebec national question during the Second World War and the postwar period in the context of the causes and preconditions of "Quiet Revolution" in 1960s in Quebec. Based on articles, memoirs, non-fiction literature, statements we analyze the views of the French-Canadian and the English-Canadian public and political figures on the crisis of conscription, as well as the impact of the crisis on the social and political situation in post-war Quebec. Particular attention is paid to an under-researched aspect in the historiography – to attempts of a reform in Quebec, in times of Adelard Godbout (1939 – 1944) as a prime-minister of Quebec. He was considered to be a precursor of the "quiet revolution" in 1960s. During his tenure in the Quebec government he adopted important laws on women suffrage, compulsory schooling of children from six years. It weakened the influence of foreign companies on the Quebec's economy. The Adelard Godbout's defeat in provincial elections in 1944 resulted in rise of a nationalist-conservative Maurice Duplessis. We thoroughly analyzed the post-war period in the history of Quebec, which is known as the "period of darkness" (1944 – 1959), when prime minister of Quebec Maurice Duplessis was elected on second term. The paper also focuses on the policy of the M. Duplessis's regime in Quebec, on how it contributed to further backlog in socio-economic development, which accelerated discontent of opposition which demanded major reforms. This discontent had become the catalyst of the "Quiet Revolution." The postwar period has transformed French-Canadian national question in Quebec. Basic issues during the government of M. Duplessis were not linguistic, religious or cultural ones. The main question was that of equality of the provinces in the federation and concerned expansion the autonomous rights of Quebec.

La nation chez les enseignants d'histoire québécois

History education is a topic much discussed in western societies. This paper presents a research conducted during a vivid debate which took off after the renewal of the History and citizenship education curriculum in Quebec. It presents some broad ideas that help us understand where teachers stand when it comes to the place of the nation in the teaching of history.