Ancient Research Articles

A Review on Ancient Cryptographic, Modern Cryptographic and Quantum Cryptographic Techniques

Cryptography has a long and fascinating history, evolving from ancient techniques to modern methods and now exploring the potential of quantum mechanics. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of cryptographic techniques from past to present. We begin by examining ancient cryptographic techniques, tracing their origins back to 2000 B.C. when the ancient Egyptians used "secret" hieroglyphics. We also discuss evidence from ancient Greece and Rome, such as secret writings and the famous Caesar cipher [1]. These early methods laid the foundation for the field of cryptography. Next, we delve into modern cryptographic techniques that have become increasingly complex and diverse in their applications. We explore how cryptography now makes extensive use of mathematical concepts from fields like information theory, computational complexity, statistics, combinatorics, abstract algebra, number theory, and finite mathematics. We also discuss how the development of digital computers and electronics has revolutionized cryptography, allowing for the encryption of any kind of binary data and the design of much more intricate ciphers [2]. Finally, we examine the emerging field of quantum cryptography, which aims to harness the principles of quantum mechanics to achieve new cryptographic functionalities beyond classical information alone. We survey some of the most remarkable theoretical uses of quantum information for cryptography, as well as the limitations and challenges faced by cryptographers in this new paradigm [3]. By tracing the evolution of cryptography from ancient times to the present day and beyond, this review paper provides valuable insights into the rich history and promising future of this critical field of study.

Antimicrobial effectiveness of chestnut honey, pollen and propolis individually and in combination

The emergence of bacteria with antibiotic resistance and multiple resistance is characteristic of animal and human pathogens. It is wide known that bee products, which have been used in alternative medicine since ancient times, have antimicrobial potential. Application of bee products for therapeutic purposes is defined as apitherapy. The study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of commercial chestnut honey, pollen and propolis produced in western Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sanski Most) individually and in five combinations (apimixtures). The antimicrobial properties of samples were investigated using the agar well diffusion method against three Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii ATCC 6633, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33591, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212); three Gram-negative bacteria (ESBL producing Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis ATCC 13076, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027) and one fungal species (Candida albicans ATCC 10231). Pure bee pollen inhibited the growth of only Gram-negative bacteria, concentrated chestnut honey was active against all Gram-negative and Gram-positivebacteria, while 20% propolis extract and apimixtures A2 (80% honey and 20% propolis) and A3 (60% honey, 20% pollen and 20% propolis extract) inhibited the growth of all tested microorganisms. Chestnut honey andthree apimixtures (A1, A2 and A3) showed the highest antibacterial action against all tested Gram-negative bacteria and MRSA compared to other investigated samples. In this study, examined honeybee products from Bosnia and Herzegovina and their mixtures had significant activity against tested bacteria, including strains with proven resistance to conventional antibiotics, MRSA and ESBL producing E. coli.

Assessment of the ecological status of an ancient reservoir using macroinvertebrate assemblage and water quality parameters

BackgroundAtori Reservoir, located in the heart of southwestern Nigeria, is a tribute to the region's historical significance and natural splendor. Its establishment as a reservoir in 1935 marked a water resource management watershed in the region, transforming Atori into one of Nigeria’s oldest and most important waterbodies. Despite its ancient age and indisputable importance, the exact ecological state of Atori Reservoir has been shrouded in mystery for decades. This study was necessitated by a paucity of information on the ecological status of Atori Reservoir.ResultsThe study identified 953 macroinvertebrates belonging to four classes, distributed across nine orders and nineteen families within Atori Reservoir. Among these, the class Insecta exhibited the highest diversity, while Melanoides tuberculata, a member of the Mollusca class, emerged as the dominant species. Despite the diverse macroinvertebrate community, the physicochemical parameters of the water raised concerns. Elevated values of total dissolved solids and conductivity indicated poor water quality, which was further reflected in the predominance of pollution-tolerant species and the absence of pollution-sensitive ones. Canonical correspondence analysis highlighted potential correlations between macroinvertebrates and water quality variables, yet statistical significance was lacking, as demonstrated by the Monte Carlo permutation test.ConclusionThis study sheds light on the ecological state of Atori Reservoir, revealing a diverse macroinvertebrate community but highlighting concerns regarding water quality. The study also emphasizes the pressing need for improved management practices to safeguard the ecological health of Atori Reservoir, given the critical role it plays in the region's ecosystem and local communities.

Ursolic and oleanolic acids: two natural triterpenoids targeting antibacterial multidrug tolerance and biofilm formation

Natural products have been used since ancient times to treat various ailments and have been recognized for many years as a source of therapeutic agents and structural diversity. Plant-derived products have thus served as dietary components but also to maintain a state of wellbeing and health by preventing different diseases both of inflammatory and infective nature. Pentacyclic triterpenoids, particularly ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA), are well-studied natural products endowed with complex biological profiles. In this mini-review, we summarized the most advanced results on extraction methodologies and antimicrobial activity of UA and OA, focusing on their potential role as antimicrobic adjuvants, bacterial biofilm inhibitors and related mechanisms of action. This offers a theoretical basis and inspiration for further studies on their bioactivity mechanism.

An Overview of Noble Metal Nanoparticles and Their Application in the Treatment of Cancer Diseases

Noble metals and their compounds have been used as therapeutic agents since ancient times in medicine to treat various infections. Recently, many advances have been made in the field of nanotechnology to develop different types of nanomaterials with a wide range of applications. Among metal nanoparticles, noble metal nanoparticles have shown potential biomedical applications. Due to their small size, nanoparticles can easily communicate with biomolecules both on the surface and inside cells and bring better targeting for diagnosis and treatment. Noble metal nanoparticles inspire researchers due to their significant role in the diagnosis and treatment of unpleasant diseases. In this review article, we focus on the biomedical applications of noble metal nanoparticles, especially silver, gold, and platinum, in cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Cytotoxic and Antitumor Agents from Genus Rubia.

Genus Rubia is widely distributed in almost all regions of the world, with 36 species and 2 varieties in China. Rubia species, such as Rubia cordifolia, have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of diseases since ancient times. In recent years, the study of anticancer effects in traditional Chinese medicine has become a popular topic, and some studies have shown that several Rubia species extracts have cytotoxic and antitumor effects, and some of them have been shown to contain specific antitumor agents. Therefore, this review focuses on the cytotoxic and antitumor effects of the chemical constituents contained in Genus Rubia. Summarized 71 types of chemical substances in 5 categories with the effect of cytotoxicity and antitumor, as well as their structures, targets and mechanisms of action.

Determining the health status of natural monument trees using acoustic tomography method

Areas with natural beauty and rich biodiversity have had a different significance for people since ancient times. With the latest developments in industry, technology, and urbanization, the demand for natural areas has increased considerably. Accordingly, the need to protect such private areas has become even more significant. In order to protect areas with such natural characteristics effectively, problems and threat factors must be correctly revealed. For this purpose; a study was conducted to determine the health status of some trees, which are natural monuments in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Türkiye, using the acoustic tomography method. The general appearance of six trees in the study area was examined, and measurements were made with the Arbor Sonic 3D Acoustic Tomography device. In the research, it was found that the trunk of one of the natural monument trees was hollow. The other five trees were found to be in good general condition. According to the results of the tomography, it was determined that one of the six trees measured was in good health, three of them had partial hollows and decay, and two of them were completely hollow. According to the data obtained, it has been revealed that the acoustic tomography method is an effective tool in determining the health status of nature monument trees.

Ṯābit Ibn Qurrah's contributions to toxicology.

Mankind has been familiar with poisons since ancient times. On the other hand, there is a wealth of knowledge in the medical books including medieval works of Middle Eastern polymaths such as Avicenna, "al-Rāzī," and "Ṯābit Ibn Qurrah." This study presented and analyzed the knowledge of medical toxicology in one of the mainstay works of "Ṯābit Ibn Qurrah" entitled "al-Ḏaḫirah Fy Ꜥilm al-Tibb" also known as The Treasury of Medicine after the translation of the book from Arabic to English carefully and faithfully. Also, related toxicological literature was applied wherever required using English, Arabic, and Persian databases including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, WorldCat, Magiran, IranDoc, Scientific Information Database, Noor Mags, Noorlib, and Al Manhal. Our research revealed that chapter 25 of the mentioned book specifically focused on toxicology. This chapter was divided into sections on different aspects of toxicology from the categorization of poisons to compound mixtures causing poisonings to introducing blade poisons to signs and symptoms of poisonings, preventive approaches, and therapeutic agents. Specific antidotes and general therapies were introduced that included medicinal plants, cupping therapy, and bandages, just to name a few. Also, there were some monographs on the common poisonous agents and their treatments. The toxicological data of the book was comparable with modern toxicology. Our study highlighted the contributions of "Ṯābit Ibn Qurrah" to medical toxicology by authoring The Treasury of Medicine. Further research is recommended to elucidate the full aspects of the history of toxicology including the contributions of the past scholars.

EKSTRAKSI DAN UJI STABILITAS EKSTRAK DAUN TARUM (Indigofera tinctoria) SEBAGAI PEWARNA KAIN TENUN DI DAERAH ENDE NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

Since ancient times, woven fabric craftsmen in the Ende area have used tarum leaves as a dye in their woven fabrics. Extraction of color pigments in tarum leaves is carried out by soaking in water or seawater for a certain length of time so as to produce quality color pigments.This study aims to determine the stability of natural dyes in tarum leaves which are used as dyes for woven fabrics in the Ende area of ​​East Nusa Tenggara which were extracted using water and seawater as solvents. The research was carried out in the laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Flores using the experimental method. The results showed that tarum leaves produced the optimum wavelength when soaked for 24 hours and there was a decrease in the color stability of the tarum leaf extract due to storage factors, increased temperature, duration of sunlight and increased concentrations of oxidizing agents.

The Impact of Fermentation on the Antioxidant Activity of Food Products.

From ancient times to the present day, fermentation has been utilized not only for food preservation but also for enhancing the nutritional and functional properties of foods. This process is influenced by numerous factors, including the type of microorganisms used, substrate composition, pH, time, and temperature, all of which can significantly alter the characteristics of the final product. Depending on the parameters, fermentation enhances the bioactive content of the products and imparts the necessary properties, such as antioxidant characteristics, for the products to be considered functional. The enhancement of these properties, particularly antioxidant activity, enriches foods with bioactive compounds and functional attributes, contributing to improved health benefits. Through a review of recent research, this study elucidates how different fermentation processes can enhance the bioavailability and efficacy of antioxidants, thereby improving the nutritional and functional qualities of foods. This study investigated the multifaceted effects of fermentation on antioxidant properties by exploring various types and conditions of fermentation. It highlights specific examples from dairy products and other food categories as well as the valorization of food waste and byproducts. The findings underscore the potential of fermentation as a sustainable method to produce health-promoting foods with elevated antioxidant activities, offering new perspectives for food science and technology.

Cannabidiol Enhances the Anticancer Activity of Etoposide on Prostate Cancer Cells.

Introduction: Cannabis sativa extract has been used as an herbal medicine since ancient times. It is one of the most researched extracts, especially among supportive treatments against cancer. Prostate cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancer types in men worldwide and an estimated 288,300 new cases were diagnosed in 2023. Today, many advanced therapeutic approaches are used for prostate cancer, such as immunotherapy and chemotherapy, but acquired drug resistance, long-term drug usage and differentiation of cancer cells mostly restricted the efficiency of therapies. Therefore, it is thought that the use of natural products to overcome these limitations and improve the effectiveness of existing therapies may offer promising approaches. The present study focused on the investigation of the possible enhancer role of cannabidiol (CBD), which is a potent ingredient compound of Cannabis, on the chemotherapeutic agent etoposide in prostate cancer cells. Methods: Herein, we tested the potentiator role of CBD on etoposide in prostate cancer cells by testing the cytotoxic effect, morphological alterations, apoptotic effects, autophagy, unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling, endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation mechanism (ERAD), angiogenic and androgenic factors, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In addition, we examined the combined treatment of CBD and etoposide on colonial growth, migrative, invasive capability, 3D tumor formation, and cellular senescence. Results: Our findings demonstrated that cotreatment of etoposide with CBD importantly suppressed autophagic flux and induced ERAD and UPR signaling in LNCaP cells. Also, CBD strongly enhanced the etoposide-mediated suppression of androgenic signaling, angiogenic factor VEGF-A, protooncogene c-Myc, EMT, and also induced apoptosis through activation caspase-3 and PARP-1. Moreover, coadministration markedly decreased tumorigenic properties, such as proliferative capacity, colonial growth, migration, and 3D tumor formation and also induced senescence. Altogether, our data revealed that CBD has a potent enhancer effect on etoposide-associated anticancer activities. Conclusion: The present study suggests that the use of CBD as a supportive therapy in existing chemotherapeutic approaches may be a promising option, but this effectiveness needs to be investigated on a large scale.

Literature Review of Urban People's Living Standard through Historical Dynasties in Vietnam: Bibliometrics Method and Lessons from History

This research explores the evolution of urban living standards in Vietnam across historical dynasties, employing a bibliometric method to analyze existing scholarly literature. The study spans from the ancient periods, influenced by Chinese culture and governance, through medieval dynasties like the Đinh, Lê, and Lý, to the colonial era under French Indochina and modern developments post-1954. Key aspects such as housing, infrastructure, economy, health, and education are examined to discern patterns and influences on urban life. Lessons drawn from history inform contemporary urban planning, highlighting the importance of governance, economic diversification, and cultural integration in shaping sustainable urban environments.

Administrative and legal regime of martial law

Currently, Ukraine is under martial law. Historically, it is known that military conflicts of various nature and scale have become an integral feature of the evolution of mankind since ancient times. And therefore, in ancient times, war was a normal, natural state of nations, while peace was an accidental state. Humanity has become more aware of the value of life. However, in the 21st century, Ukraine faced events that, in our time, seemed to be unacceptable, and many citizens have the question of what the martial law regime is, what are its main aspects, taking into account their significant consequences for the normal life of the population. Martial law is a special legal regime introduced on the territory of Ukraine or in some of its localities, which gives the military command, state authorities, military administrations and local self-government bodies certain powers necessary to avert a potential threat, repel armed aggression and ensure national security within countries. The introduction of martial law is associated with the implementation of certain legal procedures provided for by national legislation. The introduction of martial law is carried out by the highest authorities of the state. Law of Ukraine No. 389-VIII «On the Legal Regime of Martial Law» establishes the procedure for introducing martial law in Ukraine. The National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine submits proposals for the introduction of martial law in Ukraine or in some of its localities for consideration by the President of Ukraine. In connection with the introduction of martial law in Ukraine, the constitutional rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen, provided for in Articles 30-34, 38, 39, 41-44, 53 of the Constitution of Ukraine, may be temporarily limited for the period of the legal regime of martial law, as well as to introduce temporary restrictions on the rights and legal interests of legal entities within the limits and to the extent necessary to ensure the possibility of introducing and carrying out measures of the legal regime of martial law, which are provided for by the first part of Article 8 of the Law of Ukraine «On the Legal Regime of Martial Law». Thus, in the event of the introduction of a legal regime of martial law, significant restrictions on the rights of both individuals and legal entities may be applied. However, such restrictions may occur except within the limits of temporary restrictions on the constitutional rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen, as well as the rights and legal interests of legal entities, provided for by the decree of the President of Ukraine on the introduction of martial law. Therefore, in the case of the initiation of the procedure for the introduction of the legal regime of martial law, as it happened in Ukraine, information on the features and main aspects of this regime is relevant and important.

CROSSTALK OF CONSERVATION OF SEQUENCES OF miRNAs AND ENZYMATIC MACHINERY OF miRNAs PRODUCTION IN AMPULLARIIDAE

BACKGROUND: The Ampullariidae family of molluscs is an emerging model for evolutionary studies due to its high diversity, ancient history and wide geographic distribution. miRNAs are essential for the development of the organism, as they help and act in the control of gene expression. The analysis of miRNAs in molluscs, especially in the family Ampullariidae, is especially important due to the low representativeness of analyzed species and the possibility of analyzing the conservation of miRNAs among ampullariids species. OBJECTIVE: Identification and characterization of miRNAs (precursors and matures) and their processing pathway genes. METHODS: Computational prediction and characterization of miRNAs and genes involved in the miRNA pathway were performed using public database of Lanistes nyassanus, Marisa cornuarietis, Pomacea canaliculata and Pomacea maculata. The in silico analysis was performed using a robust algorithm to identify and characterize miRNAs and their precursors in genome of ampullariids species. To search for the putative proteins involved in the miRNA biogenesis the putative proteomes from 4 Ampullariids species and Blastp tool were used. Characterization of conserved protein domains was performed using the PFAM and CDD. Phylogenetic analyzes were performed for the ampullariids miRNA precursors and their orthologs and also for the putative ampullariids proteins involved in the miRNA pathway and their orthologs using MEGA program. FINDINGS: 141 pre-miRNAs and 162 mature miRNAs were identified in the genome of L. nyassanus, 279 pre-miRNAs and 297 mature miRNAs in the genome of M. cornuarietis, 269 pre-miRNAs and 296 mature miRNAs in the genome of P. canaliculata and 299 pre-miRNAs and 316 mature miRNAs in the genome of P. maculata. We identified and characterized 24 putative key proteins involved in the miRNA pathway including Argonaute, DICER, DROSHA and EXPORTIN protein families in the predicted proteome of the 4 ampullariids. The data obtained in this work will support studies of phylogeny, population divergence, speciation and patterns of diversity in the Ampullariidae Family. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: The searching for novel miRNAs and their processing pathway genes in 4 species of ampullariids was able to predict new structures expanding the study of miRNAs in molluscs and in Ampullariidae family, as well as open an avenue to study the roles of miRNAs in the organisms.

The Role of Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Oral Cancers in vitro: A Systematic Review

Introduction: The use of medicinal plant compounds for cancer treatment has been considered since ancient times. This systematic study aimed to conduct a review on the effects of medicinal plant extracts on oral cancer cell lines in vitro. Methods: In this systematic study, articles were searched in databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Scopus, using keywords as "herbal drugs", "medicinal plants", "extract", "essence", "oral cancer", "in vitro", and "clinical trials". Results: After searching the articles according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, removing duplicates, and reviewing full-text articles, the researchers entered the data of all the collected articles into Endnote X9. Initially, 14,650 studies were identified, but after applying the inclusion/ exclusion criteria, 21 studies were selected. Conclusion: According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 21 studies have been selected. The study's findings have revealed that medicinal plants have the potential to inhibit the growth of oral cancer cells, making them a promising candidate for further research on cancer treatment.

Review on Classification, Extraction and Application of Natural Dyes

India has over 450 plants capable of producing dyes. Dyes from natural sources such as plant leaves, roots, bark, insectsecretions and minerals. Natural dyes are mainly used for dyeing natural fibers such as cotton, wool and silk. Most natural colors have special properties such as antibacterial, low toxicity, allergenicity and UV protection. They have been used since ancient times and are widely accepted in various fields such as food, textiles, fine arts and papermaking. There are currently many different dye extraction methods/processes, including Solvent extraction, aqueous extraction, enzymatic extraction, etc. All these extraction methods have their advantages and disadvantages. Experimental results show that it performs well with all natural dyes and may be a better alternative to synthetic dyes. In recent years, it has been observed that synthetic dyes have many drawbacks, such as toxicity, pollution, and allergenicity, but natural dyes do not have such drawbacks. This article discusses the types of natural dye sources and their extraction methods, classification, environmental benefits, and other uses.

Ancient wisdom: A new perspective on the past and future Chinese precipitation patterns based on the twenty-four solar terms

Precipitation, as a crucial component of the hydrological cycle, exhibits intense responsiveness to climatic changes. Accurately and finely describing precipitation patterns on a temporal scale within complex climatic regions is a matter that has consistently garnered attention. China, with its intricate geographical environment spanning five climatic zones, has seen its laboring populace develop the unique Twenty-Four Solar Terms (TFST) calendar from ancient times to macroscopically describe climatic shifts and to guide their agricultural activities. Here, based on the chronological framework of the TFST, we revisited and validated the response of typical solar terms to conventional precipitation indicators over the past 40 years in China. By comparing the accumulated precipitation volume and the number of effective precipitation days 30 days before and after the typical solar terms, we established the statistical credibility of this ancient calendar system’s summarization of precipitation patterns. Furthermore, the study examines the response of various future extreme precipitation events to the TFST and their spatial distribution patterns. We identified that more than 70 % of regions in China experienced a concentration of extreme precipitation events during the XiaoShu and DaShu solar terms. Under four different future scenario models, there is prediction that over 55.2 % of the areas in China will also have extreme precipitation events predominantly during the same two solar terms. Additionally, in the Qinghai-Tibet region, there is a trend indicating an increased risk of extreme precipitation frequency during these two critical solar terms associated with rising carbon emissions, with a significance level averaging over 95 %. This research deeply integrates modern meteorological and hydrological science with traditional culture, allowing for a nuanced understanding of the periodicity of extreme precipitation. It also offers a novel perspective and theoretical basis to guide flood prevention efforts and studies on the regularities of extreme precipitation.

Smoke-water treatment of seeds, an ancient technique for increasing seed vigor.

Germination is an essential phenomenon in the life cycle of plants, and a variety of external and internal factors influence it. Fire and the produced smoke have been vital environmental stimulants for the germination of seeds in many plant species, like Leucospermum cordifolium and Serruria florida. These plants do not germinate at all if fire and smoke are not present. This phenomenon of germination in plant species has existed in the ecosystem since ancient times. Various studies to study the response of seeds to smoke and its extracts have been undertaken for stimulation of germination by burning various plant materials and bubbling the smoke produced through water. The application of plant-derived smoke and smoke water is well known for promoting germination, breaking dormancy, and checking abiotic stress. This significantly indicates that plant-derived smoke contains some bioactive metabolites responsible for the physiological metabolism of seed germination and is involved in enhancing seed vigor. The present review deals with the ancient use of smoke and smoke extracts for seed priming, the cost-efficient method of its preparation, the mode of action of karrikins relating to its perception by plants, and its significant effects on various crops, including its ability to check biotic and abiotic stresses.

Antiviral Mx proteins have an ancient origin and widespread distribution among eukaryotes.

First identified in mammals, Mx proteins are potent antivirals against a broad swathe of viruses. Mx proteins arose within the Dynamin superfamily of proteins (DSP), mediating critical cellular processes, such as endocytosis and mitochondrial, plastid, and peroxisomal dynamics. And yet, the evolutionary origins of Mx proteins are poorly understood. Using a series of phylogenomic analyses with stepwise increments in taxonomic coverage, we show that Mx proteins predate the interferon signaling system in vertebrates. Our analyses find an ancient monophyletic DSP lineage in eukaryotes that groups vertebrate and invertebrate Mx proteins with previously undescribed fungal MxF proteins, the relatively uncharacterized plant and algal Dynamin 4A/4C proteins, and representatives from several early-branching eukaryotic lineages. Thus, Mx-like proteins date back close to the origin of Eukarya. Our phylogenetic analyses also reveal that host-encoded and NCLDV (nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses)-encoded DSPs are interspersed in four distinct DSP lineages, indicating recurrent viral theft of host DSPs. Our analyses thus reveal an ancient history of viral and antiviral functions encoded by the Dynamin superfamily in eukaryotes.

Preventive and Therapeutic values of Leech Therapy: A Review

There are three therapeutic modalities in the Unani medical system: Ilaj bit Tadbeer (Regimenal Therapy), Ilaj bid Dawa (pharmacotherapy), and Ilaj bil Yad (surgery). Ilaj bit Tadbeer includes several regimenal therapies such as Hijāma (Cupping Therapy), Ta'līq or Irsal-e-'Alaq (Leech Therapy), Fasd (Venesection), Dalk (Massage), Nutūl (Therapeutic Irrigation), Qai (Emesis), Idrār-i-Bawl (Diuresis), Tariq (Diaphoresis), Mundij wa Mu'shil therapy (Concoction and purgation), Bukhoor (Medicated Steam), Kaiyy (Cauterization), Huqna (Enema) etc. Since ancient times, these therapies have been widely used for their preventive, therapeutic, and rehabilitative effects. One of the most significant regimenal therapies, Irsal-e-Alaq (Leech therapy), is still in use. Renowned Unani physicians Razi, Majoosi, Zahrawi, and Ibne Sina have discussed and recommended the use of non-poisonous (or medicinal) leeches in the prevention and treatment of a variety of illnesses, including joint disorders, chronic non-healing ulcers, and numerous skin disorders like eczema, psoriasis etc. This review paper aims to explore the preventive and therapeutic role of leech therapy. Keywords: Unani Medical System, Therapeutic Role, Leech Therapy