History Today Research Articles

Mauricio Tenorio-Trillo, Clio’s Laws: On History and Language, trans. Mary Ellen Fieweger.

Reviewed by: Clio's Laws: On History and Language by Mauricio Tenorio-Trillo Michael Jimenez (bio) Mauricio Tenorio-Trillo, Clio's Laws: On History and Language, trans. Mary Ellen Fieweger. University of Texas Press, 2019. Pp. 272. Mauricio Tenorio-Trillo's book will delight any so-called history buff. Its place in the long tradition of historiography stands out by focusing on literature and examples from Europe, the United States, and especially Latin America. The variety of Latinx sources illustrates for the reader that this is not a typical twentieth-century Eurocentric historiography. One realizes this is a different type of history book when the author references Chico Buarque, for example (36)! The book is separated into two parts: "On History" (the first seven chapters) and "On Language" (the last three chapters). Chapter 1 starts off with a list of ways to read history. None of these cleverly named perspectives (such as how historians like to gossip) are ultimately right or wrong. Tenorio-Trillo points out that these are the many ways history has been written and read. Already in the preface, he declares that the aim of the book is to define history, but also to complicate it because of the "riddle" of language (vii–viii). To illustrate, in chapter 2 he presents history and poetry as complementary, as "imagination charged with memory" (15). Historians often boast about their alleged neutrality and attempted objectivity when researching sources, but Tenorio-Trillo goes on a long historical journey through many sources to show that poetry and history are not as separate as some historians (and poets) would like us to believe. He makes the case that when historians study the elusive stuff we call culture, inevitably we are drawn into the world of poetry and literature. He continues the theme in chapter 3 by focusing on the historical imagination. He opens the chapter with this declaration: "I supinely accept the insignificance of the historian in cultural life, whether in Mexico or in the United States" (57–58). The question is, how are historians not boring? This is where Tenorio-Trillo turns to the imagination. Much as in the previous chapter, the author illustrates just how often historians openly rely on the imaginative, especially in their constant reading and writing. He uses the example of Don Quixote's imagination mixed with Sancho's practicality to tease out the mixture of history and imagination. Limits are set for it by erudition, melancholic irony, the classroom, pragmatism, and the nature of evidence. He closes the chapter by asking, what does the digital revolution do to our historical imagination and its reliance on memory? Chapter 4 answers questions about how to read history today. After defining the nature of the history book under four categories, he lists types of history books, such as historical fiction, analyzing its popularity with the public. At the very end of this chapter, he gives some important advice about reading history: "If reading history has done nothing more than make you happy that you are right, alcohol does a better job. When history annoys, questions, and creates doubts about identities, beliefs, and affiliations is when it's at its best" (107–8). Chapters 5 and 6 [End Page 149] examine the celebration of history and the nature of self-history or autobiography. The language of use and imagination is still at work behind the themes of these chapters. Chapter 7 seems to differ from the others since it presents six individual narratives that have an imaginary quality to them. In a sense, the historical imagination discussed in chapter 3 is the lens with which to read the other chapters, but there is an almost stand-alone essay quality to them. Chapter 8, the first in the second part, examines the backlash of monolingualism against the Spanish language in general. Even a basic understanding of history and language reveals that so-called American English is not pure, and that "Spanish has been as 'American' as la tarta de manzana (apple pie)" (170). Tenorio-Trillo finds the root cause of monolingualism in American intellectuals who should "start considering Spanish as more than an ethnic language that speaks of fiestas and siestas" (173...

The Six Decades of African Film

The Six Decades of African Film Olivier Barlet (bio) We never write just one thing, we write what keeps us awake at night: how to relate history today? Kossi Efoui1 The 1960s: Mandatory Commitment O brothers, if our syntax is not a cog of freedom if our books still weigh on the docker's shoulder if our voice is not a guiding star to railway workers or shepherds if our poems are not the arms of justice in the hands of our people; O let us remain silent! —Jean Sénac2 On May 7, 1954, after eight years of combat in Vietnam, the French army was defeated at Dien Bien Phu. After Ethiopia, Liberia, Egypt, Libya, Sudan, Morocco, Tunisia, Ghana, and Guinea, the francophone African states gained independence in 1960, followed by Algeria and the remaining English-speaking states up until 1965. The Portuguese-speaking countries only gained Independence in 1974–1975, after armed struggle against the Salazar regime. Independence was not generously granted, but laboriously conquered through the determination of combative colonial subjects and anti-colonialists, in a combination of unrest, revolt, trade unionism, and the development of nationalist ideas. Writers had prepared the ground as they depicted the African continent's cultural wealth and denounced the colonial system. In 1921, Guianese René Maran denounced the wrongdoings of colonialism in Batouala, but still won the prestigious French Goncourt Literary Award. He did, however, lose his job as administrator in Oubangui-Chari. The 1930s negritude movement led by Senghor, Césaire, and Damas overtly asserted its demands in committed and proselytizing works and in a discourse that sought to extricate the continent [End Page 203] from the margins of history by exalting so-called "negro" values that drew on a spiritual and poetic approach to the world. In the 1950s, Camara Laye (L'Enfant noir / The African Child) introduced autobiographical fiction, while Mongo Beti (Ville cruelle / Cruel City) perpetuated the virulence of his predecessors. A discourse emerged that considered the exaltation of a precolonial Africa, monolithic in its unanimism, as a trap destined to perpetuate the heirs of colonial power. After Independence, Yambo Ouologem (Le Devoir de violence / Bound to Violence) thus opted for a spirit of insolence and highlighted African responsibility, while Ahmadou Kourouma (Les Soleils des indépendances / The Suns of Independence) probed the confrontation between traditional societies and the model of civilization imposed by the West. Until the 1960s, the 1934 decree introduced by Laval, the then Minister of the Colonies, made it obligatory for anyone wanting to shoot images in sub-Saharan francophone Africa to obtain authorization from the authorities. Africans only had access to ideologically loaded images of themselves produced by colonial filmmakers, ethnologists, and missionaries. The first African filmmakers thus had to fight the negation of their selves that these colonial images represented, in which Africans were the backdrop to stories that took place in spite of them, or were the "insects" that Ousmane Sembène and Med Hondo denounced. Their films were militant, but not banner-waving, as they were aware of the need to reach a public not taken in by slogans. Denouncing both obsolete customs and corrupt elites, their aim was to replace "civilization" with "progress," or in other words, to resist manipulation and backwardness. Their cinema aimed to decolonize the gaze and mentalities, reconquer its own space and images, but was also a cultural affirmation. Seeking to reappropriate and transmit the founding values of their new societies, their fictions readily adopted a documentary gaze. The same was the case in North Africa, which sought to eschew cinema's pre-independence Orientalist visions and restore its own sociology and culture. As the protectorates of Tunisia and Morocco had, relatively speaking, respected Arab and traditional socio-educative systems, the pioneers' films there were less focused on ending assimilation than films in the former French department that had become Algeria. They all, however, shared the burden of rectifying the general amnesia surrounding colonial history and the liberation struggles. Omar Khlifi thus portrayed the insurrectionist events that led to Tunisian independence in Al Fajr / The Dawn (1966), and Algerian cinema focused on the liberation struggle with Patrouille à l'Est (dir...

Studies of Urban Identities in Siberian Urban History

This article considers the main results of identity research on Siberian urban history. The author identifies the seven most extensively developed topics in studying the history of urban identities. The first topic focuses on the formation of a city’s general identity in the initial stages of its formation. Historians aim to reveal the mechanisms of general city identification, as well as the sources, criteria, and values underlying the identity of a particular city. The second topic includes studies of the drift of urban production and industrial identities in the context of industrialization: quite often, it was industrial markers that determined the direction of a city’s identification. The third topic covers the study of ethnicity in urban spaces. Historians reveal the reaction of ethnicity to processes of adaptation and acculturation. The fourth issue concerns the study of gender identity in the context of the masculine orientation of urbanisation processes. Historians focus on the study of mechanisms underlying the dominance of masculine culture in the urban environment and the development of the socio-cultural significance and functions of women, their limitations and emancipation. The fifth topic concerns the identification of social stratification in urban systems. Urban history gains new knowledge through studies which examine urbanisation as a factor of differentiation in urban society and classical structures of society (estates and classes), as well as in works on the identification of the middle class, social mobility, the formation of marginal groups, and vernacular culture. The sixth topic is expanded by works dealing with the historical imagology of the city. Images are forms of identity representations in cultural and public discourses. Therefore, in studying them, urban history today makes a practical contribution to the development of modern urbanism. The seventh topic focuses on the historiographical analysis of the identification research strategies of urban historians themselves. In the process of revealing urban identities, the research model should be based on a wide range of sources of a predominantly narrative nature and the anthropological approach. It seems appropriate to use the potential of memoirs, oral history, periodicals, fiction, and journalistic literature. Studies on the identity palette of Russian urban history go beyond purely historical issues and are based on deep interdisciplinary interaction.

Historija isprepletanja danas: teorijska polazišta i istraživačke perspektive

Considering the increasingly potent process of globalization, entangled history today functions as an appropriate research framework for scrutinizing the various phenomena of entanglements. This paper examines the epistemological underpinnings of entangled history, which are based on different theories of transculturalism, the theoretical legacy of “spatial turn” and postcoloniality, as well as the recognition of different interconnectedness processes. The paper also explains the development of entangled history, which grew out of a critique of comparative history, and the achievements of related paradigms: transnational history, histoire croisée, borderland history and global history. It recommends two examples of research practices from German historiography within entangled history: the current project EGO (Europäische Geschichte Online) and a multiperspective study that examines the complexity of the process of entanglements (Verflechtung) at three levels (network, texture, rhizome). Given the openness of entangled history to different qualitative and quantitative analytical approaches, the paper examines its epistemological compatibility with historical network analysis. In addition to describing the basic concepts and parameters used in the application of this approach, the paper explains the development of historical network analysis within social network analysis, and since the mid-1990s within the revival of quantitative history in digital humanities. The authors question the research potential of historical network analysis and its applicability in the future of entangled history, emphasizing the broad possibilities for research at different levels of spatial, social, and temporal scaling. Finally, the paper highlights two examples of research practice in the application of historical network analysis inside entangled history: the project “Seshat: Global History Databank” and the substantial research done by Austrian historian Johannes Preiser-Kapeller.

Marked Absences: Locating Gender and Race in International Legal History

Abstract This article was sparked by a critical reading of Henri de Waele’s article ‘A New League of Extraordinary Gentlemen? The Professionalization of International Law Scholarship in the Netherlands, 1919–1940’, and aims to offer an alternative perspective on this period in the history of Dutch international legal scholarship. While it appreciates the author’s examination of Dutch international law scholarship during the interwar period and concurs with the idea that this scholarship needs to be examined more closely, it argues that doing history today requires us first to raise ‘the woman question’, especially in the context of the so-called ‘professionalization’ of international law in the 1920s and 1930s, and second to include Dutch colonialism as an important backdrop to the work of the interwar international law scholars. I will give some pointers and illustrations to support this argument. The specific Dutch material brought to bear aims to show more generally the importance of questioning rather than reproducing traditional historiography, within which ‘the woman question’ and ‘the colonial question’ were left unmentioned. As such this article also deals with the issue of expanding and remaking international legal history as an issue of present and future purport.

The Genus Ferocactus in the Mixteca Alta Geopark, Oaxaca, Mexico

“A UNESCO Global Geopark uses its geological heritage, in connection with all other aspects of the area's natural and cultural heritage, to enhance awareness and understanding of key issues facing society, such as using our earth's resources sustainably, mitigating the effects of climate change and reducing natural disasters-related risks. By raising awareness of the importance of the area's geological heritage in history and society today, UNESCO Global Geoparks give local people a sense of pride in their region and strengthen their identification with the area. The creation of innovative local enterprises, new jobs and high quality training courses is stimulated as new sources of revenue are generated through geotourism, while the geological resources of the area are protected.”2

Local History Learning Based on The Struggle of The Mobrig Troops In Yogyakarta to Increase Students' Historical Awareness

<p><em>An important problem that is often neglected in the study of Indonesian history today is the lack of discussion of the local historical context. History teachers are often fixated on the material presented in lks and course textbooks. Like a lack of attention to historical events that have happened around. For this reason, it is necessary to introduce local historical material to increase students' historical awareness, such as material on the local history of the struggle of the Mobrig troops in Yogyakarta. The research methodology used to increase students' historical awareness is descriptive qualitative. This method is carried out by distributing a questionnaire containing questions about historical awareness. The findings obtained at SMK N 1 Pengasih Kulon Progo show that the historical awareness of students has increased, this can be seen after the researcher gave a questionnaire before and after providing material on the Fight for Mobrig Troops in Yogyakarta. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that by providing local history material to students at SMK N 1 Pengasih Kulon Progo it can increase students' historical awareness.</em></p>

Anthropology and world peace

The pursuit of world peace has long been part of the telos of modern anthropology, although this may not be particularly obvious in the discipline’s teaching on its history today. Taking Claude Lévi-Strauss’s essay on Jean-Jacques Rousseau as a key text, this article reviews how anthropology rose to prominence (post–World War II) as a vital body of knowledge in the making of a durable international peace.

HOW THE VISUAL IS SPATIAL: CONTEMPORARY SPATIAL HISTORY, NEO‐MARXISM, AND THE GHOST OF BRAUDEL

ABSTRACTContemporary spatial history is founded on the potential for maps and other visualizations to show the historical constructedness of space, usually in broadly neo‐Marxist terms, yet neo‐Marxist geographical theory is famously critical of visual representation, especially mapping. At stake in this contradiction isn't just the relationship between digital enthusiasm and spatial theory (or the wider spatial turn), but the theoretical status of the visual itself in spatial scholarship. It raises a crucial question: how does visual material—everything from today's statistical maps and cutting‐edge data graphics to the broader use of primary‐source photographs or drawings—in fact shape our understanding of space, and what theoretical work does it do? By extension, how can humanists make critical theoretical interventions through their own visual production? This article proposes an analytic vocabulary of “visual argument” grounded in an image‐focused rereading of two canonical bodies of work: the neo‐Marxist theory most cited by spatial history (Henri Lefebvre, David Harvey, Doreen Massey, and Edward Soja) and the conspicuously uncited work of Fernand Braudel. By focusing on how these authors’ illustrations make claims about spatial subjectivity and the historicity of space—especially through visual relationships of background and foreground—I argue for a new way of understanding and responding to this work and to the visual project of spatial history today. A visual analysis highlights not only the limitations of neo‐Marxism but also the pervasiveness of certain assumptions—shared across the neo‐Marxists, Braudel, and digital visualization—about temporality, the natural/human dichotomy, and the methodological tensions between argument and visualization. I present my own mapping of Phoenix as one possibility for an argument‐driven rethinking of familiar visual commitments, which also suggests a broader meditation on the relationship between visual and textual scholarship.

One small step? Collection strategies for libraries, archives, and museums in the space age

This article will compare the collection of materials for the Saturn V documentation project under NAS8-21321 in 1968 to standard processes for collecting space history today. A case study of the Saturn V grant outlines the benefits of collecting research material in real time. This case study is compared to the findings compiled at the 2018 conference “To Boldly Preserve: Archiving for the Next Half-Century of Spaceflight.” The findings of this conference found that collecting space history is often fragmented by three factors: early space actors are in the twilight of their careers and loss of historical memories and materials is imminent, there is a vast expansion of the number of actors in the space industry which makes collection more difficult, and the digital age has changed both the nature of the material and the methods by which LAMs collect them. Libraries, archives, and museums (LAMs) can and should develop a collaborative approach to collecting space history and ensure that acquisition and preservation of these materials goes beyond one small step and is instead one giant leap.

SCIENTIFIC NECESSITY IS A NEW APPROACH WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF " MODERNIZATION OF PUBLIC CONSCIOUSNESS "

The article is about one of the next scientific explorations of the aesthetic world of the talented Kazakh writer OralkhanBokei, whose legacy left behind has become history today. Nowadays, not to mention individual articles, the purposeful study of the artistic works of the talented writer is not carried out scientifically in full. Stories, short stories, novels of the writer, who defined his place in the Kazakh literature through the mastery of Kazakh artistic expression, need to be reconsidered and studied.The article deals with the characteristic features of the writer's work and introduction of a clear expression of his artistic aspirations in the nature of genre by using a pattern characteristic of lyrical poetry in prose works.

WACANA TUNA-BUDAYA DAN TUNA-SEJARAH PADA GENERASI MASA KINI

This article presents a discourse on problems in our generation about culture and history today. The important issue to our generation is an inadequacy in history and culture understanding (tuna-budaya dan tuna-sejarah). History categorized as a pure science, where the research method stages start from heuristic, critic, interpretation, and historiography. Art define as a spiritual activity, and not merely physical activity, the use of skill and imagination in the creation of aesthetic objects, environments, or experiences that can be shared with others. Artistic works have existed for almost as long as humankind. Art student whose study history must creative and active. Art students should look for something creative and always search the great values for the future.Keywords: inadequacy of culture, history, art, discourse

Banking and financial history today: An important specialism or just a kaleidoscope of case studies?

Banking and financial history today: An important specialism or just a kaleidoscope of case studies?

Comments on Ashish Rajadhyaksha’s “The great transition: our battles over history”

ABSTRACT Rajadhyaksha’s essay is basically an ambitious and challenging attempt to place protest movements and their relation to changing structures of power in a larger comparative historical framework. What the suggested framework recognizes is that history today is experienced more and more as a form of hysteria that defies our efforts to understand it. In this situation, historiography needs all the help it can get, including turning to science fiction for insights. The “planetary shift” in this respect is not just a geo-physical phenomenon. It points to “the great transition” in the essay’s title, to the fact that the grids and paradigms which we have been using to understand the world, including globalization and protest movements, no longer work. Normalcies and anomalies can no longer be easily distinguished from each other. The exception does not prove the rule; instead, what the proliferation of anomalies proves is that the rules have already changed.

Oriental music culture

This scientific article attempts to reveal the history of today's reconstructed musical instruments, along with historical processes. One of the successes of the research paper is that scientists have tried to highlight the ideas. Historical gold leaves tell us that the history of our national musical instruments is a proof of the high future of the present. Intermediate, that is, the military trumpet of a properly shaped Central Asian population, the drum circle is a drum with a ring on the reminiscent of ancient Egyptian handicrafts. Eichgorn described tambourine as a small earthen palm and two percussion sticks. Safaiin is included in a group of rattles in which he appears from the ring. It is not accidental that the head of our state pays special attention to the spiritual and educational work in the implementation of this wide-ranging task. Announcement of spirituality and enlightenment as a priority of state policy is a guarantee of building a humane society in Uzbekistan. One of the peculiarities of the medieval music culture was that the musicians were not only able to play several types of musical instruments, but also composers themselves. Musicians were also the greatest musicians and poets of their time. In the Middle Ages, specialization in music led to the creation of specialized music workshops. The author states that an ancient flute instrument with a trumpet blend, and a flute accompanying flute, was accompanied by a flute (a neighbor) in which the Uzbeks skillfully sang, and the trumpet reported during ceremonies and military campaigns. Intermediate, that is, the military trumpet of a properly shaped Central Asian population, the drum circle is a drum with a ring on the reminiscent of ancient Egyptian handicrafts.

КУСТАРНЫЙ МУЗЕЙ КАК АКТУАЛЬНАЯ ФОРМА МУЗЕЙНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ВО ВТОРОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ XIX – ПЕРВОЙ ТРЕТИ ХХ В. (НА ПРИМЕРЕ МОСКОВСКОГО КУСТАРНОГО МУЗЕЯ)

The development of folk crafts in Russia was closely connected with the formation of handicrafts museums that performed complex tasks of preserving, studying and promoting folk art. The study of their history today is one of the problems that have not yet been sufficiently studied in museology. Handicrafts museums were considered by researchers primarily in the general historical context of the influence of state policy and provincial zemstvos on the development of handicraft industry in Russia. However, the phenomenon of handicrafts museums remains insufficiently studied from the point of view of history and the theory of museum work. The type of the handicrafts museum has not yet been singled out as an actual form of the museum institution of the last quarter of the XIX – the first third of the XX centuries, which spread in several provinces of the Russian Empire. The purpose of the article is to review the main activities of the Moscow Handicrafts Museum - an example of the formation of new types of museums in Russia and their influence on the development of folk crafts in the second half of the 19th century – the first third of the 20th centuries. Moscow Handicrafts Museum opened in 1885. His task was to fully promote the development of folk art and the implementation of handicrafts. One of the main features and goals of creating the Handicrafts Museums in the Russian Empire was the formation of an established system of state patronage over the peasants who were freed from serfdom and promotion of their involvement in the new sector of the economy. The museum staff formed the museum collection, actively participated in organizing the training of folk craftsmen, arranging production workshops, became intermediaries in the art market, and was engaged in active exhibition work around the world, especially at large industrial fairs. In the 1890–1910s, the case started in Moscow spread quickly to almost the whole country. Handicrafts museums immediately arose in several provinces of Russia. One of the program documents of that period was the concept of the development of the Handicrafts Museum, proposed in a report of Sergey Morozov in 1910. Thus, at the beginning of the twentieth century in Moscow, the structure of an effective museum was formed, aimed at systematic work with folk crafts and successfully involving a wide range of partners: artists and scientists, merchants and foreign industrialists. Thanks to the assistance of handicrafts museums in Russia in the late XIX – early XX centuries traditional folk crafts were able to survive and be adequately represented throughout the world. The aesthetic significance of folk art has been recognized. The study of folk art has become an important subject of scientific research. All aspects of the multifaceted history of the formation and development of handicrafts museums and their role in the socio-economic and cultural development of Russia are of great scientific interest and require careful further study.

The Black Family Rising: “Bringing the Gifts that My Ancestors Gave”

14 | BLACK HISTORY BULLETIN VOL. 83, NO. 2 (EXTENDED DIGITAL VERSION) 83 No.2 INTRODUCTION THE BLACK FAMILY RISING: “BRINGING THE GIFTS THAT MY ANCESTORS GAVE”1 By: Regina A. Lewis, Katherine Scott Sturdevant, and Stephen Collins Family is at the heart of the Black experience—it continues to rise. After the Civil War, in collaboration with the Freedmen’s Bureau, Black people actively looked for family members who were sold during enslavement. Subsequently, missing-family advertisements were placed in newspapers for decades—they communicated to elevate hope. Teaching History Online: Communicate to Elevate ThethemeforthisissueoftheBlackHistoryBulletin(BHB),TheBlackFamily:Representation,Identity,andDiversity,provides special commentary about history and communication. While we were developing this issue, the global COVID-19 pandemic caused schools worldwide to convert to online/distance learning. As professors of communication and history, we believe that teachers must communicate to elevate regardless of the teaching venue. Moving from in-person classroom instruction to remote teaching and learning is a paradigm shift that requires changes to teaching methods to engage students. The BHB is dedicated to assisting teachers in learning and implementing culturally responsive teaching practices. Each journal provides relevant themes and articles with companion lesson plans. Therefore, this issue of the BHB provides concepts, culturally responsive lesson plans, and resources to assist with creating culturally responsive online instruction that is engaging. All of the articles within this issue provide educators with a panoply of materialthatcanbeutilizedwithinin-personorvirtualclassrooms.Additionally,authorscommunicatetoelevatehopebyilluminating how members of Black families continue to use the gifts their ancestors gave. Specifically, the authors’ articles use the lens of diverse disciplines to represent the complexities of Black life: (1) History; (2) Social Policy; (3) Sociology; (4) Cultural Anthropology; (5) Political Reform; and (6) Social History. Below you will find summaries of the articles organized by the aforementioned disciplines. History and Social Policy Title: Exploring the Heartbeat of the Black Family: Observations through the Lens of Endarkened Epistemology Authors: María T. Colompos-Tohtsonie, Shanell L. Walter, and Karina Avila Looking through the lens of endarkened epistemology provides a new clarity across decades of Black family analyses by historians, sociologists, and policymakers. Walking us through historiography of the American family, endarkened epistemology clarifies how and why stereotypes occurred and damaged the Black family. Family History and Social History Title: Walls Tumbling Down: Teaching Black Family History and Genealogy in Social History Context Author: Katherine Scott Sturdevant BLACK HISTORY BULLETIN VOL. 83, NO. 2 (EXTENDED DIGITAL VERSION) | 15 83 No.2 The media trends of Black family history, and the fulfillment it could provide, began with Alex Haley’s Roots and continue with Henry Louis Gates Jr.’s Finding Your Roots. African American family history today accesses sources and technologies that make it more possible than ever to get past the “brick wall” of research that slavery built. Students can build family histories by drawing on documents, artifacts, oral history, and oral tradition, as well as accessing records increasingly online. Weaving the specific family material together with the social history context of what life was like is fulfilling for families and “makes history come alive.” History and Cultural Anthropology Title: A Realm of Descendent History: African American Families Homesteading the Great Plains Authors: Avis Roper and Denise Scales From the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 through the Kincaid Act of 1904, thousands of African American families struck out into the West to build towns, homesteads, and better lives for their families. One case, DeWitty, Nebraska, offers a hopeful example of how, when there is not a site for public visits, descendants can join with local activists and scholars to reconstruct what life was like for these Black families. History and Sociology Title: The Black Military Family: Inspiring through Military Legacy Authors: Charles Edward Lewis III and Lynn Chandler Garcia African Americans have been fighting in America’s military since before American independence. Careful historical study makes clear how Black people weighed those choices, realistically and ethically. Some fought for freedom when it was the American colonies vs. Great Britain, but more accepted Britain’s offer of freedom in exchange for joining the Loyalist side. African Americans answered Frederick Douglass’s “Call to Arms” to fight in the Civil War for their own emancipation...

Uncovering Indigenous Worlds and Histories on a Bend of a New England River before the 1650s: Problematizing Nomenclature and Settler Colonial History, Deep History, and Early Colonization Narratives

The essay explores the often-ignored histories of the indigenous people who resided on the confluence of the Merrimack and the Concord rivers up to the 1650s. This place is characterized by a significant bend in the Merrimack River as it changes its southerly flow into an easterly direction. Today, the area includes the modern city of Lowell, Massachusetts, and its surroundings. While the 1650s saw the creation of a Native American “praying town” and the incorporation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony’s towns of Chelmsford and Billerica, it is the diverse and complex indigenous past before this decade which North American and global historians tend to neglect. The pre-colonial and early colonial eras, and how observers have described these periods, have shaped the way we understand history today. This essay problematizes terminology, looks at how amateur historians of the 19th and early 20th centuries have shaped popular perceptions of Native Americans, and explores how researchers have told the history before the 1650s. The materials available to reconstruct the history of the region’s Native Americans are often hard to find, a common issue for researchers who attempt to study the history of indigenous peoples before 1500. Thus, the essay pays special attention to how incomplete primary sources as well as archeological and ethnohistorical evidence have shaped interpretations of this history and how these intellectual processes have aided in the construction of this past.

Intellectual history as a direction in the methodology of historical research

This article addresses the increased interest in intellectual history as a line of research. Additionally, focus is placed on the subject of intellectual history research, which covers many types of human creative activity. The authors of the article see it, rather, not as a subdiscipline of history, but as an interdisciplinary field focused on clarifying problems and drawing attention to boundaries, and believes that it should not follow one “correct” approach. The authors contend that the issues of religion and identity, problems of collective motivation, and our relationship with the natural world are important topics in intellectual history today. Intellectual history offers what other areas of history could not. Historians’ claims are more restrained than those of philosophers and social scientists. In modern intellectual history, the desire to unite the efforts of all specialists whose professional interests are associated with the study of various types of human creative activity, including its conditions, forms and results, prevails. This, however, does not deny the existence of more moderate versions of “intellectual history”, limited to the study of exclusively the intellectual sphere of consciousness, in particular the outstanding personalities of the past. Thus, in their scientific quest, intellectual historians can turn to disciplines such as economics, sociology, political science, anthropology, philosophy, literature and its criticism, but at the same time they should not neglect their own task and the restrictions imposed by their cultural horizons and disciplinary rules. When building a cultural context, intellectual history becomes an internal part of cultural history, and cultural history serves as the external side of intellectual history; therefore, historians should pay attention to both the internal and external. Key words: intellectual history, methodology, history of ideas, sociohistoricism, culture, mindset, history of mentalities, creativity, explanation

СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ СТРАТИФИКАЦИЯ СОВЕТСКОГО ОБЩЕСТВА (1917-1930-Е ГГ.): СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ КОНЦЕПЦИИ И ПОДХОДЫ

The article analyzes modern approaches to studying the social stratification of Soviet society in the 1917–1930’s in the humanities. Modern science is characterized by an interest in social stratification within the framework of sociology. Among the scholars of that science there is a rejection of the classical representation for the stratification of society whereas a new theoretical approach is created, associated with an idea of the existence of more than three classes in Soviet society (works by Zinaida T. Golenkova, Vladimir I. Ilyin and Ovsei I. Shkaratan). In the 21st century, social stratification becomes the object for studying by some culture researchers exemplarily Irina V. Glushchenko considers classes through the prism of the formation of the food culture by the Soviet government. The today history formed several approaches to the study of the concept: works within the framework of the new social history (Sh. Fitzpatrick), among which the study of social stratification in its connection with public catering (E.V. Barysheva, A.A. Ilyukhov, T.S. Kondrat’eva); research conducted using methods of the everyday history (for example, Sh. Fitzpatrick, Natalia B. Lebina, E.A. Osokina, etc.).