History Research Articles

Columbia plateau socio-political organization as seen through an anarchist framework: Conflict as resistence to centralization

The Columbia-Fraser Plateau of Northwestern North America was inhabited by complex hunter-gatherer populations throughout the Late Holocene. Archaeological studies have typically characterized these peoples as having corporate households and wealth inequality. Ethnographic accounts emphasize the societies of this region as egalitarian communities and pacifist. In this paper we compare radiocarbon dates for semi-subterranean houses with legacy data for skeletal remains with trauma, mesa-top and island habitations, and storage caves to identify patterns in semi-sedentary settlement and conflict. Additionally, analysis of wealth inequality is conducted using legacy data of burials from throughout the Columbia Plateau. The radiocarbon dataset and legacy data can be reconciled with ethnographic patterns using an anarchist theoretical framework, to provide a potential explanation of the historical changes in socio-economic systems.

Computational modeling of interval distributions in tonal space reveals paradigmatic stylistic changes in Western music history

Diachronic stylistic changes in music are to a large extent affected by composers’ different choices, for example regarding the usage of tones, intervals, and harmonies. Analyzing the tonal content of pieces of music and observing them over time is thus informative about large-scale historical changes. In this study, we employ a computational model that formalizes music-theoretic conceptualizations of tonal space, and use it to infer the most likely interval distributions for pieces in a large corpus of music, represented as so-called ‘bags of tonal pitch classes’. Our results show that tonal interval relations become increasingly complex, that the interval of the perfect fifth dominates compositions for centuries, and that one can observe a stark increase in the usage of major and minor thirds during the 19th century, which coincides with the emergence of extended tonality. In complementing prior research on the historical evolution of tonality, our study thus demonstrates how example-based music theory can be informed by quantitative analyses of large corpora and computational models.

Embedded Complexity of Evolutionary Sequences

Multiple pathways and outcomes are common in evolutionary sequences for biological and other environmental systems due to nonlinear complexity, historical contingency, and disturbances. From any starting point, multiple evolutionary pathways are possible. From an endpoint or observed state, multiple possibilities exist for the sequence of events that created it. However, for any observed historical sequence—e.g., ecological or soil chronosequences, stratigraphic records, or lineages—only one historical sequence actually occurred. Here, a measure of the embedded complexity of historical sequences based on algebraic graph theory is introduced. Sequences are represented as system states S(t), such that S(t − 1) ≠ S(t) ≠ S(t + 1). Each sequence of N states contains nested subgraph sequences of length 2, 3, …, N − 1. The embedded complexity index (which can also be interpreted in terms of embedded information) compares the complexity (based on the spectral radius λ1) of the entire sequence to the cumulative complexity of the constituent subsequences. The spectral radius is closely linked to graph entropy, so the index also reflects information in the sequence. The analysis is also applied to ecological state-and-transition models (STM), which represent observed transitions, along with information on their causes or triggers. As historical sequences are lengthened (by the passage of time and additional transitions or by improved resolutions or new observations of historical changes), the overall complexity asymptotically approaches λ1 = 2, while the embedded complexity increases as N2.6. Four case studies are presented, representing coastal benthic community shifts determined from biostratigraphy, ecological succession on glacial forelands, vegetation community changes in longleaf pine woodlands, and habitat changes in a delta.

Between Freedom and Order: Evolution logic of urban-rural population mobility Policy from the perspective of historical institutionalism

Urban-rural population flow is the key element and important driving force for urban-rural integration development and rural revitalization. The pattern of urban-rural population flow in China is restricted and guided by policies. From the perspective of historical institutionalism, this paper analyzes the evolution context, structural logic and dynamic mechanism of the change of urban and rural population mobility policy. The urban and rural population mobility policy has gone through five historical stages: the order reconstruction period at the beginning of the founding of New China, the political call period after the Great Leap Forward Movement, the free flow period after the reform and opening up, the period of making the best use of the situation under the economic system reform and the accelerated integration period under the background of the new era. The institutional choice under different paths, the institutional evolution under the key nodes and the institutional continuation under the path dependence constitute the structural logic of the policy change of urban-rural population mobility. The situation coupling under the action of exogenous variables, the value coupling promoted by the change of ideas, and the subject coupling under the interaction of actors’ game constitute the dynamic mechanism of policy change, which promotes the historical change and realistic development of policy.

Reasons for alcohol use from 1976 to 2020 in the United States among individuals aged 18 to 30: Historical changes and mediation of cohort effects in binge drinking.

Alcohol use is declining among US adolescents/early young adults and increasing among other adults, with increases in adult binge drinking more concentrated in females than males. Reasons for drinking are historically patterned by age and sex, and if historically variant, could suggest that changes over time could in part explain age- and sex-differential cohort effects. We analyzed longitudinal Monitoring the Future data for individuals born from 1958 to 1990. These individuals were aged 29/30 from 1987 to 2020, and first surveyed at age 18 from 1976 to 2008 (N = 14,190). Five reasons for drinking were analyzed (social, enhancement, avoid problems, relax, boredom). Drinking for social reasons and to relax were most prevalent. Total effects of birth cohort predicting past-2-week binge drinking were estimated with polynomial regression models by age;indirect effects through mediators were estimated. Drinking reasons exhibited dynamic time trends across birth cohort and sex. Notable increases were observed in social reasons: among women aged 29/30, social reasons increased from 53% to 87% from 1987 to 2020. Social reasons to drink had prominent positive indirect effects at adult ages (age 23/24 and above among men; age 19 and above among women), indicating that binge drinking would have increased less were it not for the increase in social reasons for drinking. Social reasons also mediated adult male/female differences, indicating that part of the reason sex differences are diminishing is the more rapid increases in social reasons for drinking among women. Indirect effects were also observed for drinking to relax and for boredom, and limited indirect effects were observed for enhancement and to avoid problems. Changing endorsement of drinking reasons, especially social reasons, among US adult drinkers mediate cohort effects in binge drinking in the US adult population and explain in part why binge drinking is converging by sex.

National Population Growth Rate, Its Components, and Subnational Contributions: A Research Note.

A population's current growth rate is determined jointly by changes in fertility, mortality, and migration. This overall growth rate is also the average of age-specific growth rates, which can be decomposed into the result of historical changes in fertility, mortality, and migration. However, doing so requires more than 100 years of historical data, meaning that such analyses are possible only in a select few populations. In this research note, we propose an adapted version of the variable-r model to measure contributions to the population growth rate for countries with shorter demographic series. In addition, we extend this model to explore the contribution of subnational changes to the national population growth rate. Our results demonstrate that the age-specific growth rates obtained from short historical series, say 25 years, closely match those of the longer series. These abbreviated age-specific growth rates closely resemble the growth rate at birth of their respective cohorts, which is the major determinant of population growth, except at older ages where mortality becomes the main explanatory element. Exploring subnational populations, we find considerable heterogeneity in the age profile of the components of growth and find that the most populous regions tend to have an outsized impact on national-level growth.

Modern era and the Third Rome: Complexities of history periodization

The paper explores the history and essence of the modern era concept. It is logical to preserve the original meaning of this term, which developed in Western Europe during the Renaissance and designated the period starting from the 15th century. The flawed approach that shifts the boundaries of the modern era to a later date in the history of other states and equates this milestone with Westernization deserves attention. Both the civilizational specifics and the global nature of the historical changes that occurred in the 15th century are being ignored. In Russian philosophical and theological thought, the author stresses their view that the modern era coincides chronologically with the history of the Third Rome — Russia’s Orthodox world empire and the successor to medieval Byzantium.

Maskilische Schriften der Graßischen Druckerei in Breslau

Abstract The article focuses on the history of the Graß or Graß and Barth publishing house in Breslau from the eighteenth to the middle of the nineteenth century. In particular, it tackles the role of women in the management and the involvement of the printing house in the dissemination of Haskalah literature, two chapters that are usually underrepresented in book history. In addition, the commitment of a Christian printer to Hebrew printing and his involvement with the Jewish Enlightenment will be addressed. The hitherto under-researched history of the Graßische Druckerei in Breslau will thus be embedded in cultural-historical questions about booklore, the Central European Haskalah and Gender Studies. Additionally, the paper examines the transfer of knowledge between the majority and minority population.

Historical climate change and vicariance events contributed to the intercontinental disjunct distribution pattern of ash species (Fraxinus, Oleaceae)

The Northern Hemisphere temperate forests exhibit a disjunct distributional pattern in Europe, North America, and East Asia. Here, to reveal the promoter of intercontinental disjunct distribution, Fraxinus was used as a model organism to integrate abundant fossil evidence with high-resolution phylogenies in a phytogeographic analysis. We constructed a robust phylogenetic tree using genomic data, reconstructed the geographic ancestral areas, and evaluated the effect of incorporating fossil information on the reconstructed biogeographic history. The phylogenetic relationships of Fraxinus were highly resolved and divided into seven clades. Fraxinus originated in western North America during Eocene, and six intercontinental dispersal events and five intercontinental vicariance events were occured. Results suggest that climate change and vicariance contributed to the intercontinental disjunct distribution pattern of Fraxinus. Moreover, results highlight the necessity of integrating phylogenetic relationship and fossil to improve the reliability of inferred biogeographic events and our understanding of the processes underlying disjunct distributions.

Panarchy to explore land use: a historical case study from the Peruvian Amazon

AbstractThe overexploitation of natural resources is an important driver of the global environmental crisis. The scientific community engages in an ongoing debate about the most suitable frameworks for analyzing trends in land use. In this paper, we use the conceptual lens of the adaptive cycle and panarchy to explore complex social–ecological dynamics in the Peruvian Amazon. Through an extensive literature review and interviews with key informants, we provide a historical analysis of extractive activities over the last two centuries in the department of Madre de Dios, Peru. We identify periods of growth, conservation, and sometimes release and reorganization for each resource and for the overall social–ecological system. We identify a general trend toward more diversification in extractive activities over time and inter-scale linkages between adaptive cycles of different time and space scales. Based on these results, we explore future development, hypothesize a possible domination of the agricultural sector, and suggest that land-use policies and management interventions should draw from past lessons to design adaptive land planning. Finally, we present new evidence highlighting the relevance of panarchy for understanding historical changes in complex social–ecological systems and demonstrate its utility in exploring both past land use and future development.

Influence of Osteoporosis on the Course of Apical Periodontitis.

Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by disruption of the bone microarchitecture. It is observed in both sexes, but to a greater extent in women. It affects the whole body, including the jaws. The main indicator of the presence of osteoporosis accepted by the World Health Organization is bone mineral density. The aim of this article is to find data on the influence of osteoporosis on apical periodontitis, to investigate how the intake of osteoporosis drugs affects apical periodontitis, and to establish various data that may be of benefit to the dental practitioner when treating patients with osteoporosis and apical periodontitis. Open-access publications are included. The presence of osteoporosis is important to the dentist. Apical periodontitis in these patients has a faster progression. They are characterized by inflammation and destruction of the tissues located around the tooth root. Osteoporosis has a destructive effect on bone tissue through different mechanisms: nuclear factor-κβ ligand and NLRP3/Caspase-1/IL-1β cascade. It is also associated with low estrogen levels. Various medications such as corticosteroids, bisphosphonates (alendronate, zoledronate (Zoledronic acid), calcitonin, raloxifene, and strontium used to treat osteoporosis can affect the course of apical periodontitis. When treating patients with periapical lesions, the dentist must take a proper medical history and general medical history. In cases of osteoporosis or taking bisphosphonates and other medications, consideration should be given to whether consultation with a specialist is necessary, what treatment approach would be most appropriate, and what the prognosis will be. Chronic diseases affect both the general state of the body and dental health. It has been found that in patients with osteoporosis, inflammation of the apical periodontium develops with faster bone resorption. Before starting dental treatment, it is important to specify the etiology of osteoporosis, the bone density of each patient, as well as the medications they are taking.

Scientific Research on Bioethanol in Brazil: History and Prospects for Sustainable Biofuel

Despite the recent need for sustainable energy resources, bioenergy gained its spotlight in the 2000s. Sugarcane is a significant crop in terms of sugar and energy capacity, and it can be an alternative energy source to mitigate the effects of climate change. Bioenergy production from sugarcane in Brazil is one of the most efficient options. This production lends a centrality to biofuels’ importance in confronting climate change effects. The present article reviews the Brazilian history of this crop as a biofuel source, focusing on plants as a biomass. We highlight the historical changes related to scientific, technological, industrial, and environmental advances since the beginning of the 20th century. We describe how creating governmental institutes and disseminating scientific knowledge strengthened public policies that led Brazil to occupy leadership positions in producing, distributing, and using bioenergy throughout the country. The compiled data show the improvements and the new approaches needed to improve ethanol sugarcane use. We performed a bibliometric analysis to evaluate Brazilian science’s contribution to this process compared to other countries. Brazil’s history of science and investment in sugarcane biofuel development for transportation may be divided into two phases: ethanol-only and flex-fuel cars. A third phase is starting, directed to the SAF and ethanol-to-hydrogen era.

State Public Scientific and Technological Library of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the scientific and information space of the East of Russia

The scientific libraries participate in building the information and communication infrastructure being an integral part of the scientific, educational,socio-cultural and industrial complex of the region. The authors review in brief the evolution of the State Public Scientific and Technological Library of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SPSTL SB RAS) – the leading information and library center of Siberia in the context of changing scientific and educational environment.The Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, established in 1957, contributes to the active development of science in the east of the country. Implementing strategic objectives, among the priority measures the Branch heads laid the new system foundations of research information support, which met the demands of science development and the specific character of the institution activity within the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Big efforts to expand the network of libraries of research institutes were undertaken. The State Public Scientific Technological Library of the SB USSR AS, which began its activities in the region in 1958, was designed as the central library of the USSR SB AS (SB RAS). For 65 years, it has been providing information and methodological support for multidisciplinary research. The Library also acts as an institutional center in the library science, bibliography and bibliology, book history, and the largest library and information, cultural, educational, educational center, shaping the modern information, scientific, educational and cultural environment.

Non-specific uptake of 18F-FAPI-04 in the pancreas and its related factors: a post-hoc analysis of an ongoing prospective clinical trial

This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of the non-specific uptake (NSU) of 18F-labeled fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (18F-FAPI) of the pancreas and investigate the related factors. Totally, 78 patients who underwent both 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and 18F-FAPI PET/CT examinations were divided into normal (n = 53) and NSU (n = 25) groups. The differences in general information, medical history, laboratory indexes and uptake were compared. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to analyze the optimal cut-off values. The correlations between 18F-FAPI-SUVmax and blood cell analysis, liver function indexes, tumor markers, and inflammatory indices were analyzed. The logistic regression model was used to estimate the independent factors. Both 18F-FAPI (4.48 ± 0.98 vs. 2.01 ± 0.53, t = 11.718, P < 0.05) and 18F-FDG (2.23 ± 0.42 vs. 2.02 ± 0.44, t = 2.036, P = 0.045) showed significantly higher in NSU group. Patients in the NSU group tended to be complicated with a history of drinking (P = 0.034), chronic liver diseases (P = 0.006), and surgery of gastrectomy (P = 0.004). ROC analysis showed cutoff values of 3.25 and 2.05 for 18F-FAPI and 18F-FDG in identifying the NSU. Patients in the NSU group showed less platelet count, higher platelet volume, higher total bilirubin, direct or indirect bilirubin (P < 0.05). Platelet count, platelet crit, large platelet ratio, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), α-l-fucosidase, and total, direct or indirect bilirubin were correlated with 18F-FAPI-SUVmax (P < 0.05). AST [1.099 (1.014, 1.192), P = 0.021] and total bilirubin [1.137 (1.035, 1.249), P = 0.007] were two independent factors in the step forward logistic regression, and platelet/% [1.079 (1.004, 1.160), P = 0.039] and total bilirubin [1.459 (1.016, 2.095), P = 0.041] were two independent factors in the step backward logistic regression for the prediction of pancreatic uptake of 18F-FAPI. 18F-FAPI-PET/CT was better than 18F-FDG in predicting the pancreatic NSU, and NSU is related to a history of drinking, chronic liver diseases, gastrectomy, heteromorphic platelet, and impaired liver function.

Лувсанданзанжалцан (1639–1704) и его роль в истории буддизма в Монголии

Introduction. The article examines the biography of the first Lamyn-gegen Luvsandanzanzhaltsan and his activities in spreading Buddhism in Khalkha-Mongolia in the 17th century. As it is known, biographies of Mongolian lamas are valuable sources not only on the history of Buddhism, but also on general history of Mongolia, which contain information about certain events that have not been preserved in other historical chronicles or documents. The Mongolian lamas Ündür-gegen (1635–1723), Luvsandanzanzhaltsan (1639–1704) and Zaya-pandita Luvsanprinlai (1642–1715) played an important role in the successful spread of Buddhism in Khalkha Mongolia. If the life and activities of Ündür-gegen and Zaya pandita, their role in the history are well studied, the same cannot be said about Luvsandanzanzhaltsan, known as Lamyn-gegen. The purpose of this article is to fill in the gaps about the initial stage of the spread of Buddhism among the Khalkha-Mongolian principalities and about Luvsandanzanzhaltsan, one of the key figures in this process. Materials and methods. Mongolian-language translations of his biography written in Tibetan by Luvsanprinlai, published archival documents on the history of Mongolian monasteries and historical chronicles, publications by D. Dashbadrakh, R. Byamba, D. Ganzorig, S. Soninbayar, S.-I. Yundenbat, containing information on the subject, have been the main sources for the article. Their analyses became the basis for estimating his contribution to the spread of Buddhism and his role in the history of Mongolia in the second half of the 17th century. Within the framework of the study, a set of general scientific and special historical methods was used, which allowed us to consider the role of Lamyn-gegen in connection with the history of Mongolian society of the period under consideration. Results. The biography of Lamyn-gegen, the stages of his studying and becoming a major religious figure are considered. His role in the preparation of lamas and the construction of monasteries is described and brief information about his subsequent reincarnations is given. Attention is paid to the economic basis of the existence of his monasteries and the formation of the institute of shabinars. Conclusions. The results of the study allow us to conclude that Lamyn-gegen has made a great contribution into the spread of Buddhism in Mongolia, alongside with distributing Buddhist teaching and achievements of the centuries-old experience of medieval scientific knowledge of the East. He was the first Mongolian astrologer and emchi-lama, doctor, who has laid the foundation for the study of the heritage of Indo-Tibetan medicine and the creation of its Mongolian branch. He was also a translator of many treatises from Tibetan into Mongolian and a prominent scholar, whose works have been published in 4 volumes.

Historical climate drivers and species’ ecological niche in the Beaufort Sea food web

Abstract Climate change impacts have been particularly acute and rapid in the Arctic, raising concerns about the conservation of key ecologically and culturally significant species (e.g. beluga whales, Arctic cod), with consequences for the Indigenous community groups in the region. Here, we build on an Ecopath with Ecosim model for the Canadian Beaufort Sea Shelf and Slope to examine historical (1970–2021) changes in the ecological dynamics of the food web and key species under climate change. We compare the individual and cumulative effects of (i) increased sea surface temperature; (ii) reduced sea ice extent; (iii) ocean deoxygenation; and (iv) changing ocean salinity in the ecosystem models. We found that including salinity time series in our ecosystem models reduced the diversity found within the ecosystem, and altered the trophic levels, biomass, and consumption rates of some marine mammal and fish functional groups, including the key species: beluga whales, as well as Arctic and polar cods. Inclusion of the dissolved oxygen time series showed no difference to ecosystem indicators. The model findings reveal valuable insights into the attribution of temperature and salinity on Arctic ecosystems and highlight important factors to be considered to ensure that existing conservation measures can support climate adaptation.

Revenue concentration and capital structure

PurposeWe conducted this study to examine the relationship between revenue concentration and a firm's financial leverage. We aimed to analyze whether revenue concentration influences a firm's capital structure decisions and whether this relationship is driven by customer-specific investments or the direct effect of revenue concentration itself. Additionally, we investigated the role of asset redeployability in mediating or moderating the relationship between revenue concentration and financial leverage.Design/methodology/approachThe paper investigates the relationship between revenue concentration and a firm's financial leverage. The results indicate a negative association between revenue concentration and financial leverage. This finding holds across various regression models and is statistically significant. Furthermore, the paper explores the potential role of asset redeployability in explaining the relationship between revenue concentration and financial leverage. The results indicate that even after controlling for asset redeployability, the negative relationship between revenue concentration and leverage remains significant, suggesting that revenue concentration affects capital structure decisions independently of the risks associated with relationship-specific investments. Robustness tests are conducted using a three-stage least squares approach to account for the simultaneity between revenue concentration, asset redeployability and capital structure.FindingsOur findings demonstrate that revenue concentration is negatively associated with financial leverage, even after accounting for asset redeployability. This suggests that revenue concentration affects capital structure decisions independently of the risks associated with customer-specific investments. Furthermore, we performed robustness tests to address potential simultaneity issues between revenue concentration, asset redeployability and capital structure.Research limitations/implicationsThe study relies on available data sources, which may have inherent limitations in terms of accuracy, completeness or consistency. The quality of the data used in the analysis could impact the robustness of the findings. Time Period: The study focuses on more recent years, which might limit the ability to compare the findings with studies conducted over different time periods. Historical trends or structural changes that could impact the relationship between revenue concentration and financial leverage might not be fully captured.Practical implicationsFirms with higher revenue concentration tend to have lower financial leverage. Recent years show a negative relationship between profitability and market leverage compared to earlier periods. Revenue concentration has a distinct effect on financial leverage, not fully explained by risks from relationship-specific investments or asset redeployability. Insights for firms in managing capital structure decisions, considering revenue concentration and its implications for leverage.Originality/valueThis research is one of the first papers that investigates the impact of revenue concentration on the capital structure choices of firms. By exploring the relationship between revenue concentration and financial leverage, the study contributes to the existing literature by shedding light on an underexplored area. Thus, this study adds originality to the field by addressing a research gap and contributing to the understanding of the relationship between revenue concentration and capital structure choices.

Inferring diet, disease and antibiotic resistance from ancient human oral microbiomes.

The interaction between a host and its microbiome is an area of intense study. For the human host, it is known that the various body-site-associated microbiomes impact heavily on health and disease states. For instance, the oral microbiome is a source of various pathogens and potential antibiotic resistance gene pools. The effect of historical changes to the human host and environment to the associated microbiome, however, has been less well explored. In this review, we characterize several historical and prehistoric events which are considered to have impacted the oral environment and therefore the bacterial communities residing within it. The link between evolutionary changes to the oral microbiota and the significant societal and behavioural changes occurring during the pre-Neolithic, Agricultural Revolution, Industrial Revolution and Antibiotic Era is outlined. While previous studies suggest the functional profile of these communities may have shifted over the centuries, there is currently a gap in knowledge that needs to be filled. Biomolecular archaeological evidence of innate antimicrobial resistance within the oral microbiome shows an increase in the abundance of antimicrobial resistance genes since the advent and widespread use of antibiotics in the modern era. Nevertheless, a lack of research into the prevalence and evolution of antimicrobial resistance within the oral microbiome throughout history hinders our ability to combat antimicrobial resistance in the modern era.

Sweden’s Peculiar Adoption of Proportional Representation: The Overlooked Effects of Time and History

Sweden’s adoption of proportional representation (PR) is interesting because it involved static structural and institutional factors, well captured by variance-based left-threat thesis, and four temporal factors—sequencing, timing, historical change, and duration—that historical case studies highlight. We integrate these two sets of factors. We fuse the more static, temporally homogeneous world created by the left-threat thesis, that is well suited to explain cross-sectional variations, with the more dynamic, temporally heterogenous world presumed by the case studies that is attuned to temporal processes. It illustrates how comparative historical analysis (CHA) can translate temporal anomalies into generalizable temporal mechanisms and how nested analysis, together with causal graphs, provide helpful tools for updating theories. We ultimately employ an abductive approach that evaluates evidence not just for its inferential leverage of confirming theories but also for its inductive potential to generate new, more test-worthy hypotheses.

Psychoanalysis-More Than a Profession: Presidential Address, American Psychoanalytic Association, New York, February 3, 2023.

This plenary address was delivered just before learning the successful outcome of a bylaw amendment extending full American Psychoanalytic Association (APsA) membership to psychoanalytic psychotherapists, researchers, scholars, and all who share a commitment to psychoanalysis. This historic change culminated efforts over the previous four decades to rectify exclusionary harms and revitalize psychoanalysis in the United States as a clinical practice and a cultural force. Membership expansion is discussed in the historical and sociological context of psychoanalysis as a profession with a focus on organizational resistance to change. Professionalization established and legitimized psychoanalysis but also contained the seeds of gradual decline as monopoly over training and practice distanced APsA from the wider psychoanalytic community. Expanding membership beyond the profession is a step toward uniting the community and strengthening all applications of psychoanalysis, including the traditional form. These developments at APsA reflect changes in other disciplines that feature inclusion, generosity, situated learning, and distributed subjectivity in epistemic communities of practice.