History Of Media Research Articles

Intradural Repair of Temporal Bone Encephalocele and Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak: Results from a Single Institution

Abstract Background Lateral temporal bone encephaloceles incidence is increasing with obesity rates. Middle fossa (MF) craniotomy, transmastoid (TM), or combined MF + TM access can be used for repair. Methods Retrospective review of MF or MF + TM repair with an intradural graft. Sex, age, and body mass index (BMI) were collected. Pre/postoperative audiometric results were included. Postoperative complications were reported. Results A total of 49 patients (50 repairs) were included. In addition, 74% were women (p < 0.05). Ten patients had a history of chronic otitis media and surgery. Average BMI was 35.8, and average age was 59. Furthermore, 54% had multiple skull base defects; 18 (36%) patients had a MF approach. In total, 32 (64%) patients had a MF + TM approach for repair; 13 (40.1%) of these patients had a concurrent tympanoplasty. Hearing improved for 74%. Air conduction pure-tone average improved by an average of 5 dB (p 0.27). No differences in hearing outcomes were observed between the MF and MF + TM groups. Two patients (6%) had hearing decline. Eight complications were reported (1 (2%) skin infection, 4 (8%) recurrent/persistent cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] leaks requiring lumbar drain or shunt, and 3 (6%) episodes of aphasia or mental status change). Age >65 years was not associated with risk of postoperative complication. Conclusion Intradural repair of encephalocele and CSF leak is a safe and effective surgical approach. Intradural reinforcement along the entire MF floor is beneficial for multiple areas of dehiscence and thin dura. Complication rates including recurrent/persistent CSF leak and aphasia related to temporal lobe retraction were similar to previously published reports and not associated with older patient age. Hearing was stable or improved in 94% with no difference noted between MF and MF + TM repair.

Natural history of otitis media with effusion without hearing loss in children under 12 years: a systematic review

ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the natural history of otitis media with effusion (OME) without hearing loss in children under 12 years.MethodsWe performed a systematic search in Embase, CINAHL, MEDLINE,...

Pregnancy-induced Hypertension: What Are the Associated Factors in Rural Areas? A Study from Rural Dehradun, Uttarakhand

Abstract Background: Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is a major significant cause of adverse pregnancy outcomes – mortality and morbidities in both mother and foetus. Aims: The present study aims to determine the prevalence of PIH and its associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care in rural field areas of a tertiary care hospital in Uttarakhand. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on pregnant women-seeking antenatal services from January 2020 to October 2020 at three sub-centres (Raiwala, Pratit Nagar and Haripur Kala) of the Primary Health Centre (Raiwala) after giving informed consent. A sample size of 113 was calculated and included in our study. A pre-tested structured schedule was used to interview the study participants after a pilot test. Blood pressure was determined using an average of three measurements, and some clinical and laboratory findings were reviewed from medical records; these were mainly the mother-child protection card. Data were presented as frequency, percentage frequencies and the results are presented with the table. Fisher’s exact statistics were calculated for the association with pregnancy-induced hypertension, and logistic regression was performed to identify independent predictors. P <0.05% was considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of PIH among total study participants in Dehradun District, Uttarakhand, was 6.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8%–10.6%). The majority of respondents were noted in ≤ 30 years of age group (91.15%), followed by > 30 years of age group (8.84%). In univariate regression, factors such as age, pre-term birth, abortion, pedal oedema, blurred vision, proteinuria, present history of gestational diabetes mellitus, present history of diabetes, present history of other morbidities, past history of diabetes, past history of other morbidities, i.e. surgeries, otitis media, obesity and thyroid, family history of hypertension and family history of diabetes were associated with pregnancy-induced hypertension. In multivariate logistic regression, maternal age (adjusted odds ratio AOR = 18.29, 95 CI% =2.3–141.4, P = 0.005*), pre-term birth (AOR = 61.7, 95% CI = 3.5–1071.3, P = 0.005*), (proteinuria AOR = 8, CI = 0.80–79.6, P = 0.006*), gestational diabetes (AOR = 19.9, CI = 2.9–133.06, P = 0.002*), history of other morbidities (AOR = 13.4, 95% CI; 1.7–106.5, P = 0.014*) and family history of diabetes (AOR; 8.7, 95% CI = 1.7–43.3, P = 0.008*) were found as the predictor factors for developing PIH. Conclusions: Early detection and treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension and risk factors in pregnant women by healthcare professionals and policy-makers at the community level should be strengthened.

The disease burden of untreated chronic otitis media in Indigenous children from remote communities does not improve over time. A longitudinal study.

In Australia, middle ear disease disproportionately affects Indigenous children, leading to poor hearing outcomes. This study aimed to determine the natural history of untreated chronic otitis media in Indigenous children in remote South Australia. Baseline and 3 year follow-up data was collected from Indigenous children aged 5-18 years living on the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands. 4-frequency pure-tone audiometry was used to determine hearing levels. Middle ear pathology was determined by video-otoscopy with tympanometry and classified at baseline as group 1 (normal), group 2 (abnormal with intact tympanic membrane), or group 3 (perforated tympanic membrane). A total of 253 children were included in this study. Children in group 1 (20.6 ± 1.5 dBHL; Mean ± SD) had significantly better hearing outcomes at 3 year follow-up than children with abnormal ears (groups 2 and 3) (23.8 ± 7.0 dBHL), P < 0.001. The difference was greatest for group 1 versus 3 (27.6 ± 8.4 dBHL), P < 0.001, followed by 1 versus 2 (22.4 ± 5.8 dBHL), P = 0.009, and between 2 (22.4 ± 5.8 dBHL) and 3 (27.6 ± 8.4 dBHL), P < 0.001. Hearing in Indigenous children with untreated middle ear pathology remains poor at follow-up compared to those without pathology. Intervention is therefore critical to prevent persisting poor hearing outcomes.

“I Am a Meme”

Founder of the collectives Casa Drag Latina and House of Gad, Gad Yola is an Afro-Peruvian multidisciplinary artivist based in the city of Madrid. As part of a trans-Atlantic Latinx queer media history, Gad Yola’s career allows us to inquire about what can be described as transvestite, antiracist, and transfeminist drag “positioning” against injustices happening on both sides of the Atlantic. Be this their rejection of state violence in Peru, their support for the massive regularization of migrants in Spain, their critique of the racist gaze, or their celebration of brown bodies, Gad Yola’s interventions significantly contribute to the cultural articulation of antiracism in Spain. The following interview will consider the digital and feminist interrelation by focusing on Gad Yola’s identification with antiracism, transfeminism, and their references, as well as on the use of social networks as identity and community resources.

Natural history of otitis media with effusion-related hearing loss in children under 12 years: a systematic review

ObjectiveTo assess natural history of otitis media with effusion (OME)-related hearing loss and OME causing hearing loss in children under 12 years.MethodsEmbase, MEDLINE, CINAHL, INAHTA database, CENTRAL, CDSR, Epistemonikos and...

Reading patterns: dressmaking sections in women’s magazines in the 1960s and 1970s

ABSTRACT In the 1960s and 1970s, many women’s magazines had special sections for home dressmaking. At a time when ready-to-wear clothing was expensive, the sew-it-yourself pages had an important function to win over competition among female readers. Teenagers read the magazines in search of clothing designs to copy in order to dress according to the latest fashion. Despite the importance of such special sections, they have only been given a marginal place in the history of the popular press and in cultural studies. This article examines and discusses the role of dressmaking sections in women’s magazines in Sweden in the 1960s and 1970s. Based on analysis of the two largest Swedish women’s weeklies and interviews with readers and editors, the study highlights women’s ‘utilitarian reading’, which combines textual, visual, and material literacy, and thus contributes to an overlooked area within women's studies, fashion and media history.

TOWARD A TELEMATIC AESTHETICS

This paper focuses on the Czech-born philosopher Vilém Flusser’s notion of telematic society, arguing that it implies a media-theoretical revision of Friedrich Schiller’s project for an aesthetic model of civic education, according to which aesthetic effectivity is reconsidered in light of a history of media based on a technological alternation of images and texts. After a brief overview of Schiller’s aesthetic letters, it examines the ways in which Flusser repositions and expands upon Schiller’s vision of an aesthetic education (most importantly, the aesthetic condition or middle disposition), highlighting the role that Flusser assigns to the evolution of codes inherent in the most important cultural and media techniques, namely, images, texts, and technical images. It then shows how this modification results in a forecasting of a telematic model of aesthetic education, before concluding by addressing the prospects of such a model in a post-digital world of automated media bias.

Separate and Reassemble: Generative AI through the lens of art and media histories

AI image generation represents a logical evolution from early digital media algorithms, starting with basic paint programs in the 1970s and advancing to sophisticated 3D graphics and media creation software by the 1990s. Early algorithms struggled to simulate materials and effects, but advances in the 1970s and 1980s led to realistic simulations of natural phenomena and artistic techniques. Generative AI continues this trend, using neural networks to combine and interpolate visual patterns from extensive datasets. This method of digital media creation underscores the modular and discrete nature of computer-generated imagery, distinguishing it from traditional optical media.

The reinvention of “locality”: Imagining the local society with local media

In this essay, we draw on the history of internet-based local media at the county level in China to investigate the social implications of the internet for the local society. We take a “formative” approach and analyze the social processes of the reinvention of “locality” from the spatial, economic, and political aspects. We view “locality” not only as the assemblage of different places but also as a theoretical scaffolding that can stimulate a refreshed imagination of geography and media. The scales are reinvented, or redefined, by the digital fabrics of these social platforms which align geographical scales for content producers, including grassroots and official stakeholders. “Locality” is reimagined with internet-based local media. By discussing what is considered as “locality” in the spatial, economic, and political senses from a social perspective, we have explored the mutual shaping of internet-based media practices and the physical world. The social implications of the internet manifest themselves profoundly in the reinvention of “locality.”

Revaluing the Eros Collection for Australian cultural histories

ABSTRACT The Eros Collection at Flinders University is the largest collection of materials produced by the sex industry and its affiliates in Australia. Acquired in 1997 and added to over the years, the varied collection (now part of the umbrella Australian Sexuality Collection) includes restricted or censored audiovisual and print materials – in short, porn. Thus this archive – typically a site of protection and care – comprises materials that many people think don’t deserve protection, and this ambiguous status has raised many challenges in terms of how the Collection is valued, researched, and utilized. The thorny question of the Collection’s value is traced in our research through interviews with Special Collections librarians involved with the Collection over different periods and an audit of Collection contents, access, and usage, which we analyse within the broader context of international porn archives and Australian media histories. The article examines how the Collection (specifically its pornographic material) shares key challenges faced by porn archives internationally, including public perception and access, and its uneasy fit within the Australian media histories. We argue that this neglected archive holds promise for understanding porn’s place in Australia’s audiovisual and cultural history.

Captured by Elites: The Portuguese Media System in Liberalism (1820–1926)

This article argues that the concept of ‘captured media’ is invaluable to a deeper understanding of the roles performed by media systems throughout European liberalism and early democratization of nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This case-study explores the structures of the media system during Portuguese Liberalism (1820–1926) in the scope of the Portuguese empire. The concept of the ‘Imperial Public Sphere’ is applied to show how imperial and colonial elites captured the media system to exercise and spread its political and ideological power. As a methodological approach to analyze the roles performed by press, the case-study relies on the model developed by Hallin and Mancini (2004), which is applied to three empirical cases. The use of the concept ‘captured media’ in the field of media history is a contribution to understanding the political roots of the press during colonialism and its legacy to contemporary media systems in Lusophone countries.

Subdural empyema—a rare complication of chronic otitis media: a case report

BackgroundSubdural empyema is an extremely rare and fatal intracranial complication of chronic otitis media. Due to its rarity and vague symptoms, it is often diagnosed late if not completely missed; specially in developing countries where the diagnostic modalities are hardly available or accessible. To the best knowledge of the authors, this is a preliminary reported case of subdural empyema as a complication of chronic otitis media in Eritrea. It aims to provide vital information on the clinical presentation, preferred diagnostic modalities, and the proper management of such cases.Case reportAn 8 years old female patient from the Rashaida ethnic group presented with fever, right ear purulent discharge, right post-auricular swelling, and altered mental status. Prior to her admission, she had history of recurrent purulent discharge from her right ear for almost 2 years, and had been diagnosed with chronic otitis media. Upon admission her GCS was 13/15 which later on deteriorated to be 3/15 on day 3. MRI was done and showed a right fronto-tempo-parietal subdural empyema with mass effect, shifting the midline to the left. She was immediately started on empirical broad-spectrum antibiotics. After the diagnosis was made, craniotomy was done, and 30 ml of pus was removed from the subdural space. Culture and sensitivity of the pus obtained intraoperatively was done but produced no yield. Hence, she was continued on the empirically started antibiotics. The patient’s condition was well improved by post-operative day 4.ConclusionIt is important to have a high index of suspicion of intracranial complications in patients with history of chronic otitis media or other otologic complaints, who present with neurologic manifestations. Subdural empyema still being uncommon even among the intracranial complications of COM, it is often missed. Hence, timely diagnosis with MRI, immediate surgical evacuation of the empyema along with the prolonged administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics is highly recommended.

Different diversities: Policies and practices at three European public service VoD services

While globally operating SVoDs have discovered identity-based diversity as a branding strategy, diversity has a longer history and broader meaning in public service media (PSM) tied to the foundational ideals of universality and pluralism that oblige PSM to speak to all members of a society and to offer diverse programmes and viewpoints. We investigate: How are these two understandings of ‘diversity’ expressed 1) in legal and policy requirements to the PSM, 2) in strategy papers and audits issued by PSM, 3) in the presentation and exposure of content in VoD interfaces? And 4) How can PSMs' practice around diversity on VoD be tracked methodologically? The article examines these questions by comparing: BBC iPlayer (UK), DRTV (Denmark) and ARD Mediathek (Germany). A document analysis examines how legal remits and strategies governing these institutions talk about diversity. We analyse the presentation and exposure of ‘diversity’ in VoD content via longitudinal datasets that document the three VoD landing pages daily between early 2022 and late 2023, recording the position of every programme title at the VoDs’ front pages, as well as deck titles. We test four approaches to this dataset: Spotting diversity in deck titles, looking for content tagged as diverse on IMDb and by Chat GPT, calculating diversity of exposed content with the Gini-Simpson-Index and assessing diversity through a manual coding of deck titles and sampling content displayed in selected decks. The article shows how differently diversity can be conceptualised and operationalised in VoD practice and concludes that multi-dimensional methodological approaches are needed. This article is a report on different publishing strategies for ‘diversity content’ in PSM VoD interfaces; a discussion of the conflicting relation between public service ideals and the notion of identity-based ‘branded diversity' of globally operating VoDs; and a contribution to developing methods for monitoring diversity on VoD.

PERSPECTIVES ON VIDEO GAME RESEARCH THROUGH THE CONCEPT OF MEDIA ARCHAEOLOGY

This article delves into various approaches to the cultural and philosophical study of video games. It primarily examines the potential of employing methodological foundations of media archaeology to enhance the understanding of the history of video game technical media. Additionally, it offers a brief review of existing publications on the proposed topic.To justify the applicability of the media-archaeological approach, the article provides a concise analysis of key research directions in game studies, highlighting their advantages and main shortcomings. The paper includes a succinct history of video game research, elucidates the philosophical concepts underpinning early works on the essence of video games, and explores the principal directions within game studies. Special attention is given to several approaches: Espen Aarseth’s narratological perspective, which interprets the cyberspace of games as a text that can be decoded and read; Gonzalo Frasca’s ludological approach, where the primary characteristic of a game is its interactivity; and Ian Bogost’s multi-level theory of video game study, which integrates the use of media anthropology.Subsequently, the article outlines the core principles of media anthropology as an interdisciplinary field that not only investigates the past of media and attempts to forecast the future of technologies by identifying patterns in their development but also addresses the relationship between humans and technologies. The primary representatives of this field, such as Friedrich Kittler, Jussi Parikka, and Erkki Huhtamo, are also mentioned.In the final section of the article, the necessity of employing media anthropology for understanding video games is discussed, particularly emphasizing the hegemony of technical media over the content of video games. Furthermore, examples of the application of the archaeological approach in game studies are provided, illustrating the potential of this direction.This comprehensive exploration aims to advance the discourse on video game studies by integrating insights from media archaeology and media anthropology, thereby fostering a deeper and more nuanced understanding of video games as cultural and technological artifacts.

Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy

A 27-year-old male with a long-standing history of chronic otitis media developed a right temporal cerebral abscess. He underwent a mastoidectomy and was treated with intravenous antibiotics, including metronidazole. The patient’s clinical condition showed signs of improvement.

Clinical analysis of cases of otogenic sigmoid sinus thrombosis in children

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics of middle ear mastoiditis combined with sigmoid sinus thrombophlebitis in children. Methods:Author retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 6 children with middle ear mastoiditis combined with sigmoid sinus thrombophlebitis who were hospitalized in the Department of Infectious Diseases and Department of Neurology with first diagnosis of fever/headache, and subsequently underwent middle ear mastoidectomy in our department. All patients underwent comprehensive otoscopic, audiologic, imaging, and pathogenetic examinations. Clinical manifestations, pathogenetic features, treatment methods and prognosis were summarized, and the follow-up period was 3-6 months. Results:All 6 cases were first diagnosed with intracranial complications such as fever and headache in the internal medicine department. Within one month, all patients developed ear symptoms including pain, discharge, and hearing loss. Audiologic examination revealed conductive hearing loss in five cases and total deafness in one case. MRI, MRV and MRA examinations suggested that there were 6 cases of middle ear infection combined with thrombophlebitis of the ethmoid sinus, of which 3 cases had thrombus in the ethmoid sinus. 6 cases received surgical treatments: 2 cases of radical mastoidectomy+grommet Insertion, and 4 cases of radical mastoidectomy. Pathogenetic examination identified Streptococcus pneumoniae in three cases, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in one case, Enterobacter cloacae complex in one case, and no pathogens were detected in one case. Postoperative pathology was inflammatory granulation in all 6 cases. Follow-up was 3-6 months with no recurrence of intracranial and middle ear lesions on regular review. Conclusion:Children with recurrent fever, headache, and a recent history of acute and chronic otitis media should be evaluated for the possibility of sigmoid sinus thrombophlebitis, and imaging tests should be performed in a timely manner to clarify the diagnosis. Once diagnosed, surgery to remove the lesions around the ethmoid sinus, smooth drainage combined with antibiotic therapy is the most direct and effective treatment, and anticoagulation therapy is given when necessary. Timely diagnosis, multidisciplinary collaboration, and accurate timing of the management of primary foci and comorbidities are crucial to the treatment of the disease.

Opera by Telephone in the Pacific Northwest, circa 1895

This article traces the phenomenon of opera by telephone in late nineteenth-century British Columbia, with a focus on a local 1895 production of Gilbert and Sullivan’s The Pirates of Penzance (1879). Examining the scrapbooks of prominent New Westminster figure, William Andrew DeWolf-Smith, this research centres on an “ingenious telephone arrangement” that allowed remote audience members to listen to live theatrical performances via telephone (or “theatre phone”). This study considers the historical, technological, and theoretical aspects of the theatre phone, including its impact on theatre reception. With reference to sound studies scholar Adrian Curtin’s work, this study investigates how the theatre phone created a novel listening experience, enabling a new form of private audio theatre among a network of synchronous “shadow audiences.” The theatre phone represents a significant turning point in local media history, which is linked to broader developments in communications technologies during the period. In addition to examining its role as an emerging business venture, the author also explores its significance as an accessibility tool that enabled remote audiences to access theatrical performances from a distance.

Technological innovation: Instructional communication media in History and Civic Education

Background: The teaching of history and civic education, intended to foster national identity, is not fully achieved due to the absence of technological innovation in the instructional communication media used in high schools. Purpose: This research explores the need for ICT among students and teachers as instructional communication media to promote national identity in history and civic education. Method: This research used the Research and Development (R&amp;D) method. The initial design involved an exploratory qualitative approach, with data collected through interviews with teachers and students from four high schools in Malang City, along with documentation from the Kurikulum Merdeka. The data were then analyzed using interactive analysis techniques to understand the information technology and communication needs of students and teachers for simulating national identity in history and civic education. In the next stage, a development approach was carried out to construct a model for instructional communication media that incorporated technological innovation to simulate national identity in history and civic education. Results: The results indicate that instructional communication media for promoting national identity through simulated history and civics education require technological innovation in the form of the NUSANTARA.IN application, which offers. Teaching materials on history and civic education tailored to students’ characteristics, A virtual reality feature that provides students with a virtual learning experience in history and civic education, and User-generated content to build a network among students for learning history and civic education. Conclusion: NUSANTARA.IN, which includes three distinct features, is a technological innovation designed to serve as an instructional communication media, enabling students and teachers to simulate national identity in history and civic education. Implications: The findings from this study contribute to the theoretical advancement of instructional communication media by incorporating concepts such as virtual reality, user-generated content, and student networking in high school education.

Locating Medical Television

Medical television programmes, across their history, have had specific relationships to places and spaces. On one level, they have represented medical and health places, such as, consulting rooms, hospitals, the home, community spaces, public health infrastructures, etc. Television producers have represented these places, in line with the capabilities of television technologies and grammars. Moreover, producers have borrowed their images of medical and health places from other media (film, photographs, museum displays, etc.) and integrated, adjusted and reformulated them into their work. But medical television has also worked spatially in the political sense of being broadcast internationally, nationally, and locally; therein interacting with differing regimes and polities. This facet includes regional and local broadcasting, as well as public-private divides, including pay television, advertisement and audience measurement. On both levels, medical television programmes have served to represent familiar and unfamiliar locations and medical modes to patients and medical or health practitioners. This issue of Media History on medical television follows the conference of the same title, Locating Medical Television, organised in the framework of the ERC funded BodyCapital project and the Science Museum London. It intends to locate medical television more precisely; to engage (medical) TV history with recent questions concerning the relevance of space within and beyond national borders.