History Of Exploitation Research Articles

Integration of individuals with lived experience to improve recruitment within criminal justice research: ‘experience as the best teacher’

ABSTRACT Research has documented numerous barriers to recruitment of marginalized individuals, including historic exploitation, distrust, and accessibility. Such challenges are commonly observed among racial minorities, unhoused individuals, and individuals with lower socioeconomic statuses. Public health researchers have led investigations on ways to engage hard-to-reach populations, but the nuances of recruiting such individuals within criminal justice research remain less explored – a crucial oversight given the prevalence of these populations within the criminal legal system. While literature has identified barriers unique to these distinct identities, it has not fully explored how intersectional identities may complicate these barriers. To bridge these critical gaps, the current paper addresses the challenges of recruiting individuals with multiple identities within the same study. We discuss how the proposed techniques for recruitment of these populations translate into criminal justice contexts, with particular attention to the ways individuals with lived experience enhance study design, recruitment, and overall integrity.

Fairtrade Wine in South Africa: Does Fairtrade Labelling Guarantee Social Upgrading for Farmworkers?

Fairtrade International (FTI) is an international certificatory body that seeks to restructure market relationships to support marginalised producers. In order to do this, FTI sells certified products at a higher price, allowing for a Fairtrade premium to be provided to the otherwise marginalised producers. In the South African wine industry, FTI has extended its certification to large-scale wine producers, despite the extensive history of exploitation and oppression that has framed the industry in which these producers operate. This article asks if the Fairtrade label provides social upgrading to the farmworkers of these producers. In exploring the experiences of 30 Fairtrade farmworkers across five Fairtrade-certified farms, this article concludes that Fairtrade certification does not guarantee social upgrading. Instead, historical issues of dependency are being perpetuated on some wine farms despite their Fairtrade certification.

Patient-recommended communication strategies to enhance clinical trial participation among Black people with cancer.

106 Background: People racialized as Black and/or African American (AA) represent less than 10% of participants enrolled in therapeutic cancer clinical trials that may improve cancer survival. AAs have higher cancer-related mortality rates but are less likely to be invited to participate in clinical trials compared to their white counterparts. We surveyed Black patients with cancer to assess their clinical trial discussion experiences and to identify opportunities to improve clinical trial participation. Methods: A purposive sample of 100 Black patients from a North Carolina Comprehensive Cancer Center were recruited to complete a survey between November 2021 and January 2023. Survey participants were identified through a clinical data warehouse and had to meet the following eligibility criteria: self-identified Black or AA race, diagnosis of either multiple myeloma, breast, prostate, colon, or lung cancer, and actively receiving or undergoing follow up cancer care. Surveys were conducted by a research assistant via phone. This analysis focused on those asked to participate in a clinical trial but declined participation. Results: All participants identified as Black or AA race with 2 participants additionally identifying as American Indian. Half of all surveyed participants were asked to participate in a clinical trial. Of those asked, 58% (n=29) declined and nearly half (n=12) indicated specific barriers that influenced their decision to not participate. Barriers included time constraints, distrust, fear of being harmed or being used as a guinea pig, not understanding the purpose of the study, and feeling rushed in their clinical trial decision making. All 29 participants were asked to select how they would prefer to receive clinical trial information and 97% selected speaking with their oncologist, 90% by video, 66% by internet and by a pamphlet or magazine, 52% at church and only 10% from a barber shop or salon. They also suggested simple and clear messaging about clinical trial opportunities, eligibility criteria, time commitment, taking time to discuss clinical trial options, and recruitment materials that can be taken home. Conclusions: Increasing participation in cancer clinical trials among Black patients with cancer necessitates careful discussion and consideration of fear, distrust, and system level barriers that influence the decision or capacity to enroll. Study recruitment should utilize patient centered communication tools that acknowledge the history of research exploitation in Black communities and clearly describe safety and security measures used in clinical trials.

The case for educational reparations: addressing racial injustices in sustainable development goal 4

This paper presents an examination of the education Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 4) through the lens of race. It argues, at this mid-way point of the SDGs, that race continues to be erased, acting as an absent presence, in global educational policy, practice and goals. To address this, the paper calls for a radical review of contemporary development discourse such that the SDGs, and in particular SDG 4, are framed in ways that acknowledge histories of colonial exploitation and epistemic violence. Acknowledging these histories and their reproduction in the Western-led development project, the paper advocates for reparative redress. It argues for the re-orientation of SDG 4 in the interests of racial justice in education by calling for the material redistribution of resources, challenging the hegemony of the Western episteme in curriculum and languages of instruction, holding international agencies and governments to account and reforming the governance of SDG 4 in ways that prioritise racial justice. The paper takes the position that while education has been detrimentally implicated in the Western colonial and development project, it has a key role to play in challenging racist systems as the global community looks towards the 2030 Agenda and beyond.

Facilitators and barriers to clinical trial participation among Black women with breast cancer and perspectives on digital solutions to improve clinical trial engagement.

107 Background: Clinical trials are essential for developing novel cancer treatments and improving survival. However, Black women with breast cancer have higher cancer mortality rates compared to non-Black women and are less likely to be enrolled in clinical trials. This study aimed to understand barriers and facilitators to clinical trial participation among Black women with breast cancer to inform the design of a mobile health application (app). Methods: Semi-structured interviews lasting 45-60 minutes were conducted between May and September 2022 with a purposive sample of 20 Black women with breast cancer receiving care in academic and community practices in North Carolina. Participants were asked open-ended questions about their perspective on clinical trial participation. Interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed, and analyzed following a consensus coding-based thematic analysis. Results: Participants represented various age groups ranging from 33 to 76 years, breast cancer hormone receptor/HER 2 status, and stage. Several themes related to facilitators and barriers to clinical trial participation emerged from the interviews. Facilitators included prior experience with participating in clinical trials (cancer treatment, behavioral, and symptom management trials); desire to increase representation of Black women in cancer research to better understand how treatments may affect them differently; benefitting others; and potential for less intensive treatment regimens. Barriers included concern with adverse health effects; fear of new drugs and uncertain therapeutic effect; historical exploitation of Black people participating in research and medical care; lack of representation of Black people participating in clinical research; lack of clinical trial opportunities; concern with the term “trial” and being treated as a guinea pig; and concern with getting a placebo. Most participants were willing to use a mobile health app to obtain trusted information about clinical trials. Recommended content for the app included clinical trial risks and benefits, personal testimonials, link to available clinical trials, and resources to address logistical barriers such as transportation. Most participants also reported the importance of having Black people represented in their healthcare team and health messaging to improve trust in clinical trials. Conclusions: Several barriers and facilitators to clinical trial participation were identified. These findings will inform the content of a mobile health app designed to improve engagement of Black women with breast cancer in clinical trial discussions. Presence of racially representative clinicians and research staff was also noted to improve participation of Black women with breast cancer in clinical trials.

Racial disparities in pain management: Historical maleficence and solutions for equity.

Medical journals from the 1800s described differences in disease susceptibility, skin thickness, and pain tolerance among races. These misconceptions about biologic differences, the historical exploitation of minorities in research, and implicit biases among healthcare workers have all affected patient care. Discrepancies still exist in pain assessment and management for minority patients compared with their White counterparts and lead to poor health outcomes. By implementing specific changes in policy and practice, including standardization, implicit bias training, and building a diverse workforce, clinicians can begin to provide care that more equitably manages pain for all patients, regardless of race.

Holocene climate change shifted Southern Ocean biogeochemical cycling and predator trophic dynamics

AbstractStudies of Antarctic paleo‐archives have produced conflicting hypotheses on the relative impact of long‐term climate change and historic exploitation of marine mammals on Southern Ocean krill predator foraging ecology. We disentangle these hypotheses using amino acid stable isotope analysis on a 7000‐yr Holocene archive of Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) eggshells to differentiate variation in diet and trophic dynamics from baseline biogeochemical cycling as drivers of the rapid decline in krill predator bulk tissue δ15N values in recent centuries. Contrary to previous hypotheses suggesting solely trophic dynamic mechanisms as drivers of this decline, we identified an abrupt decline in source amino acid δ15N values, indicative of major changes in biogeochemical cycling at the base of the Southern Ocean food web that mirrored the decline in penguin bulk tissue δ15N values. These abrupt shifts in penguin δ15N values and associated biogeochemical cycling aligned with climatic events during the Little Ice Age that decreased surface δ15NNO3−, likely connected to a proposed increase in Ekman upwelling via a southward migration of the Westerlies. This baseline shift was in addition to a long‐term, gradual decline in penguin trophic position over the Holocene that began prior to both recent anthropogenic climate change and a proposed “krill‐surplus” following historic marine mammal exploitation in the 19th and 20th centuries. In resolving these outstanding hypotheses about drivers of Southern Ocean food web dynamics, this study emphasizes the fundamental importance of climate‐induced variability in biogeochemical cycling on ecological processes and improves the ability of paleo‐archives to inform the ecological consequences of future environmental change in the Southern Ocean.

Dear food: Yuca’s relational role in sustaining precarious populations in Ecuador

In this article, we argue that communities’ relationship to food helps to shape their experiences of crises. The French term la vie chère – dear life – simultaneously invokes affective relations, collective valuations, and high prices, pointing to the importance of all these dimensions in understanding experiences and responses to rising costs of living. In this sense, the ways through which people apprehend and experience the cultivation and consumption of food influence their possibilities for material sustenance. The study compares the role of yuca, a regional word for cassava, in a coastal and in an Amazonian province of Ecuador, in order to shed light on trajectories of social reproduction in contexts of scarcity. Key to the divergent experiences of cassava in these two sites are histories of colonization and exploitation of land and people that shape social and human–nature relations, as well as expert studies that define and reinforce the tuber’s relational role in diverse ecologies.

‘It’s a Good Thing to Take an Interest’: Care and University Women in Dorothy L. Sayers’s Gaudy Night and Barbara Pym’s No Fond Return of Love

This essay explores discourses of emotional labour in the university novel. It focuses on Dorothy L. Sayers’s Gaudy Night (1935) and Barbara Pym’s No Fond Return of Love (1961), two novels written at transformational moments when women’s participation in higher education was increasing and the emergence of the welfare state was transforming ideas about the social function of the university. The essay pays particular attention to the various, shifting uses of the word ‘interest’, a phatic expression that connotes both affect and intellect, in depictions of emotional labour. While care has long been understood as a vital part of learning, thinking, and education, Sayers and Pym depict women academics who are ambivalent about performing emotional labour. These novels prefigure ongoing debates about whether universities, and the public sphere more broadly, can be transformed by a feminine ethics which values emotion and relationship building or whether such an ethics of care may enable the exploitation of caregivers and perpetuate a history of female exploitation. As this essay considers how academic work has transformed in the wake of what Arlie Russell Hochschild terms the growth of the ‘care sector’, it explores the forms and affordances of academic emotional labour as well as the spaces, both institutional and symbolic, in which such labour is undertaken.

Victims of human trafficking and exploitation in the healthcare system: a retrospective study using a large multi-state dataset and ICD-10 codes.

Trafficking and exploitation for sex or labor affects millions of persons worldwide. To improve healthcare for these patients, in late 2018 new ICD-10 medical diagnosis codes were implemented in the US. These 13 codes include diagnosis of adult and child sexual exploitation, adult and child labor exploitation, and history of exploitation. Here we report on a database search of a large US health insurer that contained approximately 47.1 million patients and 0.9 million provider organizations, not limited to large medical systems. We reported on any diagnosis with the new codes between 2018-09-01 and 2022-09-01. The dataset was found to contain 5,262 instances of the ICD-10 codes. Regression analysis of the codes found a 5.8% increase in the uptake of these codes per year, representing a decline relative to 6.7% annual increase in the data. The codes were used by 1,810 different providers (0.19% of total) for 2,793 patients. Of the patients, 1,248 were recently trafficked, while the remainder had a personal history of exploitation. Of the recent cases, 86% experienced sexual exploitation, 14% labor exploitation and 0.8% both types. These patients were predominantly female (83%) with a median age of 20 (interquartile range: 15-35). The patients were characterized by persistently high prevalence of mental health conditions (including anxiety: 21%, post-traumatic stress disorder: 20%, major depression: 18%), sexually-transmitted infections, and high utilization of the emergency department (ED). The patients' first report of trafficking occurred most often outside of a hospital or emergency setting (55%), primarily during office and psychiatric visits.

From colonial tea to postcolonial rubber plantations: tracking the Plantationocene in Lugela district, Mozambique

ABSTRACT This research conducted between June 2016 and April 2018 employs ethnographic research, archival sources, and observations to reveal the emergence of the Plantationocene in Mozambique's Lugela district. It explores how historical exploitation and governance of land and people by colonial companies, specifically Société du Madal, have influenced the current plantation regime. By focusing on a MHL rubber plantation in the postcolonial era, the article exposes how the plantation revitalizes colonial methods of racist capital accumulation. The study highlights the detrimental effects of large-scale plantations on rural communities, including marginalization, dispossession, displacement, and the objectification of people and landscapes as mere commodities for capital accumulation. Additionally, it emphasizes how these projects impose new labour relations, racialized identities, and geographies, perpetuating the remnants of colonialism while endorsing a neoliberal framework that further deepens existing inequalities.

Data‐limited fishery assessment methods shed light on the exploitation history and population dynamics of Endangered Species Act‐listed Yelloweye Rockfish in Puget Sound, Washington

AbstractObjectiveThe distinct population segment (DPS) of Yelloweye Rockfish Sebastes ruberrimus inhabiting the Puget Sound/Georgia Basin was listed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in 2010, and a formal recovery plan for the DPS was published by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries in 2017. In this recovery plan, the biological criteria for delisting or downlisting were specified as certain levels of spawning potential ratio (SPR), a commonly used metric of equilibrium stock status for commercially exploited fishes. Although this metric can be estimated from length compositions, the combination of length data with a catch history (which was not previously available for this DPS) improves our understanding of population dynamics over time and allows us to estimate a different measure of stock status, relative (to unfished) spawning stock biomass (SSB), rather than only SPR.MethodsTo estimate relative SSB and reconstruct the historical dynamics of this DPS, we reconstructed the catch history from fisheries records, collated length data from historical and contemporary hook‐and‐line surveys, and fitted a data‐limited version of a statistical catch‐at‐age model.ResultDespite a high level of uncertainty, we estimated that Yelloweye Rockfish in Puget Sound are above 25% of unfished biomass (a reference point detailed in the recovery criteria) under the assumption of deterministic recruitment, presenting the first direct estimates of Yelloweye Rockfish population status in Puget Sound.ConclusionHowever, as informed by recent genetic studies, the DPS boundaries of ESA‐listed Yelloweye Rockfish extend from South Puget Sound to Queen Charlotte Strait in British Columbia. The Canadian portion of this population is managed separately and is currently estimated to be at 32% of unfished biomass (95% quantiles = 15%–68%). Thus, the disjunction between the biological boundaries of the population and the jurisdictional boundaries between Canada and the United States presents an additional source of uncertainty in assessing recovery that must be addressed to achieve DPS‐wide recovery goals.

Social capital and landscape: effects of monoculture forest plantations on small producers in the Mediterranean dryland of south-central Chile

ABSTRACT This research focuses on the socio-ecological context of small farmers in the Mediterranean dryland region of south-central Chile or Secano Interior. This area has been characterised by a long history of natural resource exploitation, especially soil and native vegetation, and the arrival and rapid expansion of monoculture forest plantations resulting in serious environmental degradation issues. Using a mixed methods approach including social network surveys, semi-structured interviews, and geospatial data, this article compares social capital indicators and socio-ecological interactions for rural households with different levels of encroachment due to forest plantations. The research objective is to contrast diverse socio-environmental scenarios with different levels of dispersion and proximity to forest plantations. Findings on local egocentric networks propose clues about the social effects of traditional agriculture loss, rural depopulation and other socio-economic and ecological issues which respondents associated with the introduction and expansion of monoculture plantations in the region.

The Intimacies of Infrastructure: Histories of Exploitation, Labor, and Community Life in Territorial Arizona and Kentucky at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

The Intimacies of Infrastructure: Histories of Exploitation, Labor, and Community Life in Territorial Arizona and Kentucky at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

Preface

The current volume is a part of the annual series of conference on Viet Nam’s Seas and Islands organized by the University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City. This is the second year the conference is being held, in collaboration with the Faculty of Geography, Faculty of History, Center for Ocean, Island and Climate Change Studies, and Center for Strategic Research.The conference “Potential for Exploitation and Development of Coastal Zone in Vietnam”, which was held on April 26th 2023, focuses on the history of maritime exploitation, assessing the potential for economic development, and environmental protection towards sustainable development. Total of 61 papers were received from various research institutions across the country. Among those papers, 24 papers were selected and transferred to the publication process and 16 papers are published.The content of the articles is diverse, and they contribute significantly from five different research perspectives:1. Environmental scientific approaches provide insights into natural resources, sedimentation, erosion assessment, GIS applications for groundwater evaluation, solid waste management, and various aspects of coastal ecosystem management.2. Anthropological approaches delved into the challenges of development choices: whether to prioritize family livelihoods or safeguard maritime security and the marine environment. This presents a significant issue in Viet Nam’s sustainable development.3. Historical approaches were employed to study the evolution of exploitation and clarify policy changes across dynasties and issues related to Viet Nam’s maritime sovereignty throughout different historical periods.4. Economic approaches highlighted directions to natural resources for maritime economic development, coastal tourism, eco-tourism, and fishing along the country’s coastline.5. Lastly, cultural approaches painted a vivid picture of the coastal fishermen, folk songs, indigenous knowledge, and the role of women in preserving and developing coastal areas.The organizers would like to express the appreciation to all of the authors who contributed to the success of the volume, as well as the committee members and reviewers who gave their time and expertise to ensure the scientific quality of the papers. Following that, we would like to thank our colleagues, particularly those on the Advisory Center for Publication and Project Development (CAP) team, who assisted us throughout the editorial process and who were always willing to offer helpful advice based on their extensive experience. Lastly, we wish to convey our appreciation for Prof. Joanna Zawiejska, Ms. Nguyen Ngoc Phuong Giang, and Ms. Natalia Popielska for English editing and comments on our papers.We trust that the published research provides both educational and informative value. Our aim is for the selected papers to serve as inspiration, motivating readers to advance their own research career, as well as contribute to the sustainable development of Viet Nam’s marine environments and coastal zones. Editorial board Prof. Dr. Vo Van Sen; Dr. Le Thanh Hoa, and Dr. Pham Thi Bich Ngoc Organizer: University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City 10-12 Dinh Tien Hoang St., Ben Nghe Ward, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam Sponsors:1. University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City2. Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City under the grant number ÐA2019-18b-01 Technical supports: Advisory Center for Publication and Project Development, USSH, VNUHCMList of Steering Committee, Organizing Conference Committee, Scientific Conference Committee and Conference Secretariat are available in this pdf.

Financial exploitation and mental health among Holocaust survivors: the moderating role of posttraumatic symptoms.

We examined whether anxiety and depressive symptoms associated with self-reported history of financial exploitation (FE) are more pronounced among Holocaust survivors (HS), especially those with high-level posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Self-report questionnaires completed online via Qualtrics. An online-based survey conducted in Israel. A community-based cohort of 137 Israeli older adults born prior to 1945 were included in the study sample. HS (n = 61) were participants who reported living in a European country occupied or dominated by Nazi or pro-Nazi regimes between 1939 and 1945. Groups were further subdivided into survivors with low or high levels of PTSD symptoms (≥31 on the PTSD Checklist; PCL-5). Questionnaires assessed FE history, posttraumatic symptoms (PCL-5), depressive symptoms (PHQ-9), and anxiety (GAD-7). Age, education, self-rated health, and non-Holocaust lifetime adversity were also measured and included as covariates. Hierarchical linear regression models revealed that relationships between FE and depressive and anxiety symptoms were significant only among survivors (p = 0.005 and p = 0.008, respectively). The interaction between PTSD symptom level group and FE was also significant for both depressive (p = 0.007) and anxiety (p = 0.012) symptoms, such that survivors with PTSD who reported FE had significantly greater symptoms of depression and anxiety compared to all other groups. Findings suggest that the experience of FE may be particularly impactful among survivors who continue to struggle with posttraumatic symptoms related to the Holocaust. Future studies may consider examining whether findings are relevant to other groups with PTSD.

Ресурсные платежи при недропользовании и их роль в налоговых доходах региона (на примере Республики Коми)

The issues of resource rent extraction on the development of mineral deposits have been important throughout the whole history of natural resources exploitation. Today, they are of special importance as the question on the equitable income distribution comes to the forefront of the economic and political development of the society. The author has identified the main world approaches of tax policy which, with all the existing differences between the countries, indicate the main goal of taxation in the mining industries, i.e. the maximal profit recovery on maintaining the interest of entrepreneurs to continue the high-risk mining works. The paper considers tax revenues generated in the mining sector of the regional economy. The tax revenues have been compared with the main macroeconomic indicators of the Komi Republic and the Russian Federation, as well as with the results on the valuation of mineral and raw material potential.

Exploitation shifted trophic ecology and habitat preferences of Mediterranean and Black Sea bluefin tuna over centuries

AbstractDuring recent decades, the health of ocean ecosystems and fish populations has been threatened by overexploitation, pollution and anthropogenic‐driven climate change. Due to a lack of long‐term ecological data, we have a poor grasp of the true impact on the diet and habitat use of fishes. This information is vital if we are to recover depleted fish populations and predict their future dynamics. Here, we trace the long‐term diet and habitat use of Atlantic bluefin tuna (BFT), Thunnus thynnus, a species that has had one of the longest and most intense exploitation histories, owing to its tremendous cultural and economic importance. Using carbon, nitrogen and sulphur stable isotope analyses of modern and ancient BFT including 98 archaeological and archival bones from 11 Mediterranean locations ca. 1st century to 1941 CE, we infer a shift to increased pelagic foraging around the 16th century in Mediterranean BFT. This likely reflects the early anthropogenic exploitation of inshore coastal ecosystems, as attested by historical literature sources. Further, we reveal that BFT which migrated to the Black Sea–and that disappeared during a period of intense exploitation and ecosystem changes in the 1980s–represented a unique component, isotopically distinct from BFT of NE Atlantic and Mediterranean locations. These data suggest that anthropogenic activities had the ability to alter the diet and habitat use of fishes in conditions prior to those of recent decades. Consequently, long‐term data provide novel perspectives on when marine ecosystem modification began and the responses of marine populations, with which to guide conservation policy.

Sea Surface Temperature Affects the Reproductive Biology of Female Pearl Perch (Glaucosoma scapulare Macleay, 1881) in Queensland, Australia

Pearl perch (Glaucosoma scapulare) are endemic to the east coast of Australia and have a long history of exploitation. Recent stock assessments indicate that the current rate of fishing mortality is unsustainable in the long term. To better inform the management of the pearl perch stock and to address gaps in our understanding of their reproductive biology, we investigated patterns in gonad development and estimated length- and age-at-maturity and batch fecundity from females collected from southern and central Queensland waters between 2018 and 2022. The mean gonadosomatic index (GSI) varied both temporally and spatially, with maxima in the austral autumn in southern Queensland and in summer in central Queensland, coinciding with sea surface temperatures between 25.26 and 26.32°C. The length- and age-at-maturity of females were 353 mm (fork length, FL) and 4.42 years, respectively, and batch fecundity (B) was correlated to FL such that Ln(B) = 2.45 × Ln(FL) + 3.90. Our results will inform a management strategy to recover the stock to acceptable levels of exploitation.

Prehistoric and historic exploitation of marine mammals in the Black Sea

The recent exploitation of marine species is relatively well documented and understood in terms of impacts on species abundance, distribution, and resource use. In contrast, ancient exploitation of marine mammals remains poorly documented; in part, because a detailed meta-analysis of their presence in the zooarchaeological record is lacking. This is true in the Black Sea, where cetaceans are reported in the zooarchaeological record but have not yet been studied comprehensively. Here, we synthesize all available published and unpublished zooarchaeological data from 27 sites around the Black Sea, dating from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods (6500-6000 BCE) to the Medieval period (641–1475 CE), to document the extent and nature of the exploitation of the Black Sea cetacean species. The results suggest that cetacean exploitation was practised continuously in the Black Sea over a period of 8500 years from the Neolithic through to the Medieval period. This suggests a much longer history of marine mammal exploitation in the Black Sea than previously understood, pushing back the timeline of human impacts on the Black Sea marine fauna.