Historicity Research Articles

“The Outlook for Pugilism is Black”: Representations of Prize fighter Jack Johnson in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch

When challenger Jack Johnson took to the ring against heavyweight champion Tommy Burns, newspapers across the US quickly cast the bout as a battle between the races. Johnson, an African American, won the battle decisively and began his reign atop the world of prize fighting. This examination of content in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch seeks to inform newspaper coverage of Johnson during his time as the heavyweight champion, and considers the racial attitudes of Joseph Pulitzer and those of his son, Joseph Pulitzer II. The study finds that while the Post-Dispatch acknowledged Johnson as champion and occasionally published dignified photos of the boxer, content became contemptuous after his 1910 victory over former champion James Jeffries. Although the boxers appeared more likely than the newspaper to use racial epithets, the Post-Dispatch published multiple derogatory and racist cartoons of Johnson. Despite the lofty journalistic principles Pulitzer espoused and the perceived historical accuracy of those ideals—a 2016 editorial in the Post-Dispatch stated that Pulitzer “championed racial justice and women’s rights decades before those ideas were popularly held”—history demonstrates a newspaper unconcerned with the sensibilities of African Americans while Johnson reigned as heavyweight champ.

Balancing Playability and Historical Accuracy in Game Design - Developing the Struve Geodetic Arc Mobile Game

Numerous digital games and media with historical themes aim to educate or engage audiences with heritage. When developing a historical video game, some of the most critical design decisions are centered around finding the balance between an accurate presentation of historical facts and engaging gameplay. This paper examines the game developer's role in selecting and presenting historical content through a case study of a mobile game development process. The design choices and developers' positions related to using historical facts are examined through thematic analysis of interview data and game design documents. Recurring themes in the data reveal a constant interplay between game features and historical content, supported by historical knowledge and technology. In small teams, individual developers often make crucial design decisions while performing multiple roles. As key findings, we report that the resourcing and timing of historical research significantly impacts developers' decisions, and note varying degrees of interest in historical accuracy within the development team.

Visible and Invisible: Tokening the Memory of the Holocaust in Fascist Concentration Camps

ABSTRACT This article explores commemorative plaques at former fascist concentration camps in Italy, focusing on how they reflect the memory of the Holocaust. Using lexical analysis to rank word frequency, the study identifies four narrative modes: Culpabilisation, Heroisation, Victimisation, and Redemption. Before the establishment of Holocaust Remembrance Day in 2000, plaques predominantly highlighted the Italian Resistance against Nazis, with minimal acknowledgement of the Holocaust. Although there has been a shift towards recognising the Holocaust since Law 211, the Resistance narrative remains central. Fascism is rarely mentioned, indicating a tendency to downplay Italy’s fascist past and its Nazi alliance. While these plaques meet legal requirements for remembrance, they often lack historical accuracy, focus on local events, and prioritise heroism over the recognition of atrocities and their perpetrators.

Limes (the Roman Frontier): Developing a Video Game for History Learning

The use of gaming technologies in education holds great promise to provide engaging learning experiences. Whereas video games have been successfully used to foster learning in several school subjects, the current understanding of the potential of video games for history learning is still limited. This paper details the development of Limes, a 2D top-down educational game created in Unity and rendered in pixel art. The game targets 5th/6th grade secondary school students and is set in the third century AD in southern Germany, a period characterized by political and social instabilities. Limes digs into the complex relations between the Roman Empire and the Alemanni tribe, one of the most powerful Germanic tribes of this period. The player can experience this pixelated world through the eyes of an Alemanni child, who forms a friendship with a Roman centurion. The unfolding narrative places the young protagonist in the precarious balance of peace and conflict, and the player needs to navigate the diplomatic tensions of the era. The gameplay consists of five levels, including primary missions and optional secondary missions which unlock special features (e.g., puzzles, quizzes). Limes incorporates a variety of game mechanics, ranging from running and interacting with characters to stealth missions, throwing rocks, and horse racing. These dynamics are integrated into the historical narrative of the game, enriching the player's experience. The game development process combined insights and methods from multiple disciplines, including game-based learning, educational, social, and cultural psychology, education sciences and pedagogy, and history education. Moreover, the game capitalizes on Unity’s wide array of development tools, which provide extensive customization possibilities, and employs pixel art, facilitating an engaging environment while maintaining a cost-conscious development process. Initial tests and expert feedback highlight the promise of Limes as a game that leverages historical accuracy and innovative educational tools to foster a deeper understanding of Roman history. Next steps include empirical studies with students to test the game's effectiveness (e.g., in improving interest in and knowledge of Roman history).

Developing Concepts of Authenticity: Insights From Parents' and Children's Conversations About Historical Significance.

The present study investigated children's understanding that an object's history may increase its significance, an appreciation that underpins the concept of historical authenticity (i.e., the idea that an item's history determines its true identity, beyond its functional or material qualities, leading people to value real items over copies or fakes). We examined the development of historical significance through the lens of parent-child conversations, and children's performance on an authenticity assessment. The final sample was American, 79.2% monoracial White, and mid-high socio-economic status (SES) and included 48 parent-child pairs: 24 with younger children (R=3.5 to 4.5 years) and 24 with older children (R=5.5 to 6.5 years). Parent-child pairs discussed three books we created, with three storylines: a museum (culturally authentic) storyline, a clean-up (personally authentic) storyline, and a control storyline. Across measures, conversations suggested that authenticity may begin as a "placeholder concept" that is initially rooted in a broad appreciation for the significance of old objects and only later filled in with specifics. This placeholder initially directs children's learning about authenticity by linking, in an unspecified way, the value and significance of objects to their past. For example, we found that young children appropriately appealed to history (vs. perceptual or functional features of objects) in contexts regarding authentic objects but struggled in determining which objects were more significant on the post-test assessment, suggesting that they attend to object history but are not yet sure how histories matter for making authenticity judgments. We also found some evidence that directing children's attention toward conceptual information related to object history may in turn direct them away from material or perceptual considerations, as seen in trade-offs in parents' and children's conversations. Together, this exploratory report offers many new avenues for work on the development of authenticity concepts in childhood.

Preserving Endangered Heritage: Integrating GeoNames/Pleiades, Armenian Toponyms and Regularization for Cultural Identity Preservation in Conflict Zones

In the face of escalating threats to Armenian cultural heritage in Artsakh due to armed conflicts and destruction, urgent measures are imperative to safeguard this invaluable legacy. The Digital Humanities Institute at the EPFL (École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland) is leading an effort to digitize the Armenian epigraphic heritage in Artsakh, where inscriptions and toponyms serve as cultural identifiers. Documenting endangered inscriptions and using the <origin>, <origPlace> and <provenance> tags safeguard historical integrity. Integrating GeoNames and Pleiades enhances accessibility and accuracy, bridging perspectives and preserving heritage. The project's bilingual nature amplifies complexity, as English and Armenian representations are layered with intricate grammar nuances. Lemmatization and regularization ensure consistent proper names, particularly across diverse grammatical cases. In a landscape where cultural heritage preservation is needed, the marriage of external resources, Armenian toponyms, lemmatization and regularization ensures historical accuracy and accessibility. This academic set-up clarifies the methodologies and standards used, emphasizing the preservation of Armenian cultural heritage through digital epigraphy. The set-up of the corpus allows for future enrichment by incorporating additional inscriptions, more detailed historical background information and etymological clarifications about the toponyms. This flexibility ensures that the corpus can continue to grow and provide comprehensive insights into the cultural heritage of Artsakh.

Art, Ideology and Scientific Knowledge: Louis Althusser’s Philosophical Approach to the Film Analysis: The Battle of Algiers 1966

Objectives: This study discusses the historical accuracy of the film and its portrayal of the battle of Algiers far away from the European and western egocentralism, evaluating the scenes and images and their non-leanear narrative structure and effectiveness in capturing different ideological perspectives when compared to documentary footage and factual depictions, in order to create a sense of objectivity and realism. Methods: Philosophical analysis is used through constructing and deconstructing concepts of the film. Louis Althusser's theory of ideology is applied in this research paper to better comprehend how ideology affects the dynamics of power and social institutions. Additionally, the recorded records from the archives of the liberation of Algeria are utilised. Results: Althusser’s notion of social formation, as a construction, is presented as a construction emerging from roles and central positions. This moving away from the egocentric vision , with no regulating concept, no starting seed, no united whole contradicted to the use of ideology as seeking for completion and wholeness. In brief, despite attempts to utilize what they claim to be scientific knowledge, the endeavor to harness these possibilities led to new technological and scientific analysis. However, its utilization within the framework of state apparatus ideology and social formation bifurcated the film into two levels: film analysis and post-film analysis. Conclusions: linking science to art has become established by means of linking both reality and philosophical fiction. So the distinction between the concepts of science and meta- science, art and meta- art, ideology and meta-ideology became necessary.

Articulator Characteristics Of THE Cycles Of The Historical-Fantasy Romans Of David Gemmell" The Lion Of Macedon " and "Troy"

David Gemmell's historical fantasy novels, particularly those centered around the Trojan War and Alexander of Macedonia, masterfully intertwine historical authenticity with imaginative elements, creating narratives that both entertain and offer fresh perspectives on well-known historical events. This study delves into Gemmell's unique approach to historical fantasy, analyzing how he reimagines legendary episodes such as the siege of Troy and the life of Alexander the Great. Through a detailed examination of Gemmell's works, including The Lion of Macedon and the Troy trilogy, this research highlights his ability to blend historical accuracy with mythological creativity. The analysis reveals that Gemmell's characters, rooted in history yet enhanced by fantastical traits, resonate deeply with modern readers by addressing timeless themes such as heroism, fate, and the human condition. The study finds that Gemmell's integration of historical figures with mythological elements not only enriches the narrative complexity of his works but also engages readers in a more profound exploration of the ethical and philosophical dimensions of history. His portrayal of characters like Alexander and the heroes of Troy balances their legendary status with human vulnerabilities, making them relatable and compelling to a contemporary audience. Additionally, the research uncovers that Gemmell's approach to historical fantasy significantly influences the reader's perception of historical events, offering an alternative lens through which to understand and appreciate the past.

Experimental analysis of the bond-slip characteristics between CFRP and natural stone masonry units

Purpose Although the reinforcement of concrete and brick masonry with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) has been extensively researched, its application and impact on natural stone, especially in historic preservation, have received less attention. This study aims to examine the bond-slip characteristics of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) with two types of natural stone masonry, aiming to enhance their effectiveness in reinforcing historic structures. The stones studied include one from the Chouf-Lekdad region (A) and another from a historic structure in Sétif City (B). Both stones were strengthened using CFRP and carbon fiber fabric (CFF) through near-surface mount (NSM) and external bonding (EBR) techniques. Design/methodology/approach The interaction was assessed during the pull-out test by analyzing the stress transfer mechanisms, adhesion and deformation. This study also examines the effects of the following parameters on the bond between CFRP and stone: type of stone (A and B), type of reinforcement (plat CFRP and CFF), various notch shapes and sizes (bp, tp and Lb), and reinforcement techniques (NSM and EBR). Findings This study demonstrated the practicality and effectiveness of enhancing natural stone masonry of old buildings by integrating NSM and EBR techniques with CFRP. With a bond length of 30 mm, the pull-out force correlates with the strength of the stone. This indicates the importance of stone strength in obtaining better adhesion. The CFF–resin interface is more cohesive than the CFRP plate–resin interface because the resin penetrates the flexible CFF strip, ensuring better adhesion. In contrast, the CFRP plate interface is rigid and smooth. The results suggest that natural stone–CFRP adhesion is more effective than CFRP bonded to concrete and brick masonry due to the stone's strong resistance. Originality/value This experimental investigation provides new study into the bond-slip behavior of CFRP-reinforced natural stone masonry, filling the gap in existing research. The findings offer useful direction for creating FRP strengthening solutions that are specifically adapted to the properties of natural stone used in historic constructions. This study helps to improve preservation procedures by guiding the selection of reinforcing techniques, such as NSM versus EBR, and finding ideal bond lengths. This work's novelty stems from its ability to improve the structural integrity of culturally significant buildings while preserving their historical authenticity.

„In tyrannos“ !? – Sicco Polentons Ovidvita zwischen mittelalterlichem ‚Aberglauben‘, ‚republikanischem Diskurs‘ und pragmatischem Bildungsideal

Abstract The paper offers a new interpretation of the Life of Ovid in the Scriptorum illustrium Latinae linguae libri XVIII of Sicco Polenton. While so far scholarship has mostly criticized the lack of historical and philological accuracy in this Life and Sicco’s dependency on medieval speculations, the paper tries to take a closer look at the implications of Sicco’s own methodological stance towards poetry, historiography and rhetoric. A discussion follows whether Sicco’s own biography has shaped his outlook on the ancient poet, and to what extent Sicco’s treatment of Ovid’s relegation can be integrated into an early humanist tradition of anti-tyrannical discourse. It is argued that both Sicco’s literary ideals and the elaboration of the Life of Ovid, especially the description of the exile, reflect Sicco’s own life story and social background, but also his fundamental purpose of promoting his humanistic teaching.

‘I think you’d strike’: Interpreting Preston in The Strike

The literary aftermath of the Preston lock-out has been dominated by Charles Dickens’s Hard Times (1854) and Elizabeth Gaskell’s North and South (1854–1855). Far less well known is The Strike , an anonymous tale published in 1855 by the Oxford publishing firm John Henry Parker. This article explores the relationships between The Strike and the ‘industrial novel’ (particularly Hard Times and North and South ) as well as comparing their respective handling of the historical reality of the Preston lock-out. It analyses the similarities and differences in the literary handling of the lock-out across all three texts and argues that, in terms of historical verisimilitude, The Strike generally demonstrates a greater degree of historical accuracy than either of its better-known counterparts. Additionally, it argues that the tale’s interest in co-operation suggests an author with Christian Socialist affiliations and, in its closing paragraphs, offers circumstantial evidence pointing to the Rev. Charles Marriott as a potential author of The Strike .

Lawrence Alma-Tadema and the nineteenth-century 'periode eye': Classical sources for his Entrance of the theatre (1866) and An exedra (1869)

The Anglo-Dutch artist Lawrence Alma-Tadema (1836-1912) is known for being one of the leading representatives of historical genre painting. His paintings are often set in antiquity that usually transmits a peaceful atmosphere, although they also regularly refer to classical sources that include critical messages. Two key works of Alma-Tadema’s Pompeian period are Entrance of the theatre (1866) and An exedra (1869). These works are paradigmatic of the artist’s in-depth knowledge of classical civilization. He seemed obsessed with the historical accuracy of his paintings, which can be partly explained by the fact that general education at the time was steeped in the classics, and the public’s appreciation of his paintings must have been directly related to what was taught at school. Through a detailed analysis in conjunction with contemporary critical reviews, the author intends to reconstruct the nineteenth-century perspective on Alma-Tadema’s work. The question is how his contemporaries may have viewed his paintings, and how the concept of the ‘period eye’, developed by Baxandall, can be of use. It turns out that, with access to these classical sources, Entrance of the theatre becomes a scathing critique of the vanity and conceit of the wealthy class. Alma-Tadema’s reference to Terence’s comedy Andria convincingly complements a social criticism depicted through a public scene at the entrance of the Small Theatre in Pompeii. Additionally, the inscriptions and monuments that were associated with the famous family of the Holconians in particular, and theatrical patronage in Pompeii in general, must have been of particular interest to Alma-Tadema. This also emerged in An exedra, a scene around a tomb at the Via dei Sepolcri in Pompeii. The result is an image that, beyond a casual daily image from antiquity, also aims to show social injustice through the lost gaze of the enslaved person. These paintings show how Lawrence Alma-Tadema was capable of making numerous references, by layering several meanings and suggestions taken from antiquity. They also constitute a clear example of how he used and combined all his knowledge of classical architecture and fashion available at the time, to elaborate a pictorial narrative that pointed to the core of historical reconstruction.

Maternal and Fetal Outcomes of COVID-19 According to the Trimester of Diagnosis: A Cross-Sectional Prospective Study in a Tertiary University Hospital.

Objectives: Pregnant women are considered a high-risk group because they may be particularly susceptible to COVID-19. Our study tried to relate fetomaternal outcomes and trimester-specific infection. Methods: A prospective study on 224 pregnant women with confirmed antenatal infections at a tertiary hospital. Data from the antenatal clinic records, admission files, labor ward and neonatal notes, lab results, respiratory consultations, and ICU admission were analyzed using Jamovi 2.2.5, with p < 0.05 indicating significance. Results: A total of 224 patients were included-10, 32, and 182 patients were diagnosed in the first, second, and third trimesters, respectively. Neonatal NICU admissions were significantly higher among those with infections in the third trimester compared to those in the first trimester (p = 0.008). Significant differences in Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min emerged between the second and third trimesters (p = 0.014 and p = 0.037, respectively). However, no significant differences were observed in Apgar scores between the first and second trimesters (p = 0.341, p = 0.108) or the first and third trimesters (p = 0.545, p = 0.755). Complications of pregnancy, including maternal mortality and various conditions (respiratory, obstetrical, sepsis, DIC), neonatal outcomes, ICU admission, and cesarean section indications, showed no significant differences related to the trimester of infection (p-values: 0.989, 0.892). Study limitations include sample size impacting generalization, higher COVID-19 cases in the third trimester than other trimesters, and potential historical data availability and accuracy issues. Conclusions: In the third trimester, COVID-19 caused more neonatal ICU admissions than the first trimester, with lower Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min compared to the second trimester, indicating an increasing susceptibility and vulnerability to COVID-19 infection with an increasing pregnancy age. Other fetal and maternal outcomes showed no significant differences in infection timing.

Research on Optimization of Intermittent Production Process System

As gas wells enter later production stages, the formation pressure decreases and liquid accumulates at the bottom of the gas well. The formation pressure is insufficient to lift the accumulated liquid from the bottom of the well to the surface. At this time, a large number of gas wells need to undergo intermittent production to maintain their production capacity. This article focuses on the four stages of intermittent production in gas wells, considering the changes in slip gas holdup, pressure, and gas–liquid flow in and out of tubing and casing, and establishes a transient mathematical model for intermittent production in gas wells in stages. By using the dynamic tracking technology of moving liquid slugs to divide the wellbore grid and solve it in stages, the optimal shut-in time for intermittent production of gas wells was obtained. The transient mathematical model developed for intermittent gas well production achieved a high historical fit accuracy of over 90%. This indicates that the simulation results are in line with the actual situation of gas well intermittent production and can effectively guide intermittent production. The optimized intermittent production system of gas wells has a higher cumulative gas production compared to the original system, achieving the optimization of intermittent production system. This method is beneficial for guiding efficient production of gas wells in low-pressure formations.

Проблематика информационного шума в контексте современного кинематографа

The article is devoted to the study of the ‘information noise’ phenomenon in the context of modern cinema. As a comprehensive art form, cinema in the current era confronts this multifaceted issue. This study critically analyses the concept of information noise scrutinizing its manifestations across diverse cultural and social contexts. The author highlights various dimensions of information noise and assesses its impact on the perception and interpretation of cinematic productions, encompassing aspects like historical authenticity, value stereotyping, the preservation or substitution of core ideas, censorship influence, narrative complexity, and verbal imperfections. The article also addresses the current state of scientific development of the topic under study. It underscores people’s limitations in processing information and how perception is influenced by their socio-cultural origins. The necessity for a standardized approach to identify characteristics of information noise in film production is also emphasized.

A virtual reconstruction method for corridor gable buildings based on the knowledge of structural dynamics: taking Leiyin Cave as an example

Virtual reconstruction of ancient buildings often has incomplete records of the original design and construction details, and can only be reconstructed based on limited data, drawings and photography, which is different from the actual conditions. The unique overhanging structure of the corridor gable building makes it vulnerable to damage in extreme weather conditions. In order to ensure that the virtual reconstruction results can not only reproduce the original appearance of history, but also ensure that the reconstructed model maintains structural stability in the long term. This paper proposes a reconstruction method of the original appearance of the corridor gable building remains based on structural dynamics analysis. This method comprehensively uses three-dimensional reconstruction, structural engineering, dynamic analysis, and computer simulation technology to ensure the structural accuracy and historical authenticity of the virtually reconstructed corridor gable building. First, through data collection and analysis, combined with ancient architectural construction techniques, a preliminary three-dimensional model was created, which included all structural elements and details. Several groups of reconstruction schemes are determined based on material properties. Then, using finite element analysis software, perform dynamic analysis on the three-dimensional model. Evaluate the stability of the reconstructed structure and optimize the material selection plan to ensure the feasibility and accuracy of the virtual reconstruction. Taking the virtual reconstruction of the eaves in front of Leiyin Cave as an example, it shows that this method is effective and feasible to achieve the virtual reconstruction of corridor gable buildings. It provides new ideas for virtual reconstruction of ancient buildings and has important practical application value.

Study on Nonlinear Parameter Inversion and Numerical Simulation in Condensate Reservoirs

The B6 metamorphic buried hill condensate gas reservoir exhibits a highly compact matrix, leading to a rapid decline in bottom-hole pressure during initial production. The minimal difference between formation and saturation pressures results in severe retrograde condensation, with multiphase flow further increasing resistance. Conventional numerical simulations often overestimate reservoir energy supply due to their failure to account for this additional resistance, leading to inaccuracies in bottom-hole pressure predictions and gas–oil ratio during history matching. To address these challenges, this study conducted research on nonlinear numerical simulation for buried hill condensate gas reservoirs and established a method for calculating a multiphase pressure sweep range based on the well testing theory. By correcting and fitting the pressure propagation boundaries with numerical simulation, the nonlinear flow parameters applicable to the B6 gas field were inversed. This study revealed that conventional Darcy flow is inadequate for predicting pressure propagation boundaries and that it is possible to reasonably characterize the pressure sweep range through nonlinear flow. This approach resulted in an improvement in the accuracy of historical matching for bottom-hole pressure and gas–oil ratio, which improve the historical fitting accuracy to 85%, providing valuable insights for the development of similar reservoirs.

Historical Depictions, Archaeological Practices, and the Construct of Cultural Heritage in Commercial Video Games: The Role of These Games in Raising Awareness

Abstract Concerns regarding the historical accuracy, archaeological practices, and representation of cultural heritage (CH) in commercial video games (VGs) have fueled unending debates about their educational value. However, beyond offering interactive and engaging narratives, it is argued that these games play a vital role in CH. This work delves into the complexities inherent in representing history, archaeology, and CH within commercial VGs. It examines the portrayal of CH as a construct within these games, underscores the importance of collaborative efforts – between game developers, heritage professionals, and members of the communities represented – in their development, and highlights instances where commercial VGs can foster CH awareness. While many commercial VGs touch upon history and archaeology or embody diverse cultures as the platform for their narratives, the focus is placed on Shadow of the Tomb Raider to illustrate the many points found in this work because the game is said to ethically come close to representing the effects of archaeology on local populations and descendants of ancient people. The aim is to catalyze discussions among educators, researchers, game developers, heritage experts, and other stakeholders about the role of commercial VGs in enhancing learning and promoting consciousness about matters vital to cultural identities.

AI-POWERED RESTORATION OF VINTAGE FILMS INTO NEW CINEMA: HARMONIZING CREATION AND AUTOMATION

The revival of classic films has made significant progress thanks to Artificial Intelligence-powered restoration methods. The AI produces a restored film with improved brightness, resolution and color while preserving the original film content through complex algorithms. The purpose of the research is to analyze the opinions of viewers and historians about films restored with artificial intelligence and to address the ethical issues associated with AI restoration. Data was collected on likes and dislikes of viewers of AI-restored movies on YouTube, and the survey analyzed 375 people watching the vintage movie and its restored version. Analysis results show that AI-restored movies have better resolution, color and sound quality than the original vintage footage. Historians argue that AI algorithms can change the historical meaning and authenticity of the original work and undermine the original artistic intent of old films. The difficulty with artificial intelligence is finding a balance between technical progress and maintaining creative and historical integrity, which requires strict ethical standards to prevent potential harm. Preserving the integrity and true historical accuracy of original content and maintaining public trust require transparent practices, rigorous authentication procedures, and careful navigation of copyright, ownership, and consent issues. The rights of content producers, communities and individuals must be respected to ensure that AI-assisted restoration is carried out responsibly and ethically. The power of artificial intelligence in the restoration of old films has great potential to preserve and celebrate our film heritage.

A CRITICAL STUDY ON THE CONTROVERSY OF ABHIDHAMMA ACCORDING TO HISTORICAL AND TRADITIONAL APPROACH

ABSTRACT This research provides a critical examination over the controversy surrounding the history of Abhidhamma based on historical background and written tradition. It is a library research which was done by collecting and scrutinizing data from the Tipitaka and its commentaries, combined with articles and books written by Buddhist scholars. Abhidhamma which is traditionally understood as higher teaching taught by the Buddha, reveals controversies among Buddhist scholars. They questioned the historical authenticity of Abhidhamma as the words of the Buddha, since they found several incompatibilities when looking at the historical background of the development of Buddhist literature. Kathāvatthuppakaraṇa, one of the seven books of Abhidhamma Piṭaka, is strong evidence that the book was compiled by Ven. Mogaliputtatissa Thera in the end of the third Buddhist council long after the parinibbāna of the Buddha. However, the written tradition as reported in the commentaries asserts that Abhidhamma should be accepted as Buddhavacana. Bhikkhu Buddhaghosa Thera in his commentaries consistently tried to highlight the Abhidhamma as higher teachings that should be acknowledged as Buddhavacana. This research sheds light on how the history of Abhidhamma is perceived on through the lenses of history and written tradition.