History Of Village Research Articles

A rethink of the incentives programme in the conservation of South Korea’s historic villages

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address the overarching question, which was whether the incentives programmes formulated for the community have been found to be suitable to the aspirations and needs of the local residents. Design/methodology/approach – This study has resulted from the authors’ experience through conducting a survey with the local residents in three locations, namely the Bukchon Hanok Village located at Seoul metropolitan city; the Hahoe Village, Angdong and the Yangdong Village, Gyeongju; both the latter are located towards the west of the Korean peninsula in the Gyeongbuk-do Province. This study has hopefully tried to analyse the residents’ perception of the effectiveness of the current incentives policy by using the Bennett’s programme evaluation method. Findings – Results show that there was a divergent direction between the current incentives policy and the local aspirations between sites. In most cases, the cultural heritage conservation has been found to be a catalyst to fulfil a heritage tourism advantage rather than to cater to the local community needs. Originality/value – The paper is the first insightful study of the historic villages which attempts to draw out the importance of the effectiveness of the incentives programme in guiding the conservation efforts for the local economic development.

REVITALIZING HISTORIC AREAS; LESSONS FROM THE RENOVATION OF SAIDPUR VILLAGE, ISLAMABAD

Over the past decades, traditional cities and their historic districts have been deteriorating steadily. The combination of modernity, congestion, old infrastructure and financial pressures have led to migration of people from old neighborhoods and their eventual decline and decay. In league with this loss of traditional cities, in Islamabad, the Central Development Authority (CDA) decided to revitalize the historic village of Saidpur. The project undertook to restore historical architecture, encourage tourism and reverse the cycle of decay by economic and social revival of the area. Saidpur is a small historic village, possibly 500 years old, located at the base of the Margalla Hills. The center of the village has old heritage buildings in the form of two mandirs (temple) and a dharamshala (sanctuary). These were neglected and undergoing rapid deterioration. The infrastructure of the area was underdeveloped, with open drains, unpaved pathways and no solid waste management system. This paper studies the process and results of this revitalization project analysing the impact of the project on the cultural, social and economic conditions of the village. The methodology of this study was based on qualitative interviews with the residents of the village, CDA officials and direct observation of the spaces (before and after renovation). The paper concludes that the local community must be the engine of any sustainable revitalization of cultural heritage. In the case of Saidpur Village, gentrification without community participation has threatened the social and historic cohesion of the area, leading to brutal transformation and marginalization of local residents. Keywords: Saidpur, renovation, sustainable revitalization, heritage, community.

Rural tourism and national identity building in contemporary Europe: Evidence from Portugal

This article examines the relationship between rural tourism and national identity, with reference to a southern European country. Particular attention is devoted to the meaning making work that the state, national visitors and residents do at two of the most popular Historic Villages of Portugal. Drawing on ethnographic materials, the article sheds light on the links between historic conservation and “heritagization”, as defined by Poria and Ashworth, and demonstrates the force of the nation's medieval origins in the dominant discourses on Portuguese national identity. In addition, it shows that “felt history” has been target by the state to increase levels of consumption through rural tourism, but also triggers a sense of national pride among Portuguese visitors. The residents of Castelo Rodrigo and of Sortelha contest, but they also recycle the officially sanctioned interpretation of the sites as medieval to convey the fascinating distinctiveness of the local identity.

The Struggle for Scotland's Future

Chris Bambery's splendid People's History builds upon the scholarly work of others across several generations…. In Bambery's careful telling, the decisive moment in anything like modern Scottish history comes several hundred years ago. The Scots' real capitalism spread through the savage process of depopulation that Marx described so brilliantly in Capital: enclosure. Over extended decades, thousands of historic villages were literally emptied, so much so that remnants of crude huts can still be found in areas that have fewer inhabitants than sheep. The distinct language, created over thousands of years and retained with great effort in Wales, and with less effort in the rural districts of Ireland, did not need to be crudely suppressed here: the victims, pushed into the cities when not driven to early deaths, seem to have lost everything in this later period but their colorful, characteristic Scottish accents.This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.

Albergo Diffuso as a model of original hospitality and sustainable development of small historical villages

This paper fits within the wider context related to the definition of restoration strategies and models, and revitalization of small historical towns and villages, focusing on touristic use and on the Albergo Diffuso (AD) model. This latter, in its functional elements, includes solutions to solve degeneration and gradual depopulation problems, typical in these cases, by enhancing both tangible and intangible resources. The purpose of this research study was to verify, about 20 years after the first implementations, to what extent and by means of what type of intervention the AD model influenced regeneration processes of historical villages and refunctionalization of reused building heritage. By means of an exploratory investigation and an in situ monitoring activity, it was possible to outline an initial measurement of both direct and indirect results following the application of ADs. The activities confirmed the virtuosity of the model and identified both critical issues and strong points, directly connected to the type of users and to the sustainability features of the interventions.

Investigating the Sustainability of a Vernacular Village

Vernacular architecture, as an attractive product of the society, is an expression of the cultural beliefs, geographical characteristics and available local materials, which inevitably reflects on its territory and context. The vastness of countries such as Iran, with different climatic zones, has initiated the development of logical design solutions via vernacular architecture. The vernacular heritage with self-efficient local materials and climate responsive design is a manifestation of sustainability. This paper presents the principles and methods of vernacular architectural design, used in a historical village, Abyaneh, in the central part of Iran, to address how sustainability has been achieved through vernacular design in this region. This paper also explores how physically sustainable urban settlements can lead to socially sustainable and viable communities. There are many lessons to be learnt from the vernacular architecture of traditional villages, like Abyaneh, which have been shaped organically, throughout the centuries. Through investigation of vernacular strategies, we need to find economically viable and context responsive design solutions in today's contemporary architectural designs. This study is based on the systematic review of the existing literature, site observations and field studies.

Los repositorios temáticos: herramienta didáctica que trasforma la etnoeducación del pueblo ancestral zenú.

<p>Preservar la cultura del pueblo Zenú como estrategia curricular mediada por las Tecnologías de Información y la Comunicación (TIC), supone un reto que abarca desde la caracterización de la identidad y tradición de la etnia como pueblo histórico, hasta los análisis jurídicos, educativos, tecnológicos y sociales que implica su presencia en Colombia. Es este ejercicio metodológico lo que define los alcances de la presente investigación.</p><p>Desde un enfoque cualitativo y bajo técnicas de recolección de datos como la entrevista semiestructurada y de grupo focal, se establecieron contactos con informantes docentes, estudiantes, jefes indígenas y una experta en cultura Zenú, que permitieron al grupo investigador analizar e interpretar categorías de datos como la tradición, la apropiación tecnológica y los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje en las instituciones educativas del resguardo de San Andrés de Sotavento. Concluyéndose la perdida sistemática de la riqueza cultural Zenú frente a la pasividad del estado y las instituciones adscritas al territorio.</p>

韓国順天・楽安邑城における歴史的景観保全に関する研究<br>文化財保護と都市計画の関連制度との関係に着目して

Due to the modernization strategy of rural areas in South Korea, which is called ‘Saemaul Movement’ (since 1970), economy of rural development projects by the government have shown a success, however, the regional characteristics are being lost. The main task is how to preserve the historical village landscape in the decreasing population. In this study, ‘the implementation of Landscape conservation’ of Nagan Eupsung from town planning view and ‘the evolution and characteristics of town planning’ by taking the cultural property protection as a case study, are clarified. The objectives are to analyze the ‘the application of policy and planning’ by the organization based on the relation between the cultural property protection and the town planning act.

创新抑或发明：社会建设视角下的乡村基督教*—以广西经堂村为例#

中国生态环境和村庄历史的差异性导致了中国村庄社会结构大致分为南中北三种类型，这种划分有利于从整体上认识中国乡村社会，由于这种划分侧重于传统中国存在的因素，如宗族，而忽视了对宗教信仰因素的考量。当前乡村宗教尤其是乡村基督教的复兴，使得这种划分在民族地区的社会建设中遇到很多困难。只有结合民族地区的特殊历史与环境，从“局内人”的观点出发，才能认识到民族地区社会建设的复杂性，进而有利于政府制定切实有效的政策。 Because of China’s ecological environment and the diversities of village history, the Chinese village society structure is roughly divided into three types: south, center and north, which is helpful to see China’s rural society as a whole. Because the division places emphasis on Chinese traditional factors, such as the clan, but ignores factors of religious belief. The current revival of rural religion, especially rural Christian, makes this division encounter many difficulties in the social construction in ethnic areas. Only by combining with the special history and environment of ethnic areas, and from the viewpoint of “insiders”, we can realize the complexity of the social development in ethnic areas, and promote the enaction of the government’s effective policies.

외암마을 이참판댁 입지 및 공간배치의 풍수고찰

외암마을 이참판댁 입지 및 공간배치의 풍수고찰

Sustainable Development Strategy Research of Historical Village Environment - Take Huaiyin Village of Zhenjiang as Example

The purpose of the study is to summarize environmental strategies and technologies for promoting better sustainable development of historical villages. The environmental investigation took Huaiyin village in china as a case, put forward tourism exploitation as the most suitable sustainable mode, and established an interactive circulating mechanism of protection, management and renovation. Based on the environmental elements framework, the specific development technologies can be divided into three areas: nonphysical environment, man-made environment and natural environment, including intangible cultural heritage protection, cultural value management, renovation of buildings, public space and traffic, the river system and greening improvement and environmental bearing capacity control. The results show that all these measures contribute to achieve the sustainable mode core – “symbiosis” of historical village’s spirit, morphology and ecology.

Tourism development, rights consciousness and the empowerment of Chinese historical village communities

In recent years, China's tourism researchers have started to pay attention to the empowerment of rural communities. Current theoretical research and social practices reflect that tourism needs to seek localized empowerment with respect to different types of tourism destinations. This paper, taking Furong Historical Village in Zhejiang Province as a case study, examines a special kind of Chinese historical village community in which the villagers’ consciousness of their rights is weak and tourism development is only in its initial stages. Based on the field surveys, this paper points out four roots of such a community's disempowerment: (1) the failure of political institutions to ensure the community's public interest; (2) accusations of historical villages ‘damaging protection’; (3) information asymmetry in the relationship between rural leaders and villagers; and (4) a sense of powerlessness in the daily lives of rural residents. Based on these findings, this paper suggests several empowerment paths: (1) placing the enhancement of psychological power as the core of community empowerment; (2) addressing villager empowerment needs according to different types, rather than generalizing a community as a whole; and (3) including a diversity of subjects in the process of empowerment. These empowerment paths would be a moderate extension toward increasing community empowerment, based on this empirical study.

Microbial community structure of relict niter-beds previously used for saltpeter production.

From the 16th to the 18th centuries in Japan, saltpeter was produced using a biological niter-bed process and was formed under the floor of gassho-style houses in the historic villages of Shirakawa-go and Gokayama, which are classified as United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Sites. The relict niter-beds are now conserved in the underfloor space of gassho-style houses, where they are isolated from destabilizing environmental factors and retain the ability to produce nitrate. However, little is known about the nitrifying microbes in such relict niter-bed ecosystems. In this study, the microbial community structures within nine relict niter-bed soils were investigated using 454 pyrotag analysis targeting the 16S rRNA gene and the bacterial and archaeal ammonia monooxygenase gene (amoA). The 16S rRNA gene pyrotag analysis showed that members of the phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, and Planctomycetes were major microbial constituents, and principal coordinate analysis showed that the NO3 −, Cl−, K+, and Na+ contents were potential determinants of the structures of entire microbial communities in relict niter-bed soils. The bacterial and archaeal amoA libraries indicated that members of the Nitrosospira-type ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and “Ca. Nitrososphaera”-type ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), respectively, predominated in relict niter-bed soils. In addition, soil pH and organic carbon content were important factors for the ecological niche of AOB and AOA in relict niter-bed soil ecosystems.

The Cultural Landscape of the “Grecanic Area” and the Recovery of the Genius Loci of its Historical Centres

The “Grecanic Area” in the province of Reggio Calabria is a region with an enormous heritage of great cultural value, surrounded by a still intact natural heritage, but now, despite some attempts to nominate the “Ellenofona Island” (ancient Greek - speaking area) in the List of the immense Cultural Heritage of mankind, this territory is not still considered despite of its value: it would be sufficient to focus mainly on the values ​​of the great cultural heritage and the natural heritage and on the “genius loci” of the historic centres of the “Grecanic Area”. The aim of this paper is to highlight how the protection and enhancement of these assets could contrast phenomena of emigration and depopulation of the inland areas and the socio-economic disintegration in favour of a re-appropriation of the cultural identity of an area that has remained virtually unchanged for many centuries. Starting from the new discovery of the "genius loci" of the ancient historic villages in the Grecanic Area, the conservation and the enhancement of natural and great heritage allows to pursue a sustainable development, using local resources as a “visiting card” of the territory, the natural landscape and the wildlife heritage.

Региональная модель туристского продукта в Московской области – «Историческая деревня»

Among a range of regional tourist product models, the Moscow region demonstrates the historical- and national-village model of reconstructing the socio-cultural environment of a historical settlement and historical sites. The article describes “a historical village” as a rural tourist attraction and dwells on the model’s implementation potential in the Moscow region.

THE APPLICATION OF THE CONCEPT OF ECO GREEN-TOURISM IN DEVELOPING THE TOURIST VILLAGE THROUGH THE LOW IMPACT DEVELOPMENT

The concept of green eco-tourism is a concept of regional development for environmentally sustainable tourism activities. Tourism activities have a significant effect on the development and improvement of the economic, social, cultural sectors and the quality of the surrounding environment which subsequently causes the global issue of World Tourism Organization (WTO) to emerge. It is then relevant to apply the concept of eco-green tourism in developing the strategic areas intended for tourism in line with the program of the government of Surakarta city which aims at developing the city within the concept of eco-culture city. Some tourist villages ( kampung wisata ) with local wisdom potentials as the historical areas in Surakarta city are still not handled optimally. This trend can be seen in some of areas which have begun to lose their original characteristics and have even changed function. This phenomenon will slowly and certainly erode the local wisdoms of the historical villages which will eventually cause the unique characteristics as the local potentials of the city to disappear. Therefore, one of the right and integrated actions to handle such a problem is the research model of development of the tourist villages through LID (Low Impact Development) by having the concept of eco-green tourism. The objective of this research is to formulate the model of development of the tourist villages through LID (Low Impact Development) in bringing eco-green tourism into reality. This formulation is based on descriptive explorative method. This research was conducted in the historical area of Kauman tourist village which still has the authenticity of potentials of the value of characteristics of high local wisdoms which are still in existence and development. The results of this research are the model formulation for policy in developing Kauman tourist village. Such a policy model is expected to be able to become the pilot project of the development of the tourist villages not only in Surakarta city but also in other tourist cities in Indonesia in general through the implementation of eco-green tourism on the basis of the concept of green architecture which will not only conserve the tourism, cultural, and environmental assets, but also empower the prevailing local wisdoms.

농촌 마을과 주택의 통합적 접근에 의한 농촌주택 조사체계 정립방안 연구

This study intends to establish a system to investigate and analyze various impacting factors to Rural Housings such as the relationship of characteristics of Rural Housings located in a Rural Village to the Village and a Unit Housing, to the External and Internal Spaces inside the Unit Housing and the Village, and to Living Characteristics of the Residents and Space from an integrated point of view. The results of this study are largely summarized as following four kinds. Rural Housing Survey System can be largely classified into three stages, and they are a Preliminary Survey, Basic Survey and In-depth Survey. Along with these, the scope of the survey contents can be divided into a survey result by a unit of village, of land, of housing, and of resident's opinion survey. Secondly, the surveys by village unit are on location properties, Village Identity, Street Network, Land Use, Landscape Features and Public Facilities, and consist of Literature, Discussion and Field Survey. Thirdly, the land Unit Surveys are on a Driveway, Gate Location, Housing Placement, Outer Space Design in a Yard and Outer Space Use Characteristics, and consist of Questionnaire and Field Surveys. For the fourth, the Housing Unit Surveys are on an Internal Space Design and Placement, and consist of Questionnaire and Field Surveys. Finally, the Resident Questionnaire Survey consisted of Entire Discussion Survey and a Household one, and then the Entire Survey was on the Village's History, Village's Characteristics, Cultivation Characteristics and Community Activities while an individual one was on Main Living Characteristics, Satisfaction and Utilization Characteristics.

Poverty Dynamics in Rural Orissa: Transitions in Assets and Occupations over Generations

We investigate whether historic land distribution determines stagnation or development of Indian villages. The empirical analysis is motivated by the Banerjee and Newman (1993) model of occupational choice and economic development. Family histories are collected for a random sample of 800 households. Households are classified into economic categories according to the assets–occupations mix at present and at grandfather’s time. Transitions are described, and for a remote district explained, by the historic village land distribution. We also investigate the role of social identity, and find that scheduled tribes are more likely trapped in poverty than scheduled castes.

Bichura Village (Transbaikalia): Foundation and Population Growth (18th–Late 20th Century)

Based on archival and field data, the early history of the largest eastern Siberian village, Bichura, is reconstructed. Initial colonization, the life of the pioneers, and their relations with the native, local population are described. The growth of the village population is traced over nearly two and a half centuries.

Designing Optimal Routes for Cycle-tourists

Bicycles are becoming an increasingly popular mean of transport. Being healthy and affordable, they provide a sustainable alternative way of movement, for both leisure and work commuting. In both cases demand increases when bike devoted tracks are available. Providing bike trails that connect touristic spots is a cheap way of increasing the appeal and promoting the development of those regions featuring beautiful landscapes, strong cultural traditions, and historical monuments within a small area. This is the case of the Trebon region, South Bohemia, whose local administrators face the problem of optimally investing scarce resources to set up a network of cycle-dedicated tracks, exploiting existing trails or by reconstruction works, turning gravel roads or unsurfaced forest tracks into paved bike trails. As a first step, we address the design of a single route, modeled as a path on a directed graph between two given nodes, maximizing a utility function related to the attractiveness of the path. Attractiveness depends on several features, such as a service facility, a restaurant serving typical food, an historical village, or a scenic landscape to be enjoyed along the way. Two kinds of resource constraints bound the solution. A path maximum duration, which depends on how many times each arc is traversed, and a maximum budget for setting up the infrastructure, which depends on which arcs are selected. Since a cyclist may be willing to traverse an edge more than once - think, for example, of a detour from the main way to be travelled back and forth to reach a point of interest – cycles can be part of the route. The attractiveness function is concave and decreases after reaching its maximum at a few traversals. Such features make the problem new and challenging. We present an integer linear programming model and validate it by an experimental campaign on realistic data for the Trebon region.