View Of History Research Articles

Recent Advances in Aptamer‐Based Sensors for In Vitro Detection of Small Molecules

AbstractSensitive and accurate detection of small molecules from complex matrix has aroused increasing interest in many fields, yet remains an open challenge. Recent years have witnessed a considerable advance of aptasensors for diagnostic assay development towards diverse small molecules because aptamer is one of the most powerful classes of molecular receptors with advanced affinity and specificity. Herein, we reviewed the small‐molecule aptasensors in the past five years, focusing on the principles to specific applications in clinical diagnosis, food safety, and environmental monitoring. The first introductory section on the development of aptasensors in historical view and its analytical features contextualizes essential health‐related small molecules. The second part highlights the basic components of aptasensor and the detection principles of different sensors based on signal output modes. The subsequent part systematically discusses various small‐molecule sensing platforms by interfacing aptamers with diverse signal amplification strategies. Finally, challenges and perspectives for improving the aptasensor performance are also discussed. By describing biochemical and analytical procedures, this review highlights the optimal use of aptamers in the detection, quantification, and imaging of important health‐related small molecules and presents new insights, technical advances, and engineering strategies for practical applications.

‘We’ve Been Left Out’: women’s refuges in Northern Ireland, 1974–2008

Abstract With histories of late-twentieth-century Northern Ireland1 consumed with political violence, and studies of the contemporary women’s movements in Britain only recently shifting their focus beyond London, Northern Irish women’s refuges have been obscured from historical view. This article proposes that re-situating women’s refuges in the context of the Troubles can enrich our understanding of the refuge movements, and wider women’s activism, across the UK at the turn of the twenty-first century. Drawing from archived and original interviews as well as documentary sources, the article traces the development of the Northern Irish refuge movement over four key periods: early years (1974–83), cross-community organizing (1983–93), development (1993–8), and efforts for diversity and inclusion (1998–2008). Such a chronology challenges the perception of the 1980s as an era of division and decline for UK feminism, and highlights the value of moving away from overarching chronologies of women’s activism towards more localized timelines. Furthermore, re-contextualizing women’s refuges in the battleground of the Troubles offers new evidence of their efforts to reduce domestic abuse, bring together women from opposing communities, and rebuild a democratic society. These activities contributed to the ‘vernacular’ peace process taking place in Northern Ireland’s voluntary sector, and suggest that refuges across the UK were similarly engaged in a peace process addressing violence in the home.

FROM THE HISTORY OF THE SPAS TRANSFIGURATION CHURCH IN THE FIRST THIRD OF THE 19TH CENTURY: REPORT OF ARCHIMANDRITE OF THE EPIPHANY MONASTERY MAKARIUS TO THE ARCHBISHOP OF MOGILEV AND VITEBSK DANIIL (NATTOCK-MIKHAILOVSKII)

A little-known document from the collection of bishop Pavel (Dobrokhotov), kept in the Scientific Historical Archives of St Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, is announced for publication: it is the report by Makarii, who was an archimandrite of Polotsk Epiphany monastery, sent to the archbishop of Mogilev and Vitebsk Daniil (Nattock-Mikhaylovskii) 23rd of August 1817. The creator of the report with reference to the opinion of the Orthodox Polotsk citizens, raised the issue of the transfer of the Spas Transfiguration, that time controlled by the Jesuits, to the Orthodox. The publication is followed by the commentary: the arguments of the report’s composer is analyzed, the influence of the intention of 1817 on the later history of the church and its perception by the Belarusian Orthodox writers of the 19th century is examined, the value of the document as a source on the history of the church and the Polotsk citizens’ historical views in the 1st third of the 19th century is reasoned.

“Old-Time Negroes”: Nostalgic Ex-Slave Narratives in New York Newspapers of the Gilded Age

In the field of social memory of slavery, a growing body of scholarship on the Jim Crow North has complicated the notion of white supremacy as a specifically Southern ideology, locating what historians view as a “missing link” in the history of race in America. This study examines a corollary gap in American journalism history—the role that white Northern newspapers played a generation after Emancipation in softening white memory of slavery and hardening discourse toward African Americans. This article applies narrative analysis to sample five large-circulation white New York City newspapers from 1889 to 1910, along with a contemporary Black city newspaper. The study concludes that white newspapers, by perpetuating racist tropes upstreamed from literature, cultivated Jim Crow ideology beyond the former Confederacy. The findings shed light on the timeline of Black Americans’ struggle for mass media representation and demonstrate journalism’s intertextual role in shaping social memory.

Non-green ecological conservation: right-wing ecology in contemporary Germany

ABSTRACT After the rise and mainstreaming of the modern ecological movement, the right-wing ecological ideology has not gradually died out, and right-wing ecologists are still very active today. They not only actively participate in ecological debates and activities, but also combine their ideological concepts with practice, and focus on right-wing land grabbing in rural areas. As ecological issues tend to blur the boundaries between political camps, right-wing ecological conservation in ‘green’ garb is extremely misleading and harmful, and therefore needs to be studied in depth. Firstly, this article analyses the ideological basis of right-wing ecology in contemporary Germany from three aspects: historical view, human view and worldview. Secondly, by analyzing the basic positions of right-wing ecologists in the three main fields of ecological conservation, namely species protection, animal protection, green genetic engineering and organic agriculture, and their specific modes of action, this article identifies the motives of the right-wing ecologists’ participation in ecological conservation in terms of historical reasons and practical needs, and analyses the characteristics of their argumentation. Finally, on the basis of the above research, this article specifies the essential differences between right-wing ecological conservation and modern, civilized and scientific ecological conservation and its harms.

Historical Materialist Approach to Literature and Art

This article explores the basic features of the historical materialist approach to literature and art. It aims to highlight the core of this approach to literature and art and make a contrast to other approaches. The article addresses the research problems concerning the view of the historical materialist approach to the primacy of being or consciousness, the relationship of literature and art with the objective world, the free or class partisan literature and art, and the role of literature and art in changing the existing society. The research methodology adopted for this study is the review-based analysis of some of the major critiques of the historical materialist approach to literature and art. The researcher has included the critiques of Karl Marx, Frederick Engels, V.I. Lenin, and Mao Tsetung as they represent the founding figures of the approach and widely named this approach the Marxist approach too. The article reveals that the historical materialist approach views being as primary over consciousness, observes the literature and art as the reflection of the objective world, believes in the class partisan literature and art in a class-based society, and sees the prime utility of literature and art in bringing a radical change in society. The historical materialist approach favors the revolutionary literature and art that takes sides with the majority of working-class people, the revolutionary force of the future capable of establishing the scientific communist society.

The Role of Innovation in Global Development: Historical Perspectives, Theories, and Sectoral Impact

Innovation was essential for propelling worldwide progress and revolutionising economies, society, and the environment. Innovation has played a crucial role in driving growth in several fields, from historical revolutions to modern technology breakthroughs. This research examined the many effects of innovation, using historical viewpoints, theoretical models such as Schumpeter's concept of creative destruction and Rogers' diffusion of ideas, and sector-specific assessments in the fields of health, education, agriculture, and environmental sustainability. The study analysed the obstacles that impede innovation in developing nations, such as deficiencies in infrastructure and limited financial means, and put forward policy suggestions to promote comprehensive and sustainable development via innovation. Keywords: Global development, Historical views, Theoretical frameworks, Sector-specific effects, Hurdles to innovation.

Conference Report from Scientific project “HISTORICAL VIEWS 2023”, Center for Research of Modern and Contemporary History Tuzla, Tuzla, November 17 and 18, 2023

Izvještaj//Conference Report: Izvještaj sa Naučnog projekta “HISTORIJSKI POGLEDI 2023”, Centar za istraživanje moderne i savremene historije Tuzla, Tuzla, 17. i 18. novembar 2023. godine // Conference Report from Scientific project “HISTORICAL VIEWS 2023”, Center for Research of Modern and Contemporary History Tuzla, Tuzla, November 17 and 18, 2023

Chagas Disease across the Ages: A Historical View and Commentary on Navigating Future Challenges.

Chagas disease, discovered over a century ago, continues to pose a global health challenge, affecting millions mainly in Latin America. This historical review with commentary outlines the disease's discovery, its evolution into a global concern due to migration, and highlights significant advances in diagnostics and treatment strategies. Despite these advancements, the paper discusses ongoing challenges in eradication, including vector control, congenital transmission, the disease's asymptomatic nature, and socioeconomic barriers to effective management. It calls for a multidisciplinary approach, enhanced diagnostics, improved treatment accessibility, and sustained vector control efforts. The review emphasizes the importance of global collaboration and increased funding to reduce Chagas disease's impact.

TOWARDS AN EVOLUTIONARY ECONOMIC THEORY

Today, the neoclassic economic theory still dominates the economic analysis, prediction, and even public economic policy, encouraged, unfortunately, by the career criteria in science and education fields. In such a context, the objectives of the paper are: (1) to systematize the findings related to the unrealism and theoretical and methodological mistakes of the economic neoclassic model; (2) to argue about the desirability, reliability, realism, and efficaciousness of an evolutionary model of the economy (and of Economics); (3) to draw the basic lines which an evolutionary economic theory could be edified on, starting from both the statu quo in the matter and the logical examination of the question. The approach of research is a mix between logical and historical (but not empirical) views regarding the evolutionary economic model/theory. The main results are: (a) arguing on the possibility of crystalizing the basic concepts of an evolutionary economic model; (b) making proposals for the evolutionary economic mechanism (in its abstract understanding – as cybernetic system of order 3); (c) warning on the risks of a tale quale taking over of the evolutionary concepts from Biology; (d) identifying the principles to be followed in building up of an evolutionary economic theory.

Taking a longer historical view of America’s renaming moment: The role of Black onomastic activism within the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Renaming practices are increasingly deployed as a political technology in USA campaigns to do greater justice to the rights, histories, and identities of historically marginalized groups. African American social actors and groups have been especially active in this onomastic or naming activism. To fully make sense of this renaming moment, which is often popularly misrepresented as brand new, we outline an approach that takes a longer view of the history of Black naming by drawing together ideas from the field of Black geographies, specifically Katherine McKittrick’s ideas about Black livingness, and our work in critical place naming studies. As an illustration, we conduct a study of SNCC and the way civil rights workers and mobilized communities valued names and deployed onomastic tactics—the (re)naming of people, places, and institutions as part of their creative and grass-roots activism. These onomastic tactics facilitated and accompanied SNCC’s gathering of antiracist intelligence, constructing a subaltern transportation system, and carrying out a revolutionary remaking of place and affective atmosphere in the face of oppression. We not only seek to add a needed racial genealogy of ongoing naming struggles in America, but also use SNCC’s onomastic tactics to tell a story of the Civil Rights Movement generally not well understood and to expand what counts as activism and who counts as activists beyond canonized celebrations of the Movement in popular media and education. As an important guide to current naming struggles, the SNCC experience is instructive of the fact that renaming alone cannot count as liberation. Rather, the efficacy of naming as a civil rights practice comes from the assembling and mobilizing of names with the broader capacities of people, material places, and political practices and discourses.

THE SAPIR – WHORF HYPOTHESIS AND THE IDEA OF LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY (LINGUISTIC HISTORIOGRAPHIC ASPECT)

The purpose of the article is to reveal the views of E. Sapir and B. L. Whorf on the relationship between language, thinking and reality (experience), to briefly analyze some interpretations belonging to the critics of the Sapir — Whorf hypothesis, to identify those statements of Sapir and Whorf that have retained their value for linguistics at the beginning of the XXI century. The object of study is the phenomenon traditionally called the “Sapir — Whorf hypothesis”. The subject of the study is the views of Sаpir and Whorf on the relationship between language, thinking and reality (experience), as well as their interpretation in the studies of critics of these views, which did not always reflect the true views of Sаpir and Whorf. The result of the study is to identify the essence of the statements of the critics of the Sapir — Whorf hypothesis, who put forward “strong” and “weak” versions of this “hypothesis”, and to clarify the achievements of Sаpir and Whorf. The authors of the article emphasize that Whorf viewed linguistic relativity not as a hypothesis but as a principle. While hypotheses need to be proved to turn them into theories, principles do not. The principle of linguistic relativity has a long tradition. Plato, Aristotle, F. Bacon, J. Locke, J. G. Hamann, J. G. Herder, W. von Humboldt, O. O. Potebnia, and J. Baudouin de Courtenay have already spoken about the influence of language on thinking. The article uses the actualist method, which involves, on the one hand, a historical view of the problem under consideration, and, on the other hand, the use of such techniques and procedures as source analysis (linguistic texts) and synthesis of the data obtained, comparison, abstraction and logical historical and scientific reconstruction. Conclusions: Sapir and Whorf’s undoubted merit to science was their pioneering study of a number of cognitive processes. This gave a powerful impetus to the development of cognitive linguistics, ethnolinguistics, psycholinguistics, linguocultural studies, and linguistic conceptology. Linguistic relativity is a modern research paradigm.

Re-imagining intelligent machines in an anthropocentric-ecocentric continuum: The case for ecocentric intelligent machines

The history of machines traces back to the dawn of human civilization, reflecting the intertwined journey of exploration, invention, and discoveries. From ancient simple machines to remarkable innovations like the Antikythera mechanism and automatons, the evolution of machines has been a testament to human ingenuity. In the 21st century, a new era of machines emerges, characterized by intelligence, connectivity, and autonomy.The purpose of the article is two-fold. Firstly, it provides a historical view of the evolution of machines and aims to characterize their future functional attributes in a rapidly changing, technology-driven 21st-century society. Secondly, it discusses the need to prioritize the eco-centered and sustainable design of these systems as opposed to traditional performance-centered practices. To this end, the article starts by presenting a literature review on the evolution and the characteristics of future intelligent machines. We argue that there is a need to reconsider the purpose of the future intelligent machines in the anthropocentrism–ecocentrism continuum. To support this argument, the current approaches to designing these systems and the sustainability concerns related to future characteristics of them are discussed. The article concludes with remarks on different strategies aiming to provide a roadmap to aid the creators of the future connected, intelligent, and autonomous systems to maximize their positive impact and ensure continuous growth of technological development while protecting the environment and addressing societal needs.

Two perspectives on generative AI now

Two recently published books present perspectives on the impact of generative Artificial Intelligence on writing. Baron’s book attempts to discuss the question of how we might maintain distinctions between the writing done by humans versus that done by genAI, while Tenen’s book takes a historical view of the use of technologies in writing and what that implies for writers currently.

On Suwenxue 俗文學 and Its Status under Different Literary Views

The connotation of suwenxue 俗文學 has an inextricable relationship with a particular view of literature. Different views of literature have their respective prescribed values, which bring different understandings of suwenxue and different evaluations of its status in literary history. Rather than defining suwenxue based on its external features, this article examines it from three representative literary views: the Chinese traditional literary view, the literary view under the Tang-Song transition hypothesis, and Zheng Zhenduo's 鄭振鐸 (1898–1958) literary view. The Chinese traditional literary view centers on articulating Confucian emotions and conveying the Confucian Dao. Accordingly, suwenxue falls within the scope of unorthodox literature and has a lower literary status. The progressive historical view of the Tang-Song transition hypothesis—that suwenxue originated from poetry and prose— represents the direction of literary development and should be accorded high status. Finally, Zheng Zhenduo takes suwenxue as a literary discipline, a fresh and original view that expands the territory of Chinese literature.

The Beginnings of Stage Directing in the Romanian Theatre. A Historical View

Lacking a consolidated tradition in the art of stage acting and directing, the Romanian national theatres, which had only existed for a few decades, faced a series of legislative, administrative and aesthetic reforms at the beginning of the 20th century. These reforms aimed to acclimatize the most important novelties of modern performance, just emerging on Western stages. Such changes strongly impacted the conservative world of declamation and rhetoric, still indebted to the Romanticist school of theatrical interpretation. This paper aims to provide a cultural-historical perspective on the generational and artistic conflict that led to the modernization of the Romanian mise-en-scène and to the consolidation of the director’s status, in the “century of directing”, focusing on Alexandru Davila’s contribution to the process. Keywords: Romanian theatre, directing, scenography, performing, realism, modernism.

The Use of The Mask in Yeats’s Poetry

This paper aims to identify the use of the mask in Yeats's poetry shedding light on three poems written in the period (1910-1933). The researcher uses the literary analysis methodology to achieve the objective of the paper. The paper consists of three sections; the first gives an introduction and summarizes the poetic changes through the poet’s life, especially the social and political effects upon his psychology and literary works. The second discusses the use of the mask or anti-self-technique in the latest poems of Yeats and summons up the mask and some historical views about it. The third section concludes several points including that the mask technique is a part of the poet’s life due to his psychological state of mind and how it affects his matured poetic life.

Warsaw small and medium-sized public urban green spaces as a response to short-time leisure needs of local residents and passers-by

ABSTRACT The study investigates visitors’ activity patterns in small and medium-sized public urban green spaces (SAMPUGS) and the relationship between the green space features and their use through the field observation of 36 case areas in Warsaw districts – Śródmieście and Ursynów. They were analysed using the perceived sensory dimensions (PSDs) and the Environmental Assessment of Public Recreation Spaces (EAPRS) tool. The green spaces in Ursynów are greener and richer in species than those in Śródmieście, but they lack historical features. The most popular activities are: sitting on a bench, strolling, dog walking, chatting and eating/drinking. Sitting on a bench is encouraged by the presence of historical feature and view outside green space but not by the ‘green ground cover’ or high green coverage ratio. Strolling is promoted in the green spaces of the bigger size and with the developed path network, but also with presence of flowerbeds and those rich in species. Chatting is promoted by the presence of historical features but not by the presence of ‘green ground cover’ and richness in species. Eating/drinking is encouraged by the presence of many places to sit, higher PSD ‘culture’ score, especially in Śródmieście and higher PSD ‘space’ score, especially in Ursynów.

Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae)

Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae)

Historical View of University Libraries in Azerbaijan: ADA University Library Case Study

The article presents a comprehensive overview of the evolution and advancements witnessed by ADA University Library throughout the period from 2010 to 2020. It delves into the dynamic evolution of Azerbaijan’s higher education system, shaped by historical transitions and a drive for global integration. Key moments include the establishment of educational foundations such as the Gazakh Teachers’ Seminary and Baku State University, with the Soviet era solidifying the importance of education. In the post-independence period, higher education underwent substantial reforms, aligning with international standards. The library at ADA University, a prime example of this transformation, transitioned from a modest collection to a state-of-the-art institution with a global footprint. It has contributed to preserving Azerbaijan’s cultural heritage and fostering international collaborations, exemplifying ADA University’s commitment to excellence and innovation.