Historical Typology Research Articles

The Evaluation of Local Commercial Typologies Based On Adaptive Reuse Models: (Tabriz Bazaar)

The modernization of Islamic countries has brought significant changes to heritage buildings, particularly in construction and architecture. The Bazaar, as one of the most important heritage buildings, has played a crucial role in shaping people's identity, culture, and political, economic, and social characteristics. However, the development of new trade centers and the city's expansion after the Industrial Revolution caused a shift in the Bazaar's functions, resulting in its loss of values and social roles in the lives of new generations. To preserve heritage buildings for future generations, cultural sustainability approaches have been considered, and adaptive reuse models are being used worldwide. This study focuses on historical typology in Tabriz, Iran, and uses adaptive reuse models (ARMs) to evaluate the Tabriz Ground Bazaar based on cultural sustainability. The study aims to achieve the potential of rehabilitation by utilizing the SWOT analysis. The selection of Tabriz Ground Bazaar as the case study was based on the quantitative research methodology.

ДИАЛЕКТИКА В ЦАРСТВЕ МАРСА: ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ ТИПОЛОГИИ ВОЙН А.Е. СНЕСАРЕВА И Е.А. РАЗИНА

Научное исследование войны как социального явления требует применения к ней диалектической методологии, которая обусловливает рассмотрение исторического развития войны. В первую очередь это предполагает выделение исторических типов войн. Задача изучения исторической типологии войн была впервые поставлена и на-чала решаться после Первой мировой войны. В статье рассматриваются исторические типологии войн, разработанные русским военным теоретиком А.Е. Снесаревым и советским военным историком Е.А. Разиным. Эти два варианта исторической типо-логии войн опирались на разные философские подходы и обладали как сильными, так и слабыми сторонами. The scientific study of war as a social phenomenon requires the application to it of dialectical methodology, which involves consideration of the historical development of war. First and foremost, this involves distinguishing the historical types of warfare. The task of studying the historical typology of wars was first posed and began to be addressed after World War I. This article examines the historical typologies of warfare developed by the Russian military theorist A.E. Snesarev and the Soviet military historian E.A. Razin. These two versions of the historical typology of wars were based on different philosophical approaches and had both strengths and weaknesses.

Influence of Western Modernist Trends on Kyiv Music end Theoretical School In 1915–1925 Years

The purpose of the article is to reveal the scientific ideas of the first in Ukraine center of musicologists, formed in Kyiv in 1915–1925 years. The methodology was formed on the application of historical, gnoseological, formal-logical, systematic approaches using special-historical (comparatives and historical typology) methods of research. The scientific novelty of the article is that for the first time in Ukrainian musical historiography, an attempt was made to analyze the scientific, organizational and musicaltheoretical achievements of Ukrainian musicologists on the platform of a certain philosophical and cultural movement with its transformations in education and science on the example of the Kiev Scientific and Music School of the early twentieth century. The Conclusions. The group of the first professional musicologists in Ukraine should enter the history of Ukrainian music science as the Kyiv Music and Theoretical School. The unifying factor for them were common tasks (building the structure of national music education, searching for the essence of music science and the directions of its research research) and fundamental musical and theoretical principles. Filled with special knowledge and enriched with certain experience, leading figures of musical culture in Kiev in a short time (apprehension from 1916 to 1924) for the first time in Ukraine developed a three-stage structure of musical education of youth (B. Yavorsky), painted ways of development of musical science (B. Yavorsky, A. Butskoy). In its organizational activity, new post-revolutionary opportunities were used, and in scientific research they were based on the world's most common moderator philosophical theories. In the teachings about musical thinking and the structure of musical language B. Yavorsky and A. Butskoy consciously or intuitively embodied the ideas of many leading modernist philosophers in the West (especially E. Husserl, A. Bergson, V. Warringer). Despite the rejection of their innovative views at that time, some of them remain effective and relevant today.

The Retroflex Sound of Languages Spoken in Southeast Tibet: Feature Floating, Feature Recombination and Its Historical Typological Value

In Southeast Tibet, some Tibeto-Burman languages have apparent retroflex feature floating. Some initial research on this phenomenon shows that different sound categories, such as a post consonant r and retroflex vowels (or finals), are not totally independent. This feature is likely the result of the evolution of one sound category toward another, and the evolution mechanism is the feature recombination between r and the basic consonant. This research approach can be applied to studying the whole Sino-Tibetan historical typology, including Chinese and Tibeto-Burman languages.

Erich Auerbach: <i>Historical Typology</i> in the era of post-history

Following the Russian publication of a comprehensive commented collection of Auerbach’s works entitled Historical Typology [Istoricheskaya tipologiya] (2022), the article discusses the problems of the German philologist’s legacy both in retrospect and with a look into the future. The choice of the angle comes from the fact that Soviet scholars were cut off from the wealth of the scholarly-humanitarian, historical-cultural, and philosophical traditions and factors that (especially those typical of Germany) largely defined Auerbach’s historical-philological thinking and, by the same token, that a certain inaccessibility of his books and articles has long frustrated contemporary Russian philologists and other scholars in the humanities. Given the renewed interest in Auerbach’s theory and method in the West in the last decades (upon the end of the modern era in the last century), the author concludes that his practical reconsideration of the traditional meaning of historicism and historicity and especially his understanding of what falls under the modern term of interdisciplinarity indicates considerable research and learning potential for humanities scholars.

Informal extension of public housing estates in Nairobi – an appraisal of historical typologies and emergent spatial patterns

ABSTRACT Nairobi has historically been a laboratory for a diverse range of public housing estate typologies. Through a morphological approach, this paper analyses how Nairobi’s estates have been transformed by resident’s informal extensions and what impact the erstwhile typology had on their pattern of extensions. Using the concept of building culture, it identifies five socio-spatial logics used by the residents, namely disguising, enclosing, disclosing, embedding, and replacing. Nairobi’s housing estates have a future if the accumulated lessons of over six decades of public housing estates can be applied and when the existing building logics are harnessed.

Популяризация литературы о воспитании детей и книг для детского чтения на страницах газеты «Томский справочный листок» (1894 г.)

The article considers book reviews published in the newspaper Tomskiy spravochnyy listok in 1894, the first year of its publication. The publisher of the newspaper was Petr Makushin, a well-known Siberian bookseller, philanthropist, educator and entrepreneur, founder of the largest bookshop in Siberia. Tomskiy spravochnyy listok appeared due to the fact that Makushin was not allowed to found a public-political newspaper (Sibirskaya gazeta, which he had published before, was closed “for a harmful direction”). Thus, the release of the Tomskiy spravochnyy listok was a compromise solution in the dispute between Makushin and the General Administration of Press. The program of Tomskiy spravochnyy listok was very short: it was allowed to publish reference information and advertising, government orders, telegrams, local chronicles, reports and bibliographic news. The latter was an important section of the newspaper, in which authors could not only recommend books for reading, but also express their views on them and on the problems raised on the pages. The aim of this article is to discover the peculiarities of the reviews published in the newspaper Tomskiy spravochnyy listok, including those dedicated to publications for children's reading and upbringing. In order to reach this aim, the authors determined the place of book reviews in the structure of the newspaper, composed the corpus of analysed publications, revealed their thematic spectrum, determined the methods of popularising children's literature and books on parenting. The main methods of research are comprehensive analysis of periodicals, historical typology and structural-thematic analysis. The section “Bibliography” simultaneously performed several functions in the newspaper: informational, advertising, informative-educational, publicist. Individual reviews were highly publicistic, consistent with the general Russian trend to bypass censorship prohibitions on discussing important public issues through literary criticism. The thematic range of Tomskiy spravochnyy listok reviews was quite wide, although most of the books considered were of a scientific-popular character. This trend was also characteristic of children's reading books, which were not regarded as entertainment but as a means of education and self-education. Reviewers of Tomskiy spravochnyy listok drew attention to the necessity of raising a moral younger generation, development of their practical skills, preservation of health and inculcation of useful habits, including work. Further research of materials of Tomskiy spravochnyy listok, which in 1895 transformed into the newspaper Tomskiy listok and in 1897 into the newspaper Sibirskaya zhizn', will show the development of “children's theme” on the pages of this leading periodical of Siberia.

The Tre Coc Tale (Vietnam) and Reynard the Fox (France): Some notes on the method of writing

The Tre Coc Tale of Vietnam (The Nom Tre Coc Tale) and Reynard the Fox of France (French: Roman de Renard, English: Reynard the Fox) are the two compositions created in the post-medieval period in each literature. When they are placed in a comparative relationship, it is easy to see that these two literary cases have a lot of similarities. Firstly, both the Tre Coc Tale and Reynard the Fox are all narrative poems circulated in the folksy context. At the same time, their anonymous authors created stories about the animal society. Therefore, we have posed the research question that this similarity is due to a chance or it is a rule of a literary age. The historical typology comparison school has provided us with some useful suggestions for answering the research question raised. The method of writing is the issue which we focus on discussing when we compare the Tre Coc Tale and Reynard the Fox. This is a theoretical concept created by Soviet literary researchers. From a historical perspective, the concept of the method of writing helps us to identify the phenomenon of stories about the animal society in the Tre Coc Tale and Reynard the Fox as the writing style of an age and a certain group of authors. Those are the two compositions produced in the post-medieval period of the people discontented with the feudal government. In order to come to the conclusions about the writing methods of the Tre Coc Tale and Reynard the Fox, our article discusses the three main issues: the inheritance of traditional literary images, the animal society building, and the poetic storytelling method.

The Imaginary Beast-the Phoenix Sign as the Bearer of the Chinese Bestial Cultural Code: the Evolution of Meanings

The article considers the formation and development of meanings of the Phoenix as an imaginary beast-sign, a bearer of the bestiary code of Chinese culture. The methodology of highlighting the stages of evolution of the image of the beast-sign and analysis of its meanings is based on the ideas of Russian semioticians V.N. Toporov and A.E. Makhov concerning the historical typology of beast-signs from totem to zoomorphic images, then bestiary images and images-embodies. As a result of the study it was found that the imaginary totemic image-sign Phoenix was formed on the basis of domestic birds: chicken, pheasant, peacock and other animals, the zoomorphic image of the Phoenix symbolised the Sun God, Fire God (female image), Wind God (male image) of the polytheistic pantheon of ancient Chinese Gods, The phoenix became an emblem of imperial power and its female bearers (empresses, princesses, concubines), and finally, in the course of cultural history the image lost its religious and political significance, the phoenix became an emblem of love, femininity, happiness and harmony. Understanding the changing meanings of the phoenix as one of the beast-signs, the carriers of the Chinese cultural code, will enable a better understanding of the aims and values of Chinese culture at different stages of development, as well as the mechanisms of cultural continuity and cultural development in China, making possible endless renewals on the traditional cultural ground.

ТЕТЯНА БОРИСІВНА ЛУКІНОВА — ВІДОМА УКРАЇНСЬКА СЛАВІСТКА

The article describes the life path and stages of scientific growth of T. B. Lukinova as a linguist, as well as her contribution to the development of modern Ukrainian linguistics. The range of scientific interests of the researcher has been analyzed: problems of Slavic vocabulary and word formation, issues of comparative and historical Slavic linguistics, historical typology of the Slavic languages, etymology, reconstruction of the spiritual culture of ancient Slavs based on the vocabulary of Slavic languages, etc. Special attention is paid to the most significant achievements of T. B. Lukinova in the Slavic field, in particular, to her study of the genesis and evolution of quantitative names in Slavic languages in a comparative historical aspect and her monograph on the history of Ukrainian studies in Slavic linguistics of the last half of the 20th — the early 21st century. The scientific validity of the Ukrainian researcher’s monograph, devoted to the issues of origin and historical development of numerals in Slavic languages, semantics and derivational possibilities and relationships of ancient number designations, has been assessed. The great theoretical and practical scientific value of the researcher’s work related to the ways of development of Ukrainian linguistic Slavic studies, Slavic scientific schools and centers of Slavic studies in Ukraine, International Congresses of Slavists, scientific personalities is substantiated. The scientific importance of the creative work of T. B. Lukinova has been considered, its influence on the development of Ukrainian linguistics at the beginning of the 21st century, as well as the significance of the Ukrainian linguist’s scientific research for the sciences related to linguistics. This investigation is characterized by a qualified approach and logical analysis of linguistic phenomena: numerical formations of an adjectival nature, formations of a noun nature and numerals derived from word combinations are consistently and in detail analyzed. The category of quantity is characterized as a manifestation of one of the most fundamental features of existence, and the system of numerals in its modern configuration is presented in the context of the evolution of the modern civilization’s spiritual culture. The great scientific, theoretical and practical value of the researcher’s work “Essays on the History of Slavic Studies in Ukraine”, related to the ways of development of Ukrainian linguistic Slavic Studies, Slavic scientific schools and centers of Slavic Studies in Ukraine, International Congresses of Slavic Studies, scientific personalities, is substantiated. The mentioned monograph filled a noticeable lacuna in modern Ukrainian Slavic studies.

Cyclism and culturological regulations of art history

The article suggests a way to solve the issues of art studies related to the development of a methodology for the study of the processes of artistic culture based on the identification of the inner deep traditions of Russian art. The expediency of using the cyclic methodology of cultural studies, which examines the object in the process of its formation on the basis of the system of procedures for collecting and generalizing experimental material, is substantiated. The analysis of the author's concepts of cyclism in related fields of knowledge of philosophy, psychology, design studies is carried out. From the standpoint of artistic practice, the disparate methods of the artist's visual activity are systematized into cycles and a cultural and historical typology of the self-movement of three branches of Russian art of the XX century is constructed: academic, integral and formalistic.

Культурология «начерно, шепотом» (к юбилею «литературоцентристской» культурологии)

The article reconstructs the framework of S.S. Averintsev’s culturology and outlines the contexts that make this theoretical model especially relevant today. The theory of the three stages of the word state, where, in addition to the poles in the traditional ‘sacred/reflexive (scientific, pluralistic)’ dichotomy is proclaimed an intermediate state, sacral-reflexive, and is interesting not only out of historical curiosity, it has significant heuristic potential. The current relevance of Averintsev’s culturology is ensured by the fact that his model is consistently and fundamentally realistic. A distinctive feature of this variant of culturology is the reliance on literary studies, on the typology of the word of M.M. Bakhtin. But this is culturology, the historical typology of culture, which leads to large-scale generalizations and universal models. In the late 1980s, Averintsev’s typology acquired the status of a historical model of types of rationality. This typology of culture turned out to be a ‘strong’ theory with many not only ontological implications, but also consequences important for epistemology and philosophy of science. Philosophers, art historians, historians and literary critics had reason thirty years ago to consider the challenges of such culturology provocative and nihilistic. It makes revolutionary demands on all humanities disciplines. But at the same time: the whole revolutionary nature of Averintsev’s theory remained precisely in the implications. The theory, which was ‘loud’ by the scale of universal claims, was pronounced in the published texts more than ‘quietly’, almost ‘in a whisper’. Perhaps, this antinomy is fundamental.

Neural Image Classifiers for Historical Building Elements and Typologies

New technologies of machine vision and artificial intelligence (AI) are opening fresh avenues to catalog and compare the entire corpus of built architecture. While neural net technology is rightly embraced as a promising generative paradigm for architecture, it also holds enormous promise for historical work, notably the automatic scanning and organization of as-built imagery and video of buildings and cities. We argue that one may apply AI-driven machine vision tools to scan and classify architectural imagery based on stylistic and morphological considerations. Combined with data science methods, such tools enable a comprehensive view of historic architectural features and types.

ДИАЛОГ ЭЛИТАРНОЙ И МАССОВОЙ КУЛЬТУР В МАССОВОМ КИНОИСКУССТВЕ И ИНДИВИДУАЛЬНОМ ГЕНДЕРНОМ ИЗМЕРЕНИИ ЗРИТЕЛЯ

The dialogue between elite and mass cultures is studied by the methods of historical typology and hermeneutics in two aspects: 1. The embodiment of the culture of the elite - Soviet science in the artistic images of the domestic mass cinema of the 1960-1980 s. 2. Perception of elite scientific culture through mass cinema by the mass audience (in the individual dimension) and its “response” to elite culture. The influence of mass culture on elite culture was manifested in the motivation of scientific activity, the nature of research, and their topics.

Divadelní tisky, almanachy a další periodické i neperiodické prameny jako zdroj pro heuristické bádání v teatrologii: Zpráva o této sbírkotvorné činnosti Divadelního oddělení Národního muzea

The paper introduces the specific issue of sources for theaterological research and deals more closely with the historical genesis of the emergence and development of theatrical periodical and non-periodical press from the 18th century to the present day, from synopsis to theatre signs, almanacs, theater calendars, monthly periodicals, yearbooks and other printed periodicals. The paper establishes the historical typology of this source and its transformation since the modernism era. The final part of the paper focuses on the collections of the Theater Department of the National Museum and the way these sources are recorded and made accessible to the public, including the methodology of documentation of contemporary theatre sources with the focus on the digital sources.

Түркі фразеологизмдеріндегі антропонимдер мен топонимдер

The article examines the semantic differences of onomastic units, anthroponyms and toponyms preserved in the structure of phraseological units in the Turkic languages. The authors note 48К.С. Калыбаева, А.О. Тымболова, Ж.А. Оспан Turkic Studies Journal 4 (2022) 35-50that Turkic onomastic names are found not only in stable expressions, but also in proverbs, sayings, in winged expressions, i.e. in phraseological units in the broadest sense. Phraseological units are unique linguistic units that reflect the identity of each nation, its national identity, and the conceptual picture of the world. Consequently, each onomastic name found in the composition of Turkic phraseological units is undoubtedly the richest source of information on the history, culture and mentality of the Turkic peoples. Therefore, the study of onomastic names in the above context is relevant and necessary for the Turkological science. The authors of the article analyze anthroponyms and toponyms in the phraseological units of the Kazakh, Tatar, Bashkir, Nogai languages in a comparative aspect, identify background historical aspects of their origins, consider their semantic meanings, reveal the features of their use in these Turkic languages. The semantic community of Turkic phraseological units once again confirms the unity of the historical typology of modern Turkic languages

ПАВЛО ЖИТЕЦЬКИЙ: ІСТОРІЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МОВИ В ЗАГАЛЬНОСЛАВІСТИЧНОМУ КОНТЕКСТІ

Frontal study of Slavic studies of the 19th century – 30s of XX century testified: the problem of the relationship between vocalism and consonantism in the history of Slavic languages (based on Ukrainian language material) was presented by the Ukrainian linguist Pavlo Zhytetskyi. P. Zhytetskyi put forward a concept within which each considered phonological phenomenon occupies a certain, logically justified place; it is organically included in the general concept, derives from it. According to P. Zhytetskyi, a certain phonological change (the decline of reduced vowels) is the cause of a number of other phonological changes: the decline of reduced vowels as a key process in the «prehistory» and history of the phonological systems of East Slavic languages causes a «chain reaction» in the corresponding vocal and consonant subsystems. P. Zhytetskyi’s thesis that in Slavic languages and their history «poor» vocalism is combined with «rich» consonantism and vice versa, laid the foundations of the historical typology of Slavic languages (on the phonological level) and proved to be very productive in linguistics of the 20th century. It became the basis for the division of Slavic languages into two types – vocalic and consonantal, which were interpreted both in the synchronic and in the diachronic aspect (А. Isachenko, K. Gorshkova, V. Ivanov, V. Kolesov). P. Zhytetskyi reconstructed systems of archetypes and systems of phonetic laws with a similar mechanism (united by a common cause). Thanks to this, the history of the phonetic system of the Ukrainian language in the interpretation of P. Zhytetskyi appears as a chain of causally connected phonetic processes at the level of subsystems (vocalism and consonantism) and signs of sounds (strength and weakness, deafness and sonority, hardness and softness of consonants). This led to the fact that the concept of the connection between vocalism and consonantism in the history of the Ukrainian language by P. Zhytetskyi retained its relevance in comparative-historical and typological linguistics of the 20th century – the beginning of the 21st century.

Latvian Laumas: Reflections on the Witchisation of Tradition

In Baltic languages, the word laume/lauma initially referred to a certain supernatural being (Lithuanian laumė, Latvian lauma/laume, Prussian *laume). The analysis of written sources and folklore related to this supernatural being allows for the conclusion that Lithuania is both the core and the relic area of the laumė tradition, where the original beliefs have been retained; while Latvia, located at the periphery of the tradition territory, is the innovation area, where the perception of this supernatural being was substantially transformed. It was humanised and incorporated in the witchcraft belief system prior to or during the period of witch persecution (the 16th to 18th centuries). The article attempts to analyse the corpus of lauma tradition in order to clarify its position in the historical typology of Latvian witchcraft beliefs. The first chapter briefly describes three chronological stages of the development of Latvian witchcraft beliefs (night, dairy, and diabolic witches), characterises the lauma folklore sources and previous research. The second chapter analyses the lauma text corpus and attempts to find out which stages of the historical typology of witchcraft beliefs are reflected in the lauma folklore of the 19th–20th centuries. In the third chapter the hypothesis about the transformation of laumas from supernatural beings to dairy witches is argued.

The Origin and Formation of the National Symbols of Catalonia within the Framework of the Renaixença and their Visual Representation in the 19th Century

The article presents the study of national symbols of Catalonia: their emergence and visual representation in the art of the 19th century. National symbolic system of Catalonia date back to the Renaixença movement in literature that initiated the formation of the Catalan language and literature. The scope and purpose of the article included an investigation of the works of the most prominent representatives of the Catalan national renaissance in order to identify the origins of the symbols they deploy. Consideration of symbols serves the purpose of defining the way national aspects get their visual representation. The method of historical typology was used to systematize the sources. Memoirs and publications in the press were analyzed with the textual method, and visual materials – with stylistic and iconic methods. Detailed research of the works of Renaixença has shown that Catalan cultural code initially emerged in poetry. In the second half of the 19th century, the symbols acquired visuality in fine art, namely paintings and visual design of the front pages of Catalan newspapers and magazines. The article provides a detailed account of selected examples of such visuals. At that time, Catalan intellectuals created works devoted to the history of Catalan-speaking lands, seeking to find roots that would picture the ancient nature of their motherland. They searched the archives and looked into medieval literature and folklore to prove the continuity of prosperous medieval Catalonia, part of the Kingdom of Aragon, and nineteenth-century Catalonia. Thinking over national history gave birth to national identity. At the same time history acquired a visual dimension. Churches, monasteries, memorable dates, leaders and thinkers that bore distinct national identity were visualized. Medieval plots penetrated art that tapped into heroic deeds of the past for inspiration. The spread of visual images helped bridge the gap between past and present. The newly acquired continuity of tradition strengthened the national narrative. The process enabled the national unity of the Catalan people with the central idea of an imaginary community of a nation-state.

On the treatment of super-heavy syllables in Arabic Dialects: an Optimality Theoretic approach to historical typology

This study provides a historical typological Optimality Theoretic analysis of the treatment of potential super-heavy syllables in six Arabic varieties: Hijazi, Egyptian, Emirati, Kuwaiti, Algerian, and Palestinian. The analysis in this study uses the same violable OT constraints for all languages, and the differences between the grammars are represented by the order in which the constraints are ranked relative to one another. The similarities and differences between these varieties are examined from the point of view of one approach to historical OT (Cho 1998), which states that individual pairs of constraints may be ranked or unranked in relation to one another, one operation at a time, meaning that switching the order of two constraints takes two steps historically. According to Cho (1998, 45), “each step of a sound change should be viewed as a change in the ranking of constraints.” Cho’s approach in detecting the historical typological differences between varieties by counting the steps of constraint reranking is compatible with a common approach to historical linguistics. Specifically, Wichmann et al. (2010) provide a quantitative method for determining the geographic homeland of a group of related languages, which takes into account a simple linguistic-difference metric and the geographic distance between the languages. Using constraint reranking in place of Wichmann et al.’s linguistic-difference metric to calculate the homeland of Arabic dialects results in an area around Hijaz as the homeland of Arabic dialects, since Hijazi, Egyptian and Emirati dialects form a cluster of geographically close, but linguistically diverse dialects.