Historical Timing Research Articles

Timing of Ischemic Onset Estimated From the Electrocardiogram is Better Than Historical Timing for Predicting Outcome After Reperfusion Therapy for Acute Anterior Myocardial Infarction: A Danish Trial in Acute Myocardial Infarction 2 (DANAMI-2) Substudy: Sejersten M, Ripa RS, Maynard C, et al. Am Heart J 2007;154:61.e1–8

Timing of Ischemic Onset Estimated From the Electrocardiogram is Better Than Historical Timing for Predicting Outcome After Reperfusion Therapy for Acute Anterior Myocardial Infarction: A Danish Trial in Acute Myocardial Infarction 2 (DANAMI-2) Substudy: Sejersten M, Ripa RS, Maynard C, et al. Am Heart J 2007;154:61.e1–8

Love in Modern Japan: Its Estrangement from Self, Sex and Society (review)

Sonia Ryang, Love in Modern Japan: Its Estrangement from Self, Sex and Society. London and New York: Routledge, 2006. 192 pp. Sonia Ryang's Love in Modern Japan is a provocative and timely addition not only to literature on Japanese culture and society but also to discussion of problematic relationship between modern nationstate and its population. Love-Ryang eschews a rigid definition or classification of love-is not a mere matter of individual preference or uncontrollable passion but a set of complex social functions contingent upon cultural logics of different historical timing in which modern nation-state plays a pivotal role (2-3). Examining discursive representations and practices of love, author inquires into a process whereby the national state makes its population into 'loving' national subjects (1). Ryang demonstrates connection between birth and maturity of modern Japanese nation-state-a nation for which ideology and legitimacy rest on restoration of ancient sovereign order, i.e. imperial reign-and rapid transformation of ways Japanese people express and practice/ idealize love. She offers an intriguing genealogy, tracing origins of alienation of love from sex and self (soul) in contemporary Japan, and critically examining a wide range of ethnological and popular cultural material. Her study sheds light on complimentary and contradictory relationship between modern, reflexive self-which monitors, disciplines and controls one's own behavior-and nation-state as a biopower for which love is most efficient and omnipresent state apparatus for reproduction of its ideology and population. Building on Michel Foucault's concepts of governmentality and biopower as well as Giorgio Agamben's distinction between zoe (a bare life) and bios (a socially and politically meaningful life), she asserts state intervenes through overt and covert maneuvering in ways people love (live and die)-by implementing regulations of marriage, kinship, and reproductive health and by instilling and disseminating values through (or lack of education) and mass culture. This regulation relies on state technologies of love: family registry (koseki) in which state controls kinship and marriage practices (32, 107), prostitution (51-52), school system which disciplines national subjects' mind and body (44, 67, 90, 109), national eugenics laws (1940, 1949-1998) (56-57, 60) and their ideological twin education during immediate post-war period. The omission of history and sex correlated with a legacy of purity during reconstruction phase of post-war Japanese collective identity (71, 93, 109). Ryang suggests truly efficient and chilling effect of love as a state apparatus was more powerful during post-war period than during war-time state of emergency, even though under guise of democracy its intervention was subtle and benign (124-125, 129). Ryang establishes a logical connection between a range of discourses about love: eighth century Manyo poems; festivals of sacred nonconjugal sexuality (kagai and yobai, latter survived sporadically in rural areas up to early post-war period) (Ch. 1); an accused individual crime of passion and extreme sexual violence during state of national emergency-justified and excused because violence was committed by Imperial institutions of militarism (the Rape of Nanjing of 1937 and comfort stations during first half of 1940s) (Ch. 2); a story of pure love from early 1960s based on best-selling correspondence of college students that ended tragically with young woman's death (Ch. 3); and more contemporary cases of high school student prostitutes (enjoko sai, or aid-date); a sexual fantasy novel of fatal adulterers; and South Korean soap opera fad of early 2000s (Ch. 4). Her analytic interpretation ranges from ancient to post-modern, presenting a diachronic view of how modern Japanese nation-state has changed forms of love. …

Timing of ischemic onset estimated from the electrocardiogram is better than historical timing for predicting outcome after reperfusion therapy for acute anterior myocardial infarction: A DANish trial in Acute Myocardial Infarction 2 (DANAMI-2) substudy

Acute treatment strategy and subsequently prognosis are influenced by the duration of ischemia in patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, timing of ischemia may be difficult to access by patient history (historical timing) alone. We hypothesized that an electrocardiographic acuteness score is better than historical timing for predicting myocardial salvage and prognosis in patients with anterior AMI treated with fibrinolysis or primary percutaneous coronary intervention. One hundred seventy-five patients with anterior infarct without electrocardiogram (ECG) confounding factors were included. The ECG method for estimating timing of AMI was calculated using core laboratory measurements from the initial 12-lead ECG. Historical timing was recorded as time from symptom onset to initiation of reperfusion therapy. Myocardial salvage was determined by ECG, using the Aldrich score to determine the initially predicted myocardial infarct size and the Selvester score to determine the final QRS-estimated myocardial infarct size. The mean amount of myocardium salvage depended on ECG timing (43% [+/-38%] for "early" vs 1% [+/-56%] for "late"; P < .001), whereas myocardial salvage was independent of historical timing (P = .9). One-year mortality was predicted from ECG timing (P = .04). The ECG method of timing was superior to historical timing in predicting myocardial salvage and prognosis after reperfusion therapy. This study suggests that ECG estimated duration of ischemia might provide a better and objective means to select acute reperfusion therapy rather than the subjective patient history, which could preclude proper reperfusion in some patients with salvageable myocardium.

Changes in run timing and natural smolt production in a naturally spawning coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) population after 60 years of intensive hatchery supplementation

Supplementing natural fish populations with artificially propagated (hatchery) fish is a common practice. In evaluating supplementation, it is important to assess the relative fitness of both hatchery-produced and naturally produced fish when they spawn together in the wild and to evaluate how the absolute fitness of the natural population changes after many generations of supplementation. We evaluated the relative fitness of naturally produced and hatchery-produced coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Minter Creek, Washington, USA. We also evaluated long-term changes in natural smolt production in this stream after several decades of intensive hatchery supplementation. Total smolt production was estimated to be 14 660 and 19 415 in 2002 and 2003, respectively, compared with the average value of 28 425 from 1940 to 1955. We found no significant difference in relative fitness between hatchery and natural fish, probably because the natural population consists largely of fish produced from the hatchery a generation or two previously. There has been a long-term trend for adults to return to the stream earlier in the spawning season. We estimated standardized selection differentials on run timing, with results indicating stabilizing selection with an optimum run timing later than the mean contemporary run timing but earlier than the historical mean run timing.

Invisible Barriers to Clinical Trials: The Impact of Structural, Infrastructural, and Procedural Barriers to Opening Oncology Clinical Trials

To investigate the administrative barriers that impact the opening of clinical trials at the Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC) and at VICC Affiliate Network (VICCAN) sites. VICC, a National Cancer Institute-designated comprehensive cancer center, and three VICCAN community practice sites were studied. Methodology used was identification and mapping of existing processes and analysis of historical timing data. At course granularity, the process steps required at VICC and VICCAN main office plus local sites are 20 v 17 to 30 steps, respectively; this gap widens with finer granularity, with more than 110 v less than 60 steps, respectively. Approximately 50% of the steps are nonvalue added. For example, in the institutional review board (IRB) process, less than one third of the steps add value to the final protocol. The numbers of groups involved in the approval processes are 27 (VICC) and 6 to 14 (VICCAN home office and local sites). The median times to open a trial are 171 days (95% CI, 158 to 182 days) for VICC and 191 days (95% CI, 119 to 269 days) for the VICCAN sites. Contrary to expectations, the time for IRB review and approval (median, 47 days) is the fastest process compared with the scientific review committee review and approval (median, 70 days) and contracts and grants review (median, 78.5 days). Opening a cooperative group clinical trial is significantly (P = .05) more rapid because they require fewer review steps. There are numerous opportunities to remove nonvalue-added steps and save time in opening clinical trials. With increasing numbers of new agents, fewer domestic principal investigators, and more companies off-shoring clinical trials, overcoming such barriers is of critical importance for maintenance of core oncology research capabilities in the United States.

Timing of Chopper Herbicide Site Preparation on Bedded Sites

Abstract Vegetation control after different application timings of Chopper herbicide (active ingredient imazapyr) relative to bedding was examined at four lower Coastal Plain study locations. Two bedding regimes, midseason and late-season, were examined at each location. Midseason bedding occurred between May and July and late-season bedding occurred between September and November. Results indicate that many of the historical application timing limitations placed on imazapyr are not necessary. Chopper herbicide in combination with methylated seed oil can be applied as early as February and as late as November, up to the day before bedding and immediately after bedding. Seasonal timing of application also was found to have a major impact on pine growth. For those treatments that provided good vegetation control, earlier season treatments resulted in the best pine growth. Optimal application timings were (1) June through September at least 3 weeks after midseason bedding, (2) February to the day before midseason bedding, and (3) February through July followed by late-season bedding. An exception is that if deciduous woody species such as hardwood or blackberry are targeted, early season applications (February–April) should not occur until these species have leafed out. The optimal timing windows are wide, allowing forest managers plenty of flexibility in scheduling operations. Use of optimal timing windows has the potential to substantially increase productivity without increasing costs.

Historical and life course timing of the male mortality disadvantage in Europe: Epidemiologic transitions, evolution, and behavior

This study employs vital statistics data from Sweden, England, Wales, France, and Spain to examine male:female mortality differentials from 1750 through 2000 and their interrelationship with epidemiological transitions. Across all ages and time periods, the largest relative mortality disadvantages are to young adult men. When crisis mortality from the two world wars is removed, we show that the mortality in this young male age group is about two to three times the level of female mortality across all countries sampled. In addition, we show that the timing of this stabilization in male mortality disadvantages occurs during the last half of the twentieth century, at the same point that our measure of epidemiological change also stabilizes at a new low level. The findings are consistent with an interdisciplinary theoretical model that links social, technological and epidemiological changes that occurred through the first half of the 20th century with the unmasking and accentuation of mortality disadvantages among young adult men.

Family relations in changing times: a longitudinal study of five cohorts of women

A major aim of contemporary research on multigenerational families is to investigate changes in intergenerational dynamics within the context of changing historical times. We highlight ways in which recent historical trends such as population aging, changing patterns of family formation and dissolution, changing life cycle boundaries and women’s increased laborforce participation have altered family structures, functions, and role expectations, especially those of women. Illustrating the usefulness of the life course perspective in family research, results from a longitudinal study of five cohorts of women are presented. Findings show that in midlife Baby Boom women are significantly more depressed and have lower self‐esteem than older cohorts of women, despite their earlier advantages. Work/family stress contributed to higher depression. Baby Boom women dissatisfied with their marriages were significantly more depressed in midlife than Silent Generation women, at comparable levels of dissatisfaction, suggesting the meaning of marriage may have shifted. Biographical and historical timing appeared to matter for the psychological functioning of Baby Boom women in midlife. Silent Generation women did not have to juggle work and family in the same way as Baby Boom women. Having started their child bearing at a later age, Baby Boomers were then confronted by a changing economy, the intensified demands of work and family and the growing contingency of marriage and employment.

Poliorcetes and Cratesipolis: A Note on Plutarch, Demetr. 9.5-7

In chapter nine of his Life of Demetrius, Plutarch records an amorous interlude between Demetrius the Besieger and Cratesipolis, the widow of Polyperchon's son, Alexander. Plutarch is our sole source for this incident. Perhaps he was struck—as we can hardly fail to be—by a sense of whimsy in the story of a liaison between lovers named ‘She Who Rules the City’ and ‘The Besieger of Cities’. There is nothing especially unusual about the affair itself, as Demetrius is remembered as a prodigal womaniser, but the historical context, timing and circumstances are bizarre, and warrant investigation.

A modified Anderson-Wilkins electrocardiographic acuteness score for anterior or inferior myocardial infarction

Background Optimal treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) depends on the duration of the ischemia. The Anderson Wilkins (AW) electrocardiographic acuteness score has been shown to complement the historical timing in estimating the time interval from acute thrombotic coronary occlusion in patients presenting with chest pain and evolving myocardial infarction. The purposes of this study were to (1) compare the distributions of the previously developed AW acuteness score in a training population with either anterior or inferior AMI and (2) propose modifications to the formula to achieve distributions similar to the observed distributions of historical times from onset of pain. Methods Two hundred three and 177 patients were included as training and testing population, respectively. All patients had an anterior or an inferior AMI and were without confounding factors on the electrocardiogram. Results The training population had similar distributions of historical times from onset of pain, but differences in distributions of AW acuteness scores, between patients with anterior and inferior AMI ( P < .0001). Eighty percent of the inferior AMI group had the highest possible AW acuteness score. Modification of a Q-wave criterion from ≥30 to ≥20 ms resulted in similar distributions in patients with anterior and inferior AMI both in the training and an independent testing population. Conclusions These results suggest that a modified AW acuteness score using a lower Q-wave duration criterion provides similar AMI timing information in patients with anterior and inferior locations. Clinical use of the AW acuteness score will only be practical if the calculation is automated.

Family War Experience and Later-Life Political Activism among Okinawan Women

Using interviews conducted by the author in 1997 and 1998 with forty-seven Okinawan women born between 1919 and 1980, this article examines, from a lifecourse perspective, the effects of childhood or family World War II experience on activism in the anti–U.S. military peace movement. How does the memory of war and the historical context of early adulthood shape later-life activism in peace movements? The research examines links between the historical context of early adulthood, personal and family war experiences, and later-life political activism. Women reaching early adulthood in the immediate postwar period in Okinawa are argued to be more active in the antimilitary political movement than women reaching early adulthood more than thirty years after the end of World War II. Historical context, linked lives, and timing of war experience are considered to be key determinants of political activism.

Does an intertemporal tradeoff between risk and return explain mean reversion in stock prices?

When volatility feedback is taken into account, there is strong evidence of a positive tradeoff between stock market volatility and expected returns on a market portfolio. In this paper, we ask whether this intertemporal tradeoff between risk and return is responsible for the reported evidence of mean reversion in stock prices. There are two relevant findings. First, price movements not related to the effects of Markov-switching market volatility are largely unpredictable over long horizons. Second, time-varying parameter estimates of the long-horizon predictability of stock returns reject any systematic mean reversion in favour of behaviour implicit in the historical timing of the tradeoff between risk and return.

Combined historical and electrocardiographic timing of acute anterior and inferior myocardial infarcts for prediction of reperfusion acheivable size limitation

The historical time of acute symptom onset is not always an accurate indication of the timing of onset of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Consideration of electrocardiographic (ECG) timing parameters could supplement historical timing alone as a clinical guide for decisions regarding the use of reperfusion therapy. Three hundred ninety-five patients from 4 trials of thrombolytic therapy conducted in the northwestern United States and western Canada are included in the present study. A total of 316 patients received either streptokinase or tissue plasminogen activator, and 79 received no reperfusion therapy. Historical time of symptom onset was acquired by emergency or cardiology department personnel and recorded on patient report forms. An ECG method for estimating the timing of the AMI, the Anderson-Wilkins (AW) acuteness score, was calculated from the inital standard 12-lead recording by investigators blinded to the knowledge of symptom duration or any other study variables. Tomographic thallium-201 imaging 7 weeks after hospital admission was used to measure final AMI size. The ECG timing method achieved a relation with final AMI size similar to that previously reported for historical timing. The AW acuteness score proved most useful for anterior AMI location when there was a ≥2 hour delay following symptom onset, but was most useful for the inferior AMI location when there was a <2 hour delay. Despite a longer delay, patients with high AW acuteness scores had 50% lower final anterior AMI size than those with low scores; and despite a shorter delay, those with low ECG acuteness scores had 50% greater final inferior AMI size than those with high scores. The AW acuteness score combined with the historical estimation of symptom duration should provide a more accurate basis for predicting the potential for limitation of final AMI size than either method alone. These results could potentially provide the basis for developing a new method for noninvasive guidance of clinical decisions regarding administration of reperfusion therapy in the initial evaluation of patients with AMI.

Nationalism and Literature: The Politics of Culture in Canada and the United States

1. Introduction: cultural fields and literary use 2. Nation-building and the historical timing of a national literature in the United States 3. Nation-building and the historical timing of a national literature in Canada 4. The canonical novels: the politics of cultural nationalism 5. The literary prize-winners: revision and renewal 6. The bestsellers: the economics of publishing and the convergence of popular taste 7. Literary meaning and cultural use Appendices.

An electrocardiographic acuteness score for quantifying the timing of a myocardial infarction to guide decisions regarding reperfusion therapy

The method of determining the acuteness score presented in the present study is suggested for use in automated electrocardiographic analysis systems. A potential use of the acuteness score is in combination with historical timing as a guideline for decisions regarding thrombolytic therapy. Patients with an acuteness score above a certain threshold and a brief time from symptom onset may benefit most from thrombolytic therapy. The relation between the levels of acuteness score and the quantity of myocardium salvaged was not determined in the present study because no measure of salvage was available in this population. A future study is suggested in which this relation is determined. An additional use of the acuteness score may be to assess myocardial reperfusion and salvage by examining the time course of progression in score between the ECGs before and sequentially after administration of thrombolytic therapy.

Collective Memories in Britain and the United States

Collective Memories in Britain and the United States

A Postmodern Reaction to Dependent Modernization: The Social and Historical Roots of Islamic Radicalism

The recent rise of Islamic Radicalism in the Middle East is generally associated with anti-Western sentiment and interpreted as a continuation of the traditional conflict between Christian and Islamic civilizations. It is thought to reflect a traditionalist opposition to the modernization process which originated in the West and then was introduced to the Islamic countries (for an example of this literature, see Youssef, 1985). But this view cannot explain the historical timing and specificity of the current Islamic political revival. In this paper I suggest that Islamic radicalism is not a traditionalist plea to return to a pre-modern era. Quite the contrary, it is a product of the contradictions of Third World modernization and represents apost-modernreaction to the specific form of modernization experienced by the Islamic Third World. In the Islamic countries, where modernization has been synonymous with westernization, the response to the contradictions of modernization has taken the form of a “politics of identity.”

The geological history of polyploidy in woody angiosperms

Polyploidy, the condition where an organism has more than two complete sets of chromosomes, is a common and important evolutionary phenomenon in flowering plants (angiosperms). Estimates of the percentage of angiosperms (approximately 250-300,000 living species) derived from polyploids range from 47-90%. The historical development of polyploidy is currently very poorly understood and whether polyploidy is a major causal factor in angiosperm diversification is widely debated.Many questions about the base chromosome number of angiosperms (important for establishing the extent of polyploidy) and the origin of polyploidy can be addressed using fossil plants. One of the physical effects of polyploidy is a general increase in cell volume; the size of guard cells (leaf epidermal cells that control the opening and closing of the gas exchange pores [stomata]) has been used successfully to determine the relative number of chromosomes present or ploidy level in living Carva (hickories), Betula (birch), Magnolia, and Pvrus (pear). At least two previous studies have used guard cells to estimate ploidy level in fossil taxa (Metasequoia, Sequoia, and Paleorubiaceophyllum).The base haploid chromosome number in angiosperms generally has been assumed to be between n=7-9, but this is apparently based either on the dubious assumption that the most common condition is likely to be primitive (cf. egg laying in mammals) or the inference that because this number is found in many different clades it is likely to be basic in each of these groups. The Gnetales (the living gymnosperms most closely related to angiosperms) have a haploid basic number of 7, but Donoghue and Doyle (1989) find that it is almost equally parsimonious to assume the base number is n=12-14 because of uncertainties over the chromosome number of certain critical extinct outgroups. My guard cell measurements of three angiosperm families (Platanaceae, Magnoliaceae and Lauraceae) provide additional empirical support for the n=7-9 hypothesis and suggest that extinct diploid members existed in the mid-Cretaceous and early Cenozoic floras. These results also falsify the hypothesis that polyploidization triggered the angiosperm radiation in the Cretaceous in these families. Other hypotheses regarding the historical timing of major increases in polyploidy are being tested. These include climatic deterioration and associated modification and mixing of plant distributions during the Eocene and Pleistocene. It may be that polyploids survive major disturbances at a higher rate than diploids because they often have broader ecological tolerances and wider geographic ranges. Thus the accumulation of polyploids in plant families may not occur because they are speciation prone as usually inferred but because they are extinction resistant. My preliminary results in Platanaceae support an increased level of polyploidy after major disturbances.

Extractive Regions in Developed Countries

In this article extraction economies in less developed countries are compared to extraction economies in developed countries—to the Houston, Texas, and Aberdeen, Scotland, petroleum regions. The following questions are addressed: (1) What are the differences in Houston's and Aberdeen's development as petroleum regions? (2) How has their extractive development differed from that in less developed countries? (3) What is the relationship of early layers of development to later extractive investments? (4) How have capital timing and scale shaped Houston's and Aberdeen's development as urban regions? The historical timing of oil discoveries greatly affects the way oil capital builds up and exfoliates relationally in urban regions.

Town versus Countryside and Systems of Common Schooling

The study of the origins of educational systems is a topic that has commanded the attention of both history and sociology. This disciplinary overlap arises because the origins of educational systems are seen as problematic. The “problem” about the origins of educational systems is highlighted most by the interdependence of historical timing and institutional form. The first denotes the historical point when provisions were established for some popular, and largely elementary instruction under the jurisdiction of the state. The second embraces both the hierarchical structure and pedagogical (curricular) content which educational systems assume. The two dimensions are closely linked, for the comparative lateness of formation can distinguish educational systems in significant ways from those which were formed early. Antecedent networks of instruction retain some presence and effects in spite of their legislative subordination to the state.