Historical Summaries Research Articles

NCIDQ's Early History: Important Developments from 1970 to 1990

The National Council for Interior Design Qualification (NCIDQ) is the first and only organization developing and administering an interior design qualification examination in the United States and Canada. This organization also addresses certification, legal registration, and other issues relating to professional qualification. This paper chronicles the most important developments and changes in the formation and early years of NCIDQ from 1970 to 1990. During this period, the organizational membership shifted from representatives of member associations to primarily one of the representatives from state and provincial regulatory boards. Few systematic studies document these formative decades in NCIDQ's early history. Important investigative resources include the organization's meeting minutes, historical summaries of activities and initiatives, and related scholarly articles from journals in the discipline. The research methodology involves a critical, systematic review and historical qualitative analysis of primary and secondary resources through a content analysis by grouping the most relevant, important, and significant content into a historical timeline. The results led to the categories of NCIDQ's founding and governance, examination developments and research, and legal registration and certification. NCIDQ's early history documents efforts to emulate the NCARB model incorporating standards and criteria in education, experience, and examination to address career path standards in interior design. Through these efforts and contributions to the profession, NCIDQ has left an indelible footprint on the formation of the discipline of interior design and forged avenues for future growth, as described herein.

Virtual reality and sonic cyberspaces: augmentation, hybridisation and abstraction

While some researchers have described virtual reality (VR) in terms of digital replication of the physical world, others have claimed that the true power of cyberspace lies in the expansion and hybridisation of the physical elements and their parameters. The pioneers of VR envisioned it as implementation of abstracted laws and ideas. This paper details three VR types in connection to three music-making modes in the sonic cyberspace, using physical modelling techniques to describe the digital expansion, hybridisation and abstraction of sound producing mechanisms and interactions. This paper supports its claims with historical departures, theoretical summaries and compositional examples.

Ruins, Rubble and Human Remains: Negotiating Culture and Violence in Post-Catastrophic Warsaw

The wartime destruction of cities and their populations is frequently quantified in statistical terms. In historical summaries of Warsaw's wartime losses it is common to read that the city was 85% destroyed with up to 60% of its population killed. While statistical comparisons may be useful to summative historical accounts, expressing destruction in percentage points ignores the nuanced material relationships between destroyed architecture and human remains. Working outside conventional narratives of the destruction and reconstruction of Warsaw, this essay explores the semantic, ideological and physical conversions that accompanied the extensive survey and ruin clearance work conducted by the Capital Reconstruction Office (Biuro Odbudowy Stolicy—BOS) in the spring of 1945. The text tracks shifts in language and graphic standards as survey information was interpreted, mapped and finally made publicly available in professional journals. Ideological shifts were accompanied by demolitions and material transmutations as the mapped ruins were cleared, piled into rubble heaps, and eventually reused as construction material. This essay views the entirety of post-war urban topography as a war memorial materially implicated in genocide and asks what this means for practices of commemoration. It calls for a re-evaluation of the relationship between the body of architecture and the human body as it challenges the reader to consider the possibility that Warsaw's post-war rubble-concrete buildings may contain human remains.

Air pollutants and sources associated with health effects

This paper provides four complementary perspectives on the understanding of the risk posed to health by particular sources of air pollution. These perspectives are based on contributions to a plenary session "Pollutants and Sources Associated with Health Effects" at the American Association for Aerosol Research meeting. Research that advanced understanding of source impacts is critical to the prospects for more refined air quality management that moves from the pollutant-oriented approaches in place for the "criteria pollutants" to more targeted strategies. Such research will also be needed in support of multipollutant air quality management strategies. Here, after beginning with a discussion of mobile sources (Ayala), we provide brief historical summaries of relevant research and future research directions framed around the core scientific research disciplines: exposure sciences (Brauer), toxicology (Mauderly) and epidemiology (Samet). Overall, we find that the overarching most important need is to "put the regulatory cart behind the research horse", in the sense that the focus of research, funding permitting, should not be limited to supporting existing air quality regulations. We suggest that more informative research can be carried out using increasingly sophisticated tools and drawing on advancing biological knowledge. However, these tools need to be used and managed in an appropriate framework.

Is India Ready for Prime Time?

Is India Ready for Prime Time? David J. Karl (bio) David M. Malone Does the Elephant Dance? Contemporary Indian Foreign Policy Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011 432 pp. Stephen P. Cohen and Sunil Dasgupta Arming without Aiming: India's Military Modernization Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2010 223 pp. [End Page 169] India's rapid ascent to the front rank of world powers abounds with paradox. The country's economic accomplishments, driven by a modern entrepreneurial class, garner superlatives, even as doubts multiply about whether the state's administrative machinery is able to mobilize the country's latent resources in a purposive direction.1 In the defense realm, India is now the world's leading arms importer, and its military budgets have grown handsomely in recent years. Yet its national security decisionmaking institutions are widely thought to be antiquated, if not outright dysfunctional. While leaders in New Delhi proclaim the dawning of the "Indian century," others question whether India possesses a grand strategy worthy of the name—or even a geopolitical tradition capable of formulating one.2 Others puzzle over how the country can aspire to a role at the center stage of global politics—symbolized by its quest for permanent membership in the UN Security Council—and yet remain largely reactive to events in its immediate neighborhood. President Barack Obama speaks of an India that has now "emerged" as a world power, while Lawrence H. Summers touts the superiority of India's developmental model, dubbing it the "Mumbai consensus."3 Yet vast swaths of the Indian population remain mired in abject poverty, and much of the nation's human capital potential is abraded by widespread child malnutrition and chronic inadequacies in the educational sector.4 Two new books approach India's great-power prospects in different ways. The first is Does the Elephant Dance? Contemporary Indian Foreign Policy—a broad-ranging but substantive survey of the Indian foreign policy horizon by David M. Malone, a scholar-diplomat most widely known for his expertise [End Page 170] in the areas of multilateral diplomacy and public international law. Though much of his knowledge of India comes from his recent stint as Canada's ambassador in New Delhi, he nonetheless brings an illuminating perspective to the conduct of India's international relations. Malone covers a wide tableau, starting with the historical, political, and economic drivers that shape New Delhi's foreign policy behavior, and then moving on to specific examinations of its diplomatic engagement with various parts of the world. Each chapter features concisely written historical summaries peppered with incisive observations. An admiration and affection for India pervades the volume—he concludes the book by noting that "twenty or thirty years from now, the tentative, contingent nature of many of my judgements today may well seem over-cautious" (p. 303)—but this does not prevent him from dispensing pithy opinions on the pathologies affecting Indian diplomacy or from warning that economic growth by itself will not, as many Indians assume, be a pathway to great-power status. Overall, the volume is one of the best overviews of Indian foreign policy in recent years. In the minds of grand strategists, policy pundits, and business analysts, China and India are now firmly conjoined as Asia's twin titans, whose spectacular, nearly simultaneous economic rise is propelling an epochal and immutable realignment of global wealth and power. Yet part of the value of Malone's book is its discussion of the rather sui generis encumbrances that weigh down India's power trajectory—constraints that sharply distinguish it from its BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) siblings. These start with India's domestic political fragmentation, an outgrowth of the country's extreme heterogeneity, which in turn causes external policy to be largely inert in nature and bereft "of the kind of strategic vision required for India to achieve great power status" (p. 72).5 Mind-boggling ethnic, linguistic, religious, and social diversity of a type no other large country confronts has also brought significant internal security challenges, including the uprising in Kashmir that has been a bleeding wound for the past quarter century, the roughly 30 armed separatist groups operating in the country's northeastern...

China's Exchange Rate Controversy: A Balanced Analysis

A noted American authority on China's economy and monetary policy presents a statistical as well as theoretical analysis of a variety of perspectives on the controversy surrounding China's currency, basing his paper on both. The author provides the historical background and comprehensive summaries, focusing on different viewpoints about whether China's currency is undervalued, and thus may contribute to global imbalances. In the paper, he divides observers involved in the controversy into two main camps, namely the ones who find China's trade balances to be sensitive to price effects through exchange rate adjustments and those who emphasize other factors as bearing the responsibility for China's large surpluses, including the U.S. credit bubble emerging before the global financial crisis, as well as a version of Dutch disease.

Future Research Directions for the Field of E/BD: Standing on the Shoulders of Giants

Abstract The origins and evolution of the field of emotional/behavioral disorders (E/BD) provide a context for offering suggestions for advancing the field. Building from this historical past and the research of others in the field, four broad recommendations which focus on academic and social needs of students with E/BD are offered: (a) ensuring high fidelity of implementation of effective intervention practices, (b) working within a systems-level approach, (c) developing a knowledge base through service-based research, and (d) preparing teachers of students with E/BD to meet the challenge. Embedded in these recommendations are three critical themes: the use of evidence-based practices, a response to intervention decision-making framework, and implementation of interventions with fidelity. Students with emotional and behavioral disorders (E/BD) have been referred to as unclaimed children (Knitzer & Olson, 1982). These students have externalizing (e.g., delinquency, aggression, noncompliance) and internalizing (e.g., anxiety, depression, somatic complaints) behavior patterns, with many students displaying behaviors in both domains (Achenbach, 1991; Walker, Ramsey, & Gresham, 2004). Not surprisingly, students with E/BD struggle in many aspects of their life including interpersonal relationships with peers and adults, academic demands of the classroom setting, and self-determined behaviors (Greenwood, Hart, Walker, & Risely, 1994; Patterson, Reid, & Dishion, 1992; Wehmeyer & Field, 2007). These collective concerns in academic, social, and behavioral domains persist into adulthood, leading to other challenges during adulthood such as under-and unemployment, divorce, the need for mental health services, and even contact with the justice system (Moffitt, 1993; Wagner, Kutash, Duchnowski, Epstein, & Sumi, 2005). While less than 1% of school-age students receive special education services for emotional disturbance (ED) as defined in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA; 2004), there are far more children and youth with E/BD who are unidentified and unserved during their educational years. The prevalence estimates suggest between 3%-20% of students have E/BD, with conservative estimates suggesting 6% (Kauffman & Landrum, 2006). Thus, the magnitude of the problem of unidentified and unserved students with E/BD is substantial and will impact the special and general education service communities alike. Given the majority of these students will not access special education services, it is important for the field of education to produce teachers with the knowledge, skills, and confidence to work in collaborative, inclusive environments using evidence-based practices to better support students with ED and at-risk for E/BD (Lane, Oakes, & Menzies, 2010). In this paper, we offer global recommendations based on our collective experiences as researchers and practitioners for advancing the field of E/BD as we move into the [21.sup.st] century. These recommendations are broad in nature and scope so that each may apply to the various academic deficits and social excesses and deficits which students with E/BD of any age present within educational, home, and community settings. These recommendations may be best understood in the context of the history of the field of E/BD, and therefore, a brief introduction of how the field came to be and evolved over time. Our Historical Context Any account of history is influenced by the knowledge and biases of its author or authors, and this is no exception. In the sections that follow, we offer a brief overview of some key historical events that constitute the building blocks of the field of E/BD, in our opinion. Readers interested in more comprehensive historical summaries of the field of E/BD may wish to consult Coleman and Weber (2002), Lewis (1974), Kauffman and Landrum (2006), or Wood (1999). …

What is asbestos and why is it important? Challenges of defining and characterizing asbestos

Asbestos is a term used to describe a group of six fibrous silicate minerals whose unique set of properties has led to widespread use in a variety of commercial products. Asbestos is also commonly associated with potential disease, increasing government regulation, and the upward spiralling costs associated with asbestos abatement and litigation. Yet what exactly is asbestos? The term is in common use and has often been incorrectly applied to many elongated or fibre-shaped mineral particles. However, it has become important to be more precise: which elongated or fibre-shaped mineral particles should be defined as asbestos and which analytical methods should be used to make an accurate identification? This review article is intended to highlight differences among the various mineral particles identified as asbestos and to address controversies that have arisen from the use of the term by a wide range of interested parties. Historical information and summaries of the latest research trends are presented for various academic and professional communities, including geologists, medical doctors and health researchers, regulatory professionals, and legal professionals, in order for them to better understand asbestos-related issues as they consider potential solutions to specific questions.

Cultural Leadership: Mobilizing Culture from Affordances to Dwelling

Developing from histories of arts administration and arts management, “cultural leadership” has recently become a focus within the cultural sector and the creative industries of the UK. This article interrogates a basic question—what is cultural leadership? Beginning with secondary sources (historical summaries, policy documents, arts/cultural grant applications), we contextualize the developments and practice of cultural leadership as an outgrowth of the discourse around arts/cultural administration and management reoriented to leadership practice in the face of significant crises (financial, administrative) in major British cultural institutions. Drawing upon primary survey and interview data from twelve cultural leadership practitioners, we then reflect upon whom cultural leaders are (career history, motivation, etc.). Turning to practice, we consider cultural leadership as advocacy for, and facilitation of, cultural activity. This is largely based on culture's perceived ability to cultivate individual and group potential. More specifically, we define leadership through descriptions of effects by cultural leadership practitioners, specifically where it taps into affordances (Gibson 1966; Greeno 1994; DeNora 2000) of cultural products (material and otherwise) for world-making activity. We join recent leadership theorists in making use of Heidegger's “Building, Dwelling, Thinking” (Ladkin 2006; Carrol et al. 2008) to contextualize cultural leadership as activity-enabling engagement with cultural artifacts and activities. Through advocacy for, and facilitation of, cultural engagement, cultural leaders are involved in projects that invite others to situations outside “everyday experience that which is from the outset ‘habitual’’ (Heidegger 1975, 147), in attempts to emerge positive affordances from cultural interactions for world-dwelling. Cultural leadership is an activity more explicitly centered around encouraging engagement with various cultural activities, practices, and artifacts in the belief that such engagement may have positive social benefits for those engaged. It is an activity focused on emerging the emergent from cultural interactivity.

Maturity Dispersion, Stock Auto-Correlation, and Management Strategy in Exploited Populations

Fishery management policies need to be based on historical summaries of stock status which are well correlated with the size of the group of individuals who will be affected by any harvest. This paper is motivated by the problem of managing stocks of Atlantic salmon, which can be accurately monitored during the riverine stages of their life-history, but which spend a lengthy period at sea before returning to spawn. We begin by formulating a minimal stochastic model of stock-recruitment driven population dynamics, which linearises to a standard ARMA form. We investigate the relation between maturity dispersion and the auto-covariance of stock fluctuations driven by process noise in the recruitment process and/or random variability in survival from recruitment to spawning. We demonstrate that significant reductions in fluctuation intensity and/or increases in long-run average yield can be achieved by controlling harvesting in response to the value of a historical summary focussed on lags at which the uncontrolled population dynamics produce strong correlations. We apply our minimal model to two well-characterised Atlantic salmon populations, and find poor agreement between predicted and observed stock fluctuation ACF. Re-examination of the ancilliary data available for one of our two exemplary systems leads us to propose an extended model which also linearises to ARMA form, and which predicts a fluctuation ACF more closely in agreement with that observed, and could thus form a satisfactory vehicle for policy discussion.

Explicit versus implicit review to explore combination antipsychotic prescribing

To use structured implicit review following large-scale explicit audit of antipsychotic polyprescribing to: (1) determine the true rate of antipsychotic polytherapy that deviated from best practice for schizophrenia treatment; and (2) assess whether explicit antipsychotic polytherapy criterion was appropriate for identifying patients at risk for medication problems and assessing quality of care. Antipsychotic prescribing was reviewed for outpatients in four public health services in Auckland, New Zealand on 31 October 2004 (T1). Schizophrenia patients in one service (n = 794) prescribed antipsychotic polytherapy (n = 84, 10.6%) were followed up 10 months later (T2). Historical medication summaries were prepared for those remaining on polytherapy, including diagnosis, clinical problems and treatment plan. Criteria for structured implicit review and rating form for quality of antipsychotic management were piloted. All medication summaries were independently rated by two reviewers, and a third independent rater reviewed summaries where disagreement was found. Forty-nine patients remained on long-term polytherapy at T2 (6.2% of original population). All but two cases included a second-generation antipsychotic. At T2, average polytherapy duration was 35.8 months, and average antipsychotic dose was 699 mg day(-1) chlorpromazine equivalents. Two raters achieved agreement for 24/49 summaries, and the remaining 25 were rated independently by a third reviewer. Consensus agreement of antipsychotic management (by two raters) was reached for 44/49 cases (89.8%). Polytherapy was rated 'well-justified' in 32.7%, 'some justification' in 10.2% and 'lacked justification' in 46.9% cases. The final rate of polytherapy deviating from best practice reduced from 10.6% to 3.5% when short-term polytherapy was excluded, and details of the clinical situation and care plan were included in implicit review. Audit of prescribing in routine practice using explicit guideline-based criteria may be a useful baseline performance indicator. It does not provide an accurate measurement of quality of care because it overestimates the deviation rate from good practice. It may also identify complex patients at risk for poor treatment outcomes who may benefit from structured treatment review.

Contagion: Historical Views of Diseases and Epidemics

Contagion: Historical Views of Diseases and Epidemics. Harvard University Library, Open Collections Program, Cambridge, Mass 2008. Web site design: Robert Levers/Levers Advertising and Design. Funding by the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, Arcadia, and Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud. http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/contagion/ Open access to Harvard University's digital library is of incalculable value to historians in need of access to sources concerning diseases and epidemics. On the opening page of Contagion: Historical Views of Diseases and Epidemics, the authors propose that the Web site . . contributes to the understanding of the global, social-history, and public-policy implications of diseases and offers important historical perspectives on the science and the public policy of epidemiology, today.1 This ambitious goal is reached on this extensive Web site, which provides a timeline, discussion of disease entities, and historical summaries of some of the major events surrounding contagious diseases that traveled around the world. The disease synopses cover a multitude of ailments that have long plagued humans including cholera, plague, smallpox, syphilis, Spanish influenza, tuberculosis, yellow fever, and tropical diseases. Eight health and science leaders and their work are also presented with links to their digitalized materials. The time frame of the Web site spans 500 years with welldocumented narrative and direct links to online sources located at Harvard University Library. A quick click on the red-lettered titles in the reference list under each summary directly opens a separate window with the complete referenced work. Additional outside sources, though footnoted in the summaries, are unfortunately not linked to a direct Web site. The Web site supplies summations of general topics and concepts connected to the public health domain providing context for the disease development and policy responses. Contagion: Historical Views of Diseases and Epidemics presents an array of information on designated topics and provides digitized copies of books, journals, and other documents offered in English, Spanish, French, German, and Chinese. The volumes and documents included on the Web site date from the late fifteenth century to more recent twentieth-century materials. A search of several of the catalog titles showed a variety of works related to the diseases and epidemics featured, allowing a researcher to read about the pathophysiology of the disease as well as the social, economic, and political influences surrounding the malady. This Web site provides sources to build understanding of the context surrounding epidemic diseases and the philosophy behind attempts to control illnesses that destroyed large segments of populations. …

A dictionary of contemporary world history: from 1900 to the present day

This authoritative dictionary provides in-depth coverage of major recent historical events, from 1900 to the present day. It includes country entries for every country in the world, with maps and historical summaries. Additionally, the dictionary includes biographical entries on major political and cultural figures, political and military leaders, and the thinkers who influenced events. Subject entries cover international organizations, treaties, religious and political movements, as well as key incidents, places, and military conflict. The new edition has been fully revised and updated, and boasts a wealth of new material including entry-level web links updated via a companion website to ensure that they remain contemporary, extended coverage of historical context in the country entries, and new and expanded biographical entries on figures such as Angela Merkel and President 'Lula' of Brazil. With over 2,600 entries, all written by an authority in the field, this is a comprehensive reference work that will prove invaluable to a range of readers from students of history, politics, and international relations, to anyone with an interest in the modern world.

Seven Surnames of Jews From the Iberian Peninsula

AbstractI give brief historical and/or linguistic summaries of seven Jewish surnames (existing surnames or nicknames which became surnames) borne by Jews or converted Jews in the Iberian peninsula from the 11th through the 15th centuries, at the time when Jews were expelled from Spain and Portugal. Many of these were conversos ‘converts’ or marranos ‘Christians in appearance', who disguised themselves by changing their names.

The Canadian Battlefields in Normandy: A Visitor's Guide (review)

Reviewed by: The Canadian Battlefields in Normandy: A Visitor's Guide Marc Milner The Canadian Battlefields in Normandy: A Visitor's Guide. Terry Copp and Mike Bechthold. Waterloo: Laurier Centre for Military, Strategic, and Disarmament Studies/Canadian Battlefields Foundation, 2004. Pp. 152, illus., maps. $28.00 No one visiting the coast of France between the mouth of the Seine River and the Cherbourg peninsula can escape seeing commemoration of the epic battles of the summer of 1944. There on 6 June the Allies stormed ashore to begin the liberation of western Europe. Monuments, museums, and cemeteries dot the landscape in mute testament to the two and a half months of brutal fighting that followed. Most of these sites of memory are British and American, but there is a powerful Canadian story here as well. For it was here, in what Charles Stacey described as 'that now half forgotten summer,' that 'the best blood of Canada was freely poured out' on the already blood-soaked and fertile fields of [End Page 719] France. That sacrifice is well chronicled in Terry Copp and Mike Bechthold's The Canadian Battlefields of Normandy: A Visitor's Guide. Like its predecessor, A Canadian's Guide to the Battlefields of Normandy (by Terry Copp, 1994), the new guide has its roots in commemoration – in this case the sixtieth anniversary of the Normandy campaign. And like the earlier one, the new guide follows a basically chronological route through the Canadian experience, from the landings on 6 June, through the battles for Caen, the struggle towards Falaise, and the final closing of the so-called Falaise Gap in mid-August. During much of this period Canadians were in the thick of the fighting, with the 3rd Canadian Infantry and the 2nd Canadian Infantry Divisions suffering the highest and second-highest casualty rates of any Allied formation in the campaign. Most of those casualties came while fighting the cream of the German forces: the 1st and 2nd SS Panzer Corps. The guidebook's text is a primarily a brief recounting of these battles, but the historical summaries represent the latest in research in the field. Copp has made about a score of trips to the Normandy battlefields, many of them while leading groups of students and using the ground itself – still largely unchanged since 1944 – as the primary document. In what amounts to a series of seminars in the field, Copp has fed students and tour participants on war diaries, contemporary maps, and intelligence reports, has pored over fire-plans laid out on the hood of a car, and has walked the ground from every direction, working it all out in an ongoing debate. In addition to an intimate knowledge of the ground, Copp also brings to this guide a thorough and comprehensive reworking of the story based on the primary archival material. In short, over the past two decades he has rebuilt the Normandy campaign from the ground up. As a result, the historical accounts are superb, written by a professional historian who has used both the ground and the other primary sources to produce a new narrative and analysis of the events. It would be tough, indeed perhaps impossible, to find a better-informed, more critical, and up-to-date short analysis of the Canadian role in Normandy anywhere, and the guidebook is a gem for that alone. Those familiar with the traditional view of the Normandy campaign – that of bungling Allies fighting against superb Germans and winning by simple superiority in men and equipment – will find a new, quite different take here. In Copp's view, as reflected in his recent award-winning book Fields of Fire (2003), the Allies fought well – not always efficiently and effectively, but much better than postwar critics and the Germans gave them credit for. And they won. This interpretation is not, however, a simple glorification of the dead and a feting of veterans: It is not the nationalist hyperbole that often appears in battlefield guides. Rather, it is [End Page 720] the result of long years of intense research and analysis. That said, the objective of A Visitor's Guide is to honour the sacrifice of Canadians who fought a...

TRANSLATION, GENDER AND OTHERNESS

This article discusses the notion of ‘Otherness’ in contemporary Translation Studies. Here the term refers to a translator's confrontation with unfamiliar concepts, forms, and language as well as to the dilemma of rendering them in a different cultural context. Based on brief historical summaries of early, significant debates, such as the 19th century British debate on translating Homer, contemporary theories raising questions about ethics, gender, nation, and identity are explored. The article concludes that such theories try to do away with traditional binary and hierarchical thinking by establishing translation as a new, radical space of intercultural negotiation, ultimately forming a metaphor for contemporary world transactions.

Vernon Kellogg, host-switching, and cospeciation: rescuing straggled ideas.

Cospeciation and host-switching have become central concepts in host-parasite coevolutionary studies (Brooks, 1981; Hafner and Nadler, 1988, 1990; Brooks and McLennan, 1993; Page, 1993, 1994). Parasite speciation may either be concomitant with and resulting from host speciation (cospeciation) or follow the colonization of a new host from an existing one (host-switching). Historical summaries that deal with these concepts (Klassen, 1992; Brooks and McLennan, 1993; Hoberg et al., 1997) credit the origin of one or both of these concepts to Vernon Lyman Kellogg, an entomologist at Stanford, who specialized on the taxonomy and distribution of the mallophagan lice of birds and mammals. The issue is not without its intrigue and controversy however; another leading mallophagan systematist of the time, Wolfdietrich Eichler (Eichler, 1942, 1948), apparently accused Kellogg of stealing the idea of cospeciation from Fahrenholz (Klassen, 1992). According to Klassen (1992), the issue is settled in favor of Kellogg because he had the idea before Fahrenholz did. During the course of research on the logic and implications of the host-parasite method in biogeography, see Marques (2000), for example, it was discovered that Kellogg did not ascribe any evolutionary significance to 'straggling,' nor did he address cospeciation until he became aware of Fahrenholz's work. The present critical comment discusses these conclusions. In supporting our contentions, Kellogg's own writings have been quoted extensively because this approach leaves little room for misinterpretation and allows the readers to judge for themselves the validity of the conclusions reached here.

Ruse's Darwin and Design: Does It Go Far Enough?

Michael Ruse's forthcoming book gives an enjoyable history of teleology in biology, philosophy, and theology. It argues that concepts of cause, final cause, purpose, teleology, function, design, adaptation, contrivance, progress, ends, and value have all been telescoped by most writers in those three disciplines but that these concepts (and especially the concept of design) are nonetheless valid, provided only that we recognize their metaphorical nature. I agree with this basic argument, and Ruse's critiques and historical summaries of these concepts are both useful and delightful. However, I also explore one major and three minor reservations. The minor reservations are that Ruse overdoes the allegation of telescoping, does not adequately explore ways to express teleology more accurately, and erroneously denies the existence of biology–based theologians who make the same point he is making. The major reservation is that, despite all the groundwork he lays, Ruse comes to a conclusion other than the one clearly suggested by his first fourteen chapters. If he followed the evolutionary story just a bit further, to include the evolution of the human brain, he would be in a position to articulate a theologically sophisticated understanding of teleology and avoid an ending that is uncharacteristically tame.

French science fiction, fantasy, horror and pulp fiction: a guide to cinema, television, radio, animation, comic books and literature from the Middle Ages to the present

Connoisseurs of fantasy, science fiction and horror have long recognized the important contributions of thousands of French authors, filmmakers and artists. This volume is divided into two parts. The first gives historical overviews, complete lists, descriptions and summaries for works in film, television, radio, animation, comic books, and graphic novels. This section also includes interviews with animation director Rene Laloux and comic book artist Moebius, as well as introductory notes by filmmaker Luc Besson. Biographies are provided for over 200 important contributors to television and graphic arts. Part Two covers the major authors and literary trends of French science fiction, fantasy and horror from the Middle Ages to the late 1990s. (French Canadians and Belgians are also examined.) There is a biographical dictionary of over 3000 authors, a section on major French awards, and a complete bibliography.

Origins of Trade-offs in Maternal Care

Mother Nature A History of Mothers, Infants, and Natural Selection. Sarah Blaffer Hrdy. Pantheon, New York, 1999. 745 pp. $35, C$49.95. ISBN 0-679-44265-0. Through her discussions of a wide range of ethnographic and historical summaries and anecdotes, Hrdy presents an evolutionary perspective on the diverse decisions women reach on when and how much to invest in children.