Historical Structures Research Articles

Democracy Assistance to Global South: A Case Study of Konrad-Adenauer Stiftung (KAS) Freedom Agenda in Indonesia

This paper aims to investigate and analyze the democracy promotion carried out by Konrad-Adanauer Stiftung (KAS) in Indonesia. Our provisional findings on the case show that the hegemony of the North over the South is also perpetuated through political and economic assistance. Through the German political foundation of KAS, Germany seeks to foster a Western "better democracy" in Indonesia through several programs in collaboration with local actors. These "Freedom Agenda '' include training for civil apparatus and legal drafting training for national legislation. The Freedom Agenda carried out by KAS in Indonesia is associated with Germany's pursuit of democracy promotion policy. This study utilizes Neo-Gramscian Approach by Coxian Critical Theory (CCT) to investigate the role of KAS in maintaining the hegemonic order of Western Democracy in Indonesia through Cox's historical structure. By using library research, this study seeks to explain the reciprocal relationship between Cox's social forces in hegemony structure of Western democracy.Keywords: Konrad Adenauer Stiftung; democracy promotion; hegemony; social forces

Prediction of uniaxial compressive strength of the Kızılkaya ignimbrite with variable properties using MRA and ANN, Cappadocia (Turkey)

Cappadocia in Turkey is an important region with emphasis on ethnic and historic structures and geological features. Because of volcanic eruptions, ash flow materials deposited at different levels. These different colored ignimbrite levels have a wide range of geomechanical properties. In the region, the Kızılkaya ignimbrite covers a very large area and is frequently used as building dimension stone in for the restoration of old historical buildings such as churches, caravansaries and mosques as well as new buildings. It contains tuffaceous matrix with some minerals and rock fragments. The rock has variable character. In this study, the relationship between petrographic and physico-mechanical properties of the Kızılkaya ignimbrite was investigated. Rate of change between uniaxial compressive strength and the other index properties of the rock was statistically examined utilizing multiple regression analysis (MRA) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) methods. The study has shown that uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of the ignimbrite can be successfully estimated by the use of dry unit weight, effective porosity, sonic velocity, and grain matrix ratio (GMR) parameters. A new UCS prediction equation is proposed in this paper for the ignimbrite with variable character. Since properties of the ignimbrite at different distances from the eruption area changes significantly, the approach presented in this study can be considered for the ignimbrites especially covering a large area with different welding degrees and grains.

The Dilemma of Socialization of Children Left Behind in Rural Areas of Ethnic Minority Areas and its Solution

Due to our rapid socio-economic development, this wave has ushered in a massive exodus of surplus rural labor to work. It has contributed significantly to China's social and economic development. However, due to problems such as China's historical dualistic urban-rural institutional structure, migrant workers who go out to work wander between urban and rural areas. Leaving their children behind in the countryside has created a social problem in the form of children left behind. To a large extent, children left behind in rural areas are prone to socialization difficulties such as psychological isolation and anxiety, quality of thought, and poor academic performance. This paper is based on six ethnic minority counties in Guizhou and investigates the problems of left-behind children in rural areas, interviewing them carefully. Based on the situation of rural left-behind children, this research analyzes their socialization problems, from learning to making suggestions to solve their growth problems, hoping to provide countermeasures to solve the growth problems of rural left-behind children in the best way.

Reimagining education and community mobilization in China’s migrant communities: towards an ‘Asia as method’ framework

This article engages in theoretical reflection on how to transcend the imposition of Eurocentric theories onto Southern and Eastern examples. Specifically, I reflect on the examination of educational issues faced by marginalized migrant communities within Chinese contexts and explore the application of an “Asia as Method” conceptual framework to reimagine education opportunities for migrant children and community mobilization as it pertains to a politics of recognition and redistribution. The politics of location and identity shaped by Chinese society’s historical and contemporary power structures highlight both the needs and potential of theoretical conceptualizations from within. The goal is not simply to replace the West/North with the East/South nor is it to generate a wholly new theoretical concept to be applicable to all contexts; instead, the task undertaken in this work is to foster historically grounded relational explanations in order for communities in previously-decentered contexts to become one another’s multifaceted reference points.

Lightweight pumice mortars for repair of historic buildings –Assessment of physical parameters, engineering properties and durability

The subject of the presented research was an experimental analysis of physical, engineering and durability parameters of lightweight mortars intended for the repair of historical buildings. Compatibility criteria, the requirements of technical standards and guidelines, and last but not least, previously published research results dealing with the development of mortars for repair delicate historic structures were taken into account in the design of mortar composition. Crushed pumice of a similar grain size was used to lighten the reference lime-based mortar and natural hydraulic lime mortar with quartz filler. Replacement of quartz sand with pumice was 25, 50, 75 and 100% by volume. The use of pumice allowed the fundamental physical, mechanical, hygric, thermal and durability parameters of the lightweight mortars to be such that they met the standard requirements for repair mortars and the heritage conservation requirements for compatibility with the original materials of historic masonry. The main finding was the fact that by replacing sand with pumice, a significant increase in the porosity of the mortars was achieved, while maintaining sufficient mechanical strength due to the pozzolanic reaction of the pumice. Mortars based on natural hydraulic lime have become more resistant to frost and salt crystallization. The advantage of the developed mortars was their low thermal conductivity and high water vapor permeability, which made them suitable for use on damp masonry, which is a substantial scientific contribution of the manuscript.

A Graphical Ontology-Based Method for Rapid Damage Assessment of Stone Cultural Heritage Structures After an Earthquake: A Case Study of Mor Petrus and Mor Paulus Church, Adıyaman/Türkiye

To prevent further damage to historical structures and elements after an earthquake, it is important to implement temporary interventions that aim to stabilize and support the affected area. Within this scope, it is crucial to promptly identify the areas in historical buildings that require urgent intervention. The aim of this study is to design a standardized assessment method that provides an objective evaluation for post-earthquake damage detection in stone cultural heritage structures, independent of subjective assessments, and can be easily and quickly implemented in the field. For the proposed method, the heavily damaged Mor Petrus and Mor Pavlus Church in Adıyaman, which was affected by the 2023 earthquakes centered in Kahramanmaraş, is used as a case analysis. The results of the study demonstrate that the presented method is beneficial for detecting damages in masonry church structures after an earthquake. The graphical ontology-based method followed in the study allows for the identification of damages at the level of structural elements and focuses on areas with urgent damage.

A Conceptual Framework for Integrating Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) into the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS)

The preservation of historic structures is a complex and evolving field that requires a delicate balance between traditional methods and modern technology. This paper presents a conceptual framework for integrating terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) into the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS), bridging the gap between the past and the future. By examining the historical context of the HABS and the emerging potential of TLS, the paper explores the feasibility, effectiveness, and methodological considerations for incorporating this advanced technology into the standard heritage building documentation practice. The research is structured into four main chapters, each addressing a critical aspect of the integration process, from the proposal of the study to the development of guidelines for TLS data acquisition, processing, and management. The paper also delves into the selection of projects for case studies, the application of the framework, and a critical evaluation of its effectiveness. As a conceptual paper, it lays the foundation for a Ph.D. dissertation, offering a comprehensive roadmap for future research and practical implementation. The insights and guidelines provided in this paper aim to enhance the accuracy, efficiency, and richness of heritage documentation, contributing to the broader field of heritage preservation and underscoring the importance of embracing technological advancements while honoring historical integrity.

The convergence and divergence of the United States and the European Union have influenced the state-building process in Afghanistan over the past two decades.

The history of Afghanistan can be seen as lacking fundamental and structural governments, although rulers under the title of the state governed the country in the recent century. However, the absence of accountable governments led the country to remain in perpetual conflict and chronic violence. After 2001, when a new chapter in Afghanistan's political history began, the United States and the European Union had direct and indirect involvement in all Afghan affairs. Misunderstanding the necessity and importance of Afghanistan's cultural, historical structures, and underdevelopment in governance contributed significantly to the challenge of state-building. The main question is: how has the convergence and divergence between the United States and the European Union influenced the state-building process in Afghanistan over the past two decades?
 Apparently, the European Union and the United States did not fundamentally differ in their definition of governance issues. However, they had differences in their approaches and methods to achieve their goals, which had a negative impact on the state-building process in Afghanistan. This study utilized analytical-descriptive methods and collected information from library resources, articles, and journals. The findings indicate that over the past two decades, the European Union and the United States did not differ in supporting a strong government in Afghanistan. However, they had differences in their approaches and methods to achieve their goals, leading to the failure of state-building efforts.

Investigations on the historical Széchenyi chain bridge

AbstractThe Széchenyi chain bridge is an almost 170‐year‐old historical structure located in the downtown of Budapest, which has been reconstructed between 2020‐2022. The chain system of the bridge is more than 100 years old, and the rotational capacity of the pins is questionable due to corrosion and friction. This phenomenon significantly influences the static behavior of the chain elements and the entire suspending system. Therefore, connected to the renewal process, the Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Department of Structural Engineering investigated the rotational capacity of the pins of the chain elements, and the corrosion grade of the chain bars. To investigate these two issues, three on‐site measurements are executed: (i) loading test to measure the bending moments in the chains and checking the rotation of the pins, (ii) one‐year‐long monitoring system operating during the renewal process and checking the internal force distribution of the structure during the reconstruction phases, and (iii) corrosion measurements on the chain bars. The paper introduces the measurement results, the main conclusions, and their practical application possibilities in the renewal process.

Structural Analysis of Steel Truss and Masonry Bridge Interaction: A Case of Ali Fuat Pasha Bridge in Sakarya, Türkiye

Restoration of historical structures using new materials and techniques is widespread worldwide. In these applications, relatively new materials such as steel, concrete, reinforced concrete (RC), or composite are generally preferred. However, it is often ignored whether old materials and new materials work in compatibility. In this respect, Ali Fuat Pasha Bridge (or Bayezid II Bridge), which was built by Bayezid II in 1495 over the Sakarya River in Geyve-Sakarya, was examined. The bridge is 196.50 meters long and consists of 15 arches with different spans and three arches of the bridge were destroyed as a result of the earthquake. Then, the bridge has been restored by constructing a steel truss system in place of the destroyed arches. Within the scope of this study, the structural performance of the bridge, which is currently serving vehicle and pedestrian traffic, is examined by using finite element analyses (FEAs). Moreover, this research examines the combined behavior of steel and masonry materials and investigates the structural behavior of steel truss and masonry bridge interaction. According to the results of the analyses, there are significant behavioral differences between the masonry structure and the steel structure. The main cause for this disparity is thought to be the varying levels of stiffness and ductility in steel and masonry sections.

한국 슬로시티의 핵심·확장콘텐츠 비교분석

The Cittaslow (slow city) movement started during the “Local Culture and Local Economy Vitalization Movement” in Italy in 1999. As of July 2023, 291 cities in 33 countries have registered as international slow cities. South Korea has 17 slow cities distributed across coastal, island and inland regions. The administrative divisions of 15 of these cities are “myeon (townships)” or “ri (rural villages),” located where unique traditional cultural heritages are concentrated. From a geographical standpoint, this study analyzed the core and extended geographical contents of the 17 cities designated as South Korea’s slow cities. The reasons for their designation and content types were largely categorized using place asset classification: regional, natural and ecological (environmental), and historical and cultural assets. Each geographical content was further subcategorized based on its traits. The categorization based on the place asset classification showed results in the order of natural and ecological resources (31%), historical structures (29.7%), intangible cultures (17.8%), natural heritages (8.3%), world heritages (6%), registered cultural heritages (4.8%), and artifacts and documentary heritages (1.2%). Therefore, the most influential types in the selection of South Korea’s slow cities were natural and ecological resources and historical structures (history and culture). The philosophy of Cittaslow aligns with the essence of geography. In short, this study emphasizes the value of an area’s uniqueness and suggests that necessary development and expansion be based on historical and cultural assets.

A Refunctional Traditional Housing; Kula Zeynep Onbaşı House

By maintaining their current functions or by providing them with new ones and utilizing them, historical and cultural heritage buildings can be transferred to the future. While maintaining the continuity of our historical structures, it is crucial to ensure that the buildings that continue to serve their original purposes adapt to the comfort levels of the time and that the structures that have been given new purposes include the structural arrangements required by the function. Traditional homes are now largely employed for new purposes because they can no longer accommodate changing family dynamics and spatial requirements. This study, whose objective is "to address the benefits of refunctioning and the adverse consequences it may create," has been assessed in relation to Zeynep Onbaşı House, which is situated in the heart of Kula's city and within an urban protected area. The traditional home that is the focus of the study is currently a boutique hotel. In this context, a broad description of Zeynep Onbaşı's house was given before an explanation of the building's architectural elements. Later, the new role assigned to the house was examined after the good and bad aspects of the new function were analyzed. In light of this, it was determined that the refunctioning project, despite having tolerable drawbacks, was largely effective.

Mechanical thinning restores ecological functions in a seasonally dry ponderosa pine forest in the inland Pacific Northwest, USA

An increasingly important goal of federal land managers in seasonally dry forests of the western US is restoring forest resilience. In this study, we quantified the degree to which a thinning treatment in a dry forest of eastern Oregon restored aspects of forest resilience by focusing on key functional attributes of our study system. First, we measured several physiological responses of overstory trees that are associated with resilience, including radial growth, resin production, abundance of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), and leaf area. Second, we investigated understory vegetation responses including species diversity, composition, and cover by growth form that influence fire behavior and resilience to disturbance. We found that tree radial growth was greater in trees in thinned stands beginning three years post-treatment. The abundance of key chemical compounds found in trees, including resin, starch, total NSC and sucrose did not differ between treatments; however, abundance of glucose plus fructose was lower in treated stands, suggesting mobilization and use of carbon reserves for foliar and wood production following thinning. We observed an increase in species richness and diversity within thinned stands three to four years after thinning, primarily due to the release of forbs and reestablishment of graminoids following ground disturbance. Here, we demonstrate that elements of forest resilience can be restored in dry forest systems via selective thinning to promote historical forest structure. In forests where thinning reduces stand density, vigorous overstory trees and increased herbaceous cover can help facilitate the re-establishment of low intensity surface fire regimes that maintain stable and persistent vegetative states. Understanding the ecological effects of fuel reduction treatments allows land managers to assess potential forest resiliency and adapt future treatments based on the observed results of previous activities.

The Impact of Past Human Activities on the Current State of Vegetation in Historical Settlements of a Wine-Growing Cultural Landscape (Svätý Jur, Slovakia)

The aim of our study is to reconstruct the human influence on the current vegetation in selected parts of the cadastral territory of Svätý Jur. Svätý Jur is a town with more than 700 years of winemaking tradition, located on the oak-hornbeam-forested slopes of the Little Carpathians and surrounded by terraced vineyards. Human activity has changed the natural landscape of Svätý Jur since the Neolithic period. It is possible to trace the influence of past human activities on current vegetation by mapping vegetation onto historical landscape structures. For our research, we chose two study sites—Biely Kameň Castle and Hillfort Neštich. Our research has shown that there are significant differences in plant communities as well as in their environmental requirements between the investigated sites. Nitrophilous species indicative of human activities were recorded at both sites. At Hillfort Neštich, we recorded the occurrence of an interesting combination of species of Atropa, Phytolacca and Rubus. We have recorded their current occurrence and searched for its causes. In addition, we evaluate the current state of the vegetation of the castle and the hillfort in relation to the human past and today’s use.

The Transnationalism of Democracy and Power Multiplicity in Indonesia: A Critical Perspective

This article explores the concepts of power and democracy within the context of transnationalism, with a specific focus on Indonesia. It traces the foundational ideas of power from classical political thought to contemporary notions, bridging an understanding that reflects the complexity and multiplicity of power in a transnational world. The author emphasizes the importance of recognizing power multiplicity as a new way to perceive power, given the current historical structure that has produced various actors, transformed institutions, and deconstructed political arenas from traditional models to contemporary ones. The transnational historical structure not only creates new arenas for power but also shapes new methods of power production. These innovations have profound implications for political life and the current face of democracy in Indonesia, reflecting a transition from old paradigms to modern interpretations. The research offers a critical perspective on how transnational influences interact with domestic structure to redefine democracy and power dynamic in a rapidly globalizing world.

Strengthening strategies of historical structures adjacent to RC buildings: A case study of the Cafer Pasha Dârülkurrâ in Turkey

Rapid and unplanned urbanization is one of the biggest problems of the modern age and it occasionally leads to the destruction of historical and cultural structures. Hence, several historical structures are at risk of disappearing due to rapid and unplanned urbanization all around the world. Protection of historical structures, which are under the threat of unplanned urbanization, has been one of the main issues emphasized in many countries. The study focuses on the strengthening strategies of historical structures adjacent to RC buildings and develops an infographics map of strengthening strategies. In addition, a case study in which the historical Cafer Pasha Dârülkurrâ in Kütayha Turkey, which was in danger of extinction due to unplanned urbanization, was strengthened and restored using the developed infographic map is presented. The map consists of four main steps; Levels of Information, Damage Assessment, Performance Evaluation and Restoration Works. The first step is to collect data about the main and adjacent structures such as the geometry of the buildings, details of elements, characteristics of materials and relation of the main and adjacent structures. The second step is to assess the damage levels of the structures. The third step is to evaluate the performance of the structures by using finite element analyses (FEAs) and to determine the demolition plan for the adjacent structures. The last step is to carry out the strengthening and restoration of the main structures and restoration works on transferring the structure to future generations.

Flexural Strengthening of Stone Masonry Walls Using Textile-Reinforced Sarooj Mortar.

The majority of historical buildings and structures in Oman were built using unreinforced stone masonry. These structures have deteriorated due to ageing of materials, environmental degradation, and lack of maintenance. This research investigates the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of local building materials and the results of an experimental study on the out-of-plane bending effectiveness of an innovative strengthening method applied to existing masonry walls. The technique consists of the application of a basalt textile-reinforced sarooj mortar (TRM) on one face of the walls. Bending tests of masonry wall samples (1000 mm width, 2000 mm height, and 350 mm depth) were carried out on one unreinforced specimen and three different cases of reinforced specimens. The performance of unreinforced and reinforced specimens was analyzed and compared. The strengthened specimens were able to resist moments of out-of-plane bending 2.5 to 3 times greater than those of unreinforced specimen (160-233% increase). Moreover, the strengthened walls were able to sustain higher deformations (deflections) than the unreinforced specimen ranging from 20 to 130%. The results showed that using TRM was effective for the out-of-plane strengthening of stone masonry using a local material (sarooj) that is compatible with existing stone masonry building materials.

The policy of village infrastructure service in Deli Serdang Regency, Indonesia

This study, conducted in Deli Serdang Regency, Indonesia, explores the challenges associated with the policy of village infrastructure service and examines the relationship between the execution of village administration programs/policies in the region. The research employed a constructivist paradigm and a qualitative approach, gathering data through in-depth interviews and discussions with various local informants. These informants included the headman, village administration secretary, members of the democratic village council-BPD, the regency secretary, and a prominent local figure. The findings reveal limited land availability as a village asset, leading to constrained construction of village structures and a lack of financial resources for new facilities. Also, historical structures are inadequately maintained, and many village roads are poorly maintained. Various factors, such as communication elements, resource availability, disposition, and organizational structure, contribute to the challenges in implementing village infrastructure service policies. To address these issues, the village collaborates with the community, businesses, and other stakeholders to solve local infrastructure problems.

The influences of fashion on the design of fabrics and fashion at the time of contemporary social transformations

The design of fabrics and fashion is manifested by aesthetic advantages betting with the movement of society in its quest to develop as an independent art in itself that is linked to the values and aesthetic concepts of other arts and what appears in them of intellectual systems calling for renewal and modernity. Which brought about a wide change in public taste, as well as a desire for innovation . Which made fashion an interesting aesthetic phenomenon and taste is always subject to change constantly to comply with the social variables that occur in human life, as the fashion that appears in a certain era of time and takes a great distance from spreading as something new and out of the ordinary is in fact the fruit of the development of fashion design Today, it is subject to many studies in the aesthetic, historical and social structure . The design of fabrics and fashion, and became an independent art in appearance and influencing the recipients, which is a topic worthy of research. Hence the importance of research in the aesthetic necessities of the subject. Fashion and its impact on the development of textile and fashion design, raising the level of taste among the recipients, and deepening the level of aesthetic perception of theories and concepts related to fashion . he research aims to reveal the influences of fashion on the design of fabrics and fashion in a time that witnessed many social transformations, and the research identifies spatially in the role of fashion design in the world and temporally from 2019 to 2023. The second topic dealt with the influences of fashion in the time of contemporary social transformations. As for the third chapter, the researcher followed the analytical descriptive approach to analyze the fashion models selected from the international fashion houses and analyzed them. Designing textiles, fashion, and fashion, as one complements the other

Structural performance assessment before strengthening of historic Structures: A case study of the historical Şerafettin mosque in Turkey

Historical masonry structures are invaluable remnants of the past, representing significant cultural heritage within societies. However, the ravages of time and natural disasters have led to the collapse or severe deterioration of numerous structures worldwide. Therefore, safeguarding these structures and passing them down to future generations necessitates effective strengthening measures. In this purpose, evaluating the structural performance of existing buildings constitutes a crucial aspect of such preservation efforts. While numerous countries have conducted studies in this domain, no universally accepted method exists to date. This study focuses on assessing the structural performance of historical masonry structures prior to retrofitting interventions. Specifically, the Şerafettin Mosque, an architectural gem dating back to the late 12th century in Konya, was selected as a case study for strengthening. The performance evaluation process entailed seven key steps: (Step-1) Structural System Investigation, (Step-2) Damage Assessment Studies, (Step-3) Seismicity Analysis of the Region, (Step-4) Geotechnical Field Tests, (Step-5) Geotechnical Laboratory Tests, (Step-6) Ambient Vibration Tests (AVTs), and (Step-7) Finite Element Analysis. This study highlights substantial contributions and novel findings resulting from a comprehensive analysis performed on a notable historical mosque. The precise examination of a significant historical structure emphasizes the exceptional importance and quality of this research. Additionally, a wide range of investigations were conducted on both the site and the building, with a strong emphasis on presenting these critical findings in a systematic manner. By incorporating these essential details, this study greatly contributes to the comprehension and preservation of historical structures, offering valuable insights for future research and conservation endeavors.