Historical Sketch Research Articles

Regionalism, regions, and regionalists of the Jewish Diaspora in Poland. A historical and ethnological sketch

The paper attempts to answer the question about the conditions for the implementation of regionalist ideas within the Jewish community across Polish territories, especially in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The author identifies internal variations within this community, delineating diverse stances towards local character and varied circumstances surrounding the practice of regionalist endeavours. The text presents statements (declarations) made by Diaspora representatives, testifying to their attachment to the land (place) of their birth, as well as activities that can be regarded as an emanation of such a relationship. Furthermore, the profiles of several enthusiasts with Jewish roots, pursuing their regional interests in various places in the Republic of Poland and at different moments in its history, are presented. The categories of nostalgia, sentiment, establishing roots, and the concept of a “little homeland” are also highlighted.

Experimental and theoretical aspects of magnetic circular dichroism and magnetic circularly polarized luminescence in the UV, visible and IR ranges: A review

A historical sketch of the MCD (magnetic circular dichroism) spectroscopy is reported in its experimental and theoretical aspects. MCPL (magnetic circularly polarized luminescence) is also considered. The main studies are presented encompassing porphyrinoid systems, aggregates and materials, as well as simple organic molecules useful for the advancement of the interpretation. The MCD of chiral systems is discussed with special attention to new studies of natural products with potential pharmaceutical valence, including Amaryllidaceae alkaloids and related isocarbostyrils. Finally, the vibrational form of MCD, called MVCD, which is recorded in the IR part of the spectrum is also discussed. A final brief note on perspectives is given.

A Grand Jury Exhortation

Abstract This essay brings to light a rare feature of the Stewart legal system. Grand jury charges remain understudied, partly for want of primary source materials. The brief historical and biographical sketches of the essay are appended by a unique and relevant artifact of the time: a preamble or exhortation to a grand jury charge, ostensibly delivered by a Justice of the King's Bench, John Dodderidge.

Logic and Metalogic: a Historical Sketch

Abstract This paper briefly discusses the relations between logic and metalogic in history. Metalogic is understood as a reflection on logic in its various senses, particularly sensu stricto (formal, mathematical) and sensu largo (formal logic plus semantic plus methodology of science). It is shown that metalogic in its contemporary understanding arose after mathematical logic had become a mature discipline. Special passage is devoted to metalogic in Poland. The last part of the paper discussed so-called logocentric predicament.

Конституционно-правовое значение правила исчерпания иных способов обжалования в гражданском процессе

The article examines the nature of the concept of exhaustion of judicial remedies in order to file a constitutional complaint to assess its significance in the instance judicial system, as well as its relationship with the concept of exhaustion of appeal methods in civil proceedings. The author provides a brief historical sketch of the emergence of the exhaustion rule in civil and arbitration proceedings. According to the results of the study, a number of conclusions are drawn, including the inexpediency of the existence of two concepts of exhaustion of appeal possibilities that do not coincide in content, as well as various options for fixing the rule of sequential appeal in civil and arbitration proceedings. Such a statement of the question testifies to the indivisible nature of the problem under study, which allows us to consider the existing concepts of the legal understanding of the theory of exhaustion as the basis for a consistent appeal through the prism of interdisciplinary scientific relations. The importance of consolidating the concept of exhaustion of appeal methods at the junction of procedural branches of law in order to form a uniform judicial practice based on the rule of law, provided that objective prerequisites are formed for this, is substantiated for the three procedural branches (civil, arbitration and administrative). The definition of the concept of exhaustion of other means of appeal and its criteria are given.

How neighborhoods came to matter more over time: A broad historical sketch

ABSTRACT The demise of neighbourhood-scale community has been lamented for decades. Tight-knit neighboring has indeed declined. However, its significance is colored by nostalgia. In cities and suburbs, the loosening of neighborhoods has encouraged residents and agents to create imaginary local communities, partly by fashioning local traditions. In changed form, community persists. Underlying it, for those able to choose, are individualistic calculations. With increasing homeownership more people have a financial stake in place, the investment aspects becoming prominent since the 1980s. Because most children attend local schools, the growing importance of education has made them a major factor in neighborhood choice, with financial implications. In counterpoint, lower-income households with little choice are constrained to neighborhoods where the disadvantages of crime, poor mobility, and indifferent schools are exacerbated by growing wealth inequality. The concept and reality of neighborhoods have never been more important, in urban studies and in urban life.

Illegal hunting: history and modernity

Conservation of natural resources and rational use of natural resources is a priority within the framework of the National Security Strategy. In recent years, there has been an alarming trend towards an increase in poaching, especially in regions with a low level of economy and particularly rich natural resources. This article provides a historical sketch of the development of legal norms governing hunting issues and an analysis of modern legislation in the field of hunting. The review of judicial practice of bringing persons to responsibility for illegal hunting is given. A number of preventive methods to combat this crime are also being introduced. Thus, the problem of preventing illegal hunting is complex and requires an integrated approach when studying it. The subject of this work is the analysis and coverage of the history of the emergence and development of hunting legislation. Namely, its applied significance, which became the basis for the design of legal relations in this area. The research is based on general scientific and private scientific methods of cognition, which made it possible to analyze and synthesize knowledge about the evolution of hunting legislation. The method of comparative historical jurisprudence made it possible to determine the nature of legal relations in various periods, starting from Ancient Russia. Previously, the legislation regulating relations regarding hunting resources was of an economic nature and regulated contractual relations in order to obtain benefits. Currently, a large block of legislation is devoted to the rules for the use of hunting resources in order to preserve them, increase them and preserve their role in maintaining the stability of ecosystems. During the analysis, a number of modern acts were examined, which allowed us to draw the following conclusions: today it is advisable to update strategies to combat illegal hunting. It requires significant financial, human and time resources. In addition to the revision of hunting legislation, it is necessary to use new technologies for monitoring and protecting wildlife, as well as active cooperation between various levels and areas of public authority. And also to convey the importance of protecting natural resources, including the protection of wildlife, to the legal consciousness of citizens.

At the origins of petroleum geology. A review of the book by A.A. Matveychuk “The first petroleum geologists of Russia. Historical sketches”

This book review analyzes historical essays by A.A. Matveychuk about outstanding Russian petroleum geologists. Through the prism of their lives and activities, Matveychuk outlines the first steps in the formation of Russian petroleum geology. Particular attention is paid to the contribution of G.P. Gelmersen, G.V. Abih, and K.I. Bogdanovich, as well as their associates and like-minded people, to the geological study of various Russian regions and to the creation of new organizational structures and scientific schools. It is the activity of the pioneers of petroleum geology that largely determined the shift in the state’s priorities towards oil exploration, which further supported the country’s industrialization in the late 19th—early 20th centuries. The historical events, in which geologists became contemporaries and active participants, were studied. The personalistic approach used by the author in his studies of the initial historical stage of petroleum geology has created a vivid and fairly comprehensive picture of the early history of the industry.

Neurosciences and Nobel Prizes in Medicine and Physiology, A Brief Historical Sketch

In order to stimulate and promote the development of humanity, Alfred Bernhard Nobel, in his will, established with his fortune a fund with which the best exponents in Literature, Physiology or Medicine, Physics, Chemistry and Peace would be rewarded. Over the years, awardees have come from various fields related to physiology and medicine. This review was motivated by the large number of Nobel Prize winners in Medicine and Physiology in the neuroscientific field. Despite there being numerous publications about this award, there are few that specifically deal with neuroscience, so it was decided to briefly describe it. the Nobel Prizes that were awarded to this branch of medicine, highlighting those that were considered most important by the authors and mentioning the others.

«LANGUAGE» OF RELIGION IN DIGITAL GAMES: THE EXAMPLE OF VISUAL NOVELS

The article presents theoretical and methodological analysis of the problem of studying the “language” of religion. The place and role of the “language” of religion in the conditions of globalization is defined. The status and role of computer video games in the cultural modern world with the presence of religious overtones in them is outlined. Within the framework of systematic study of this problem the variety of modern theories of different scientists concerning the definition of the “language” of religion was considered. The main attention in the work the author emphasizes the description of the prominent role of religion in the game culture, which influences the peculiarities of understanding people’s worldview. Not only characteristic concepts are highlighted, but also a historical sketch of the visual novel as a new branch of digital games is considered. The article proposes such methods as semiotic, comparative analysis of game characters with supernatural abilities presented in visual novels. The images of gods, god-man and other supernatural beings in virtual computer games were considered. The representative mythical reality was analyzed on the example of several stories of visual novels.

The poetic specificity of Gilda's "On the Death of Britain" and the "Hesperica Famina": a pragmatic aspect and a dominant analysis. On the 135th anniversary of the birth of B. I. Yarkho (1889-1942)

Τhis article deals with the work of the British writer Gildas the Wise "On the Ruin of Britain" and the poetic text "Hisperica Famina", written in the British archipelago (presumably in Ireland). Both works are written in Latin and represent milestones in the history of the Hiberno-British literature of late antiquity and the early Middle Ages. There is no consensus about dating to a year or at least a decade for both texts. "On the Ruin of Britain" was written presumably in the late V — early VI centuries; the Hisperica Famina are usually attributed to the second half of the VII century. "On the Ruin of Britain" contains a brief historical sketch and an protracted invective against the kings and clergy of Britons. The Hisperica Famina represent the Latin versification practice of Hibernian scribes. The methodological ideas of Boris I. Yarkho (1889-1942), set out in his fundamental work "A Methodology of Precise Literary Studies", serve as a conceptual basis for this research. On its basis, the author of the article identifies complexes of stylistic features and their compositional distribution which reflects poetic dominants common to Gildas and the author of the Hisperica Famina (so called faminator). The tendency of syntactic interlocking in the Hisperica Famina regularly prevails over the same tendency in "On the Ruin of Britain", it indicates that a specific attitude to the syntactical style, usual for the faminator and his poetic circle, began to form back in the Gildas's era. The common features of both texts show the prevalence of certain poetic dominants and can serve as a serious argument in defense of the thesis of the continuity from Gildas or writers of his circle to the faminator. The stylometry method may be very useful for comparing texts even if they they differ in genre and era.

Ductile-to-brittle transition of ferritic steels: A historical sketch and some recent trends

The phenomenon of ductile-to-brittle transition in ferritic steels has been a ubiquitous research challenge for the last 50 years. The characterization of this problem using the fracture mechanics concept, from the earliest studies based on the linear-elastic fracture mechanics to the application of the elastic–plastic fracture mechanics, has become inevitable over time. The fracture toughness is not an intrinsic material property but depends on geometrical factors (such as the specimen shape, thickness, and surface roughness), defect type and distribution, loading mode, and environmental conditions. The pronounced scatter of experimental data on fracture toughness, characteristic of all ferritic steels in the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature region, necessitated the use of statistical methods for data processing. That approach, which emerged in the 1970 s, can still be found today as the basis for interpreting fracture toughness data in ductile-to-brittle transition problems. This paper presents a brief historical overview of such studies along with the problems that have arisen as a consequence of using fracture mechanics concepts, such as constraint effects, as an example. In the time-honored research tradition, all the proposed methods and models, as well as their criticisms, provided the basis for the development of new approaches to the ductile-to-brittle characterization of ferritic steels. Specifically, these include size effects and scaling of geometrically similar samples, with the aim of predicting material behavior beyond experimental limits. Brief outlines of two new approaches are provided in this succinct review. The criticisms of all presented methods are oriented mostly on the application domain, as well as their capability to predict fracture toughness, with short overview of their most conspicuous advantages and disadvantages.

Mycotoxins of phytopathogenic fungi and mycotoxicosis: a historical essay (review)

Mold fungi and the mycotoxins they produce have invariably accompanied humans, since the basis of its existence was agriculture, which allows to get more products than was necessary for consumption, as well as requiring the storage of crops between seasons. This provided a favorable ecological niche for molds, and stored agricultural products became the main source of mycotoxins in the diets of humans and farm animals. Since then, mycotoxins have been the cause of many large-scale poisonings and have caused significant damage to agriculture. The article provides a brief historical sketch and the most significant stages of the study of mycotoxins, which are the cause of frequent and large-scale lesions, reveals the specific circumstances that caused the researchers' keen interest in this group of substances. For a long time, the immediate cause of poisoning caused by mycotoxins remained unknown due to the weak technical equipment of researchers and the isolation of active substances was impossible, which, however, was not an obstacle to the development of methods to combat infection with mold fungi and poisoning caused by mycotoxins. The improvement of the technical base of research in the middle of the 20th century led to an increase in the number of discovered mycotoxins and the discovery of new toxic effects of already known compounds. Mycotoxins remain one of the most dangerous contaminants in both farm animal feed and food, despite the fact that in many countries they are subject to strict regulation and control. In the context of the increasing intensification of agriculture, a decrease in the species diversity of agricultural crops, the problem of the spread of mold fungi and, as a result, the degree of mycotoxin damage to agricultural products does not lose its importance, and the study of the history of the study of mycotoxins and their producers can provide important information on the spread of mold fungi in new economic conditions.

Introduction to the Special Issue on the 75th anniversary of the Canadian Water Resources Association

In recognition of the 75th anniversary of the Canadian Water Resources Association (CWRA) in 2022, a Special Issue was proposed to summarize achievements, challenges and future opportunities in themes directly related to Canadian water resources and their management. The solicited papers align with the aim of the CWRA to stimulate public awareness and understanding of Canada’s water resources and provide new or increased knowledge on Canada’s water. With growing concerns over impacts on water resources from a wide range of stressors, the support of a national conversation, as well as sharing knowledge and perspectives on water resources across Canada, has become increasingly important and urgent. This Special Issue presents seven papers that review and/or provide historical sketches from ‘75 years’ of work conducted in Canada across select sub-disciplines of hydrology and water resources.

Introduction: New Approaches to Music and Sound

AbstractThis introduction to the Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era’s special issue, “New Approaches to Music and Sound,” provides a historical sketch of American music and the American soundscape at the turn of the twentieth century. It also offers a discussion of relevant historiography, taking stock of recent work in sound studies and its influence on research on music and sound of the period. Finally, it introduces the four research articles featured in this special issue and marks their contributions to our understandings of listening practices, normative understandings of audition and speech, and the sonic dimensions of politics and capitalism, race and national identity, imaginings of the past and visions for the future in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Development of the Main Library of the Republic of Mari El: Unique Publication and Source Finds

The analysis is presented of T.A. Petrova’s book “The Main Library of the Republic: the Time of Formation. 1918—1936” (2022). The book is a study of the almost unexplored period of the history of the National Library named after S.G. Chavain of the Mari El Republic. 1918—1936 is the period of radical changes in society and approval of new principles of library organization. On the wide material of documentary sources from state, departmental and personal archives the basic marks of the library’s development are shown: the features of library work organization, formation of book stock, methods and forms of work with readers. The history of the library is illustrated with the facts and data about the people working there at that time.The book is announced as a historical and archival research, well thought out and appropriate to the content structure, attracts with its logic, clarity and simplicity of narration. Each of three main parts is a separate historical, biographical and librarian sketch of different stages of library’s development, chronologically almost entirely coinciding with the tenure of M.A. Chernova, I.E. Pavlov, A.R. Kavush as heads of the library.The detailed work by T.A. Petrova gives a full and complete picture of the development of the main library of the republic during the first years of Mari Autonomous Region existence. The book contains new and earlier unknown to science materials.

Separated and vortical flow in aircraft aerodynamics: a CFD perspective

AbstractIn the early era of aviation, Frederick Lanchester was both an inventor and a theoretician driven by the need for a theory of flight that would reduce the guesswork in designing new aircraft. His book Aerodynamics in 1907 laid down the early foundations of such a theory. The theory with contributions from others, notably Ludwig Prandtl, was refined to become the basis for the sleek designs of WWII aircraft brought about with little guesswork. New technology changed aircraft design radically with the increased speed of jet propulsion reaching into the transonic range with nonlinear aerodynamics. In the late 1940s and early 1950s substantial guesswork returned to aircraft design. The legacy of Lanchester et al., however, lived on with the development of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) that could guide designers through nonlinear transonic effects. This article presents a historical sketch of how CFD developed, illustrated with examples explaining some of the difficulties overcome in the design of the first-generation swept-wing transonic fighters. The historical study is forensic CFD in search for the likely explanation of the designer’s choice for the wing shape that went into production a long time ago. The capability of current CFD applied to the aerodynamics of aircraft with slender wings is surveyed. The cases discussed involve flow patterns with coherent vortices over hybrid wings and wings of moderate sweep. Vortex-flow aerodynamics pertains to understanding the interaction of concentrated vortices with aircraft components. Modern Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) technology is useful to predict attached flow. But vortex interaction with other vortices and breakdown lead to unsteady, largely separated flow which has been found out of scope for RANS. Direct simulation of the Navier-Stokes equations is out of computational reach in the foreseeable future, and the need for better physical modeling is evident. Both cruise performance and stalling characteristics are influenced by strong interactions. Two important aspects of wing-flow physics are discussed: separation from a smooth surface that creates a vortex, and vortex bursting, the abrupt breakdown of a vortex with a subsequent loss of lift. Vortex aerodynamics of not-so-slender wings encounter particularly challenging problems, and it is shown how the design of early-generation operational aircraft surmounted these difficulties. Through use of forensic CFD, the article concludes with two case studies of aerodynamic design: how the Saab J29A wing maintains control authority near stall, and how the Saab J32 mitigates pitch-up instability at high incidence.

Dynamically simulating spruce budworm in eastern Canada and its interactions with wildfire

Eastern Spruce Budworm (ESBW) is a major agent of disturbance in Eastern Canada's boreal forests. Outbreaks have historically led to widespread defoliation of its preferred host trees, fir and spruce species, leading to high rates of mortality. This in turn can result in significant economic losses and enhancement of fire potential in the region. Representation of such biotic disturbance has rarely been included in Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVM), which have become essential tools in understanding and predicting forest dynamics in present and future contexts. We present novel representation of host-specific defoliation in a DGVM (LPJ-LMfire), to better represent disturbance regimes in the boreal forest of eastern Canada. Using host foliage density to trigger outbreak, we were able to calibrate and simulate general spatial patterns of defoliation relative to historical aerial sketch map data. Return intervals were thus sensitive to the growth rates of host trees. Modeled return intervals tended to be significantly longer than 30 years, the approximate observed return interval. A factorial experiment was performed on the interactions of ESBW with wildfire, which was found to be slightly enhanced in terms of burned areas after outbreaks due to increased fuel loads. Interactions between ESBW and fire were found to have higher interaction strength in the drier Western region of the boreal forest. Our study demonstrates that biotic disturbance and its interaction with wildfire can be effectively simulated in a DGVM. We show that bottom-up climatic controls are sufficient to drive simulated spatiotemporal patterns of ESBW that can be calibrated to generally match historical observations.

Warum angebliche Nachdrucke kantischer Schriften rechtmäßige Auflagen sind. Über die Nützlichkeit von Auflagenvergleichen und die historische Bedeutung der Buchmessen

Abstract This paper argues against the assertion that several of Kant’s writings were published in the form of pirate editions. It seeks to establish that most of the the editions in question (printed between 1769 and 1803) were lawfully printed. Presumably, these editions were to be sold exclusively at book fairs in Frankfurt and Leipzig; both locations are printed on their title pages, although no information on the publisher is provided. The paper also presents crucial results of detailed comparisons of all contemporary editions of Kant’s writings and delivers a short historical sketch of eighteenth-century copyright law and the philosophical debate on this topic. Finally, the importance of book fairs for trading and selling books at that time is emphasized.

Autonomy and equality: exploring the antinomy of modernity (if any)

Abstract The notion of modernity is mostly seen as closely connected with the concept of equality, along with freedom or autonomy, at least since the Enlightenment and the French Revolution. Recently, though, Johann Arnason cast doubts on this connection and even went as far as contemplating that equality might be the antinomy of autonomy. This article first discusses in detail Arnason’s reflections, in particular in the light of the relation between conceptual and historical analysis therein. It is shown that the suggested tension between autonomy and equality arises strongly once one assumes a comprehensive understanding of equality in which all aspects of the concept, which are otherwise often kept distinct, are included. In the second step, a historical sketch is meant to demonstrate that the political imaginary of modernity was based on such a comprehensive framework, but that any attempt at translating such a framework into institutions limited the scope of equality by setting boundaries for inclusion. Our present time is marked by the erosion of many such social boundaries, leading to a thin understanding of equality, while the simultaneous reaching of planetary boundaries turns equality into the receding horizon of modernity.