Historical Retrospective Research Articles

Authors’ Moral Rights in the Digital Environment

Objective: to answer the question whether the authors’ moral rights the in the digital environment correspond to their original purpose, and to determine the impact of the development of social networking platforms, artificial intelligence technologies and non-fungible tokens (NFT) on the transformed role and features of the protection of the author’s moral rights under modern conditions.Methods: the research is based on historical-legal, comparative-legal and formal-dogmatic methods. Legal institutions and legal practice on the issue of protection of the author’s moral rights are subjected to critical analysis.Results: the genesis and normative fixation of the author’s moral rights are investigated in historical retrospect. It is noted that at present the protection of these rights is insufficiently regulated at the international level, while national copyright law, for example, of continental European states, provides a sufficiently strong protection of the author’s moral rights; however, the effectiveness of the latter is weakening in the digital age. The paper analyzes the changing landscape of copyright relations caused by technological progress: in social networks, in the generation of works by artificial intelligence, and in the creation of digital works of art. The thesis is substantiated that the author’s moral rights are undesirable in the context of social platforms. The paper proposes solutions to the issues of authorship of works created by artificial intelligence, violation of author’s rights, and integrity in case of full or partial borrowing of a work to generate a new work by artificial intelligence. The role of NFT technologies in solving the problem of preserving the author’s moral rights is defined.Scientific novelty: the work fills a gap in research on the relationship between copyright and technological development. It identifies and evaluates the innovations in the purpose and content of the author’s moral rights, caused by the processes of digitalization, and attempts to solve the problem of the author’s rights compliance with technological progress.Practical significance: the obtained results may serve as a conceptual basis for further development and improvement of national legislation and international legal regulation in the field of copyright protection, transformation of the objectives, role and place of the author’s moral rights in the digital environment.

SPECIFICS IN THE NATIONAL DANCES OF THE TURKIC PEOPLES

To date, the modern picture of the cultural space is a very diverse, multi-level style palette. In this sense, the XXI century is full of colors of several epochs at once, unfolding consistently and intensively. The relevance of the topic under consideration is also due to the fact that in the period of globalization and the "capture" of the minds of modern youth by the delights of Western European culture, turning to the dances of the Turkic world is another opportunity to preserve the desired folk traditions, which, like language, dance is a reflection of the mentality, character of the nation and even its history. Striving into the roots of Turkic culture, studying and analyzing the dance art of Turkic-speaking, fraternal peoples, its history and its actual modern interpretation is a kind of challenge of the time. The article draws attention to the characteristic features of the common and special in the Turkic circular dances. The author, referring to existing sources, noted about the worship of ancient people, came to the conclusion that the Turkic peoples have a common root, have a common culture and values. The paper analyzes the historical interrelationships and conditionality of changes between the modern period and the stage of cultural construction in the national dances of the Turkic peoples. Also, on the basis of the studied materials, the comparative analysis examines the dance culture of representatives of modern Turkic peoples (Kazakhs, Bashkirs, Uzbeks, Uighurs, Azerbaijanis). The similarities that unite them are not only the common language, historical and geographical space, similar toponyms, customs and traditions, folk crafts, oral folk art, musical culture, but also circular dances. In addition, the article examines the specifics of the in the music of the Turkic-speaking peoples. The article emphasizes that the identification of interregional connections in the musical system of the Turkic-speaking peoples occurs at several levels of research, allowing to optimally show the processes of connections, to identify their origins. The article examines the peculiarities of the development of national choreographic culture in historical retrospect; analyzes the characteristic features of the formation of ethnic dance, the degree of influence of natural factors, color symbols, everyday life on the development of national dance culture as a whole.

The Priority Right to Upbringing: History and Modernity

The relevance of the study of the preferential right to upbringing using a comparative historical and legal method (by referring to the Soviet legal experience) can be explained by the fact that it was during the Soviet period that the emphasis was placed on the priority right to upbringing (between the State (society) and parents; between parents), which still takes place in post-Soviet family legislation. The paper analyzes the reasons for the change in the priority subjects of child upbringing in historical retrospect. The problem is that in the post-Soviet period, some law enforcement agencies, undern Article 6 of the Declaration on the Rights of the Child of 1959, when considering cases determining the place of residence of a child, began to recognize the priority right to upbringing for the mother, while other law enforcement agencies are guided by the principle of equality of rights of both parents, fixed in the Family Code of the Russian Federation. The author highlights different aspects of this problem and suggests ways to solve them.

Social Distance of Ethnic Groups: from Proximity to Remoteness (in the Example of Kazakhstan)

The ethno-demographic structure of the population of Kazakhstan is characterized by a high degree of ethno-cultural diversity. In the historical retrospective, the analysis of the conflicts involving ethnic groups allows us to discuss the presence of certain social distances that find their expression with categories such as connection and solidarity, remoteness, and intolerance. Over the years of independence, the country has experienced more than 20 intergroup conflicts related to the interethnic sphere. The causes of similar incidents can be attributed to various factors. The main ones are economic inequality, geopolitical instability, cultural gap, stereotypical representation, etc. The above-mentioned factors, especially stereotypes and prejudice, can be a potential cause-and-effect link in the relationship formation of various degrees of proximity. In this regard, it is worth drawing clear parallels between interethnic attitudes and social distance, which requires a sociological measurement of their interrelation in Kazakh society. The article represents a systematization of manifestation characteristics of the social distance in the context of interaction between ethnic groups across different regions. The proposed work represents one of the initial attempts in the Kazakh ethno-political literature to study the processes of interethnic relations within the framework of the assessment proximity: from readiness for interethnic marriages to the desire for ethnic isolation.

DEVELOPMENT OF LIVESTOCK FARMING IN THE LVIV REGION AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY

Purpose. The aim of the article is to study the state of livestock development in the economic formations of Lviv region with an emphasis on the functioning of this industry in households. Methodology of research. The collected data was processed using various methods of economic research, namely: historical (the phenomenon of livestock development in households is considered in historical retrospect); dialogue (the processes of livestock development are studied from the point of view of forming the author's questions, and the answers are from the relevant source); systemic-structural, abstract and logical (all structural components of this study are presented in a certain logical and abstract sequence). All research processes were closely linked from the standpoint of their dialectical development. Findings. A study of the development of livestock industries in Lviv region was conducted with a focus on their functioning in households. The essence of the main terms presented in the statistical materials (Table 1) is detailed and their interpretation is specified, the availability of livestock and the volume of livestock production both in general in the Lviv region and in the context of specific forms of management is given (Table 3). The results of the study are accompanied and reflected in specific digital indicators. Originality. It was established that in order to specify the contribution of existing forms of management in agriculture, it is advisable to present farming separately, rather than reflecting the activities of farmers with indicators of other forms of management. It was substantiated that in order to overcome the negative consequences of the decrease in the number of farm animals in agricultural enterprises, it is advisable to increase the cultivation of animals directly in the studied farms and to purchase highly productive animals from outside. Practical value. The implementation of the outlined proposals and recommendations should involve not only the economic entities themselves, but also the state authorities. Their interaction should be reflected in the development of a comprehensive programme for solving urgent problems arising from both the results of the study on the above topic and other research results. Key words: animal husbandry, households, development, era, reforms.

The history of the formation and development of teaching methods in biological education of schoolchildren (before the XX century)

In pedagogical activity, an important role in the formation of professional qualities of a school teacher is played by the development of teaching methods for a particular subject. Realizing this importance, we use the experience of other teachers, methodologists, and scientists. Studying and analyzing their works, we turn to the history of the formation and development of teaching methods. This article focuses on conducting a historical review of the development of teaching methods in the biological education of schoolchildren. On the basis of a historical retrospective, the main works of prominent biological educators are presented, their contribution to the development of methods of teaching natural science and biology is described. The main external and internal factors that influenced the educational process are presented. In particular, the attitude of the state authorities to natural science education. The article considers the main variants of the periodization of the history of the formation and development of the methodology of teaching biology and biological education in the national school; the characteristics of individual periods and teaching methods prevailing at the moment are given; Indications are made on the use of certain methods of teaching biology in modern education. Based on the stated research topic, information is provided reflecting the development of biology teaching methods only up to the 20th century.

Development of the Far Eastern Territories of Russia: from the Origins to Modern Realities

Relevance. In the conditions of the new world order, issues of state migration policy are of particular importance. The rapid development of the Far Eastern Federal District in the 21st century is determined by “absolute priority”. Therefore, the problems and prospects for technological and infrastructural development of the Far East require scientific understanding and social correction from all levels of state and municipal government. As prospects for minimizing the consequences of population outflow, a set of management measures is proposed, primarily at the federal level, which involves: providing a package of social preferences to all socio-demographic groups of residents of the Far Eastern Federal District; attracting human resources within the framework of the annually held competition “Leaders of Russia” and implementing in-depth scientific research on all socially significant projects. The purpose is to identify promising areas of managerial influence to minimize the outflow of population from the Far Eastern territories of modern Russia. Objectives: characterize the historical retrospective of the development of the Far Eastern territories; reveal cause-and-effect relationships, conditions and factors of population outflow; outline directions for minimizing negative migration consequences. Methodology. Research procedures are based on a synthesis of theoretical principles of the sociology of management and economics, using general scientific methods of comparison, analysis and synthesis. Results. A set of quantitative and qualitative sociological measurements was carried out, which made it possible to determine the "pain points" of migration policy in the Far East and the prospects for their resolution. Conclusions. Stratification differences between Russian regions in terms of basic socio-economic indicators require the federal level of government to take specific measures to minimize their consequences. Underfunding of technological and infrastructure projects in the Far Eastern territories leads to fragmentation of their implementation. Deep scientific expertise and public approval are necessary when developing federal and regional development programs for the Far Eastern territories.

На сопках Маньчжурии…

The article talks about diplomatic, economic and military measures on the part of the Russian Empire aimed at annexing new eastern lands, including Manchuria. The efforts of our country related to solving this problem are analyzed in historical retrospect. Special attention is paid to the construction of the Manchurian Railway (later the Chinese Eastern Railway), which passed through the specified province of China. The reasons that did not allow the annexation of Manchuria to the territory of our country at the time are analyzed. The significance of these events is assessed in the light of the current geopolitical situation in the world.

The Teacher Training Institute in Burgas: А Time-Honoured Productive Tradition

The opening of the Teacher Training Institute in Burgas in 1943 as the first post secondary educational institution was logical and decisive for the prospects and future trends in education on a regional scale. During its 57 years of existence, Hristo Botev Teacher Training Institute became a centre for training, qualification and retraining of teachers, a cultural and educational hub. Its history was traced using archival sources, published memories and personal documents that have been put in scientific circulation for the first time. For the purpose of analysis, the historical and pedagogical approach, cultural and historical retrospection, and historical comparative analysis have been applied. The collected facts and their scientific interpretation lead to the conclusion that, chronologically, the Teacher Training Institute was the first step towards making Burgas a university city. Its establishment marked the beginning of a tradition that today allows us to talk about Burgas as the training centre for pedagogical staff in Southeastern Bulgaria

Development in retrospect: historical-phenomenological analysis

The article is devoted to development as a concept and phenomenon in historical retrospect. Attention is drawn to the fact that development in its modern understanding became an observable fact and a conscious idea no earlier than the second half of the 18th century. The deeper we look into history, the less development we see in it as a phenomenon and concept ranging from technology to ideology. The analysis of data on the Middle Ages, the Ancient World and the era of primitive society shows that development is rarely present in history and is practically absent in prehistory. The emerging trends in the global economy and demography suggest a decline in growth rates and a slowdown in development. In this regard, the likening of postmodernity to premodernity in the future can remove development from the number of significant values and goals of society, so the question arises about possible alternatives.

The threat of intellectual decadence in the context of the deactualization of formal logic

The subject of this research is formal logic in the structure of higher professional education. The purpose of the study is to analyze the problem of reducing the volume and quality of teaching formal logic in higher professional education, especially journalism. An attempt is made to analyze the role and significance of formal logic in the structure of media knowledge from diachrony to synchrony. It is shown that formal logic in historical retrospect was subjected to certain persecution and harassment, which negatively affected the level of critical thinking of university graduates, their ability to analyze and synthesize new knowledge, establish causal relationships, and defend their beliefs. The authors see the solution to these problems in increasing the status and social significance of the discipline "formal logic" at all levels of education. The main methods used in this study include comparative historical and dialectical, which allowed us to consider the role and importance of formal logic in various historical periods with an emphasis on the specificity of a particular socio-political situation, as well as to identify the cause-and-effect relationships of the periodic displacement of formal logic from the educational process. Higher education has always been and remains a source of knowledge, thanks to which the intellectual level of a person not only increases significantly, but also helps to become successful in professional activities. In many ways, the success of university education and professional activity depends on the level of development of students' logical thinking, which consists in the conscious application of logical operations (analysis, synthesis, abstraction, generalization, systematization, classification, etc.) and logical forms of thinking (concept, judgment, inference) in accordance with the laws of logic and in the construction of mental actions taking into account these laws. The development of logical thinking in the learning process involves the development of the following skills among students of the educational programs "Journalism": to interpret various types of concepts, competently use situational words (concepts), clearly understand the essence of the second form of logical thinking – judgment, possess the logic of proof and refutation in order to avoid difficulties in modeling a thought experiment, operating hypotheses.

Theoretical approaches to the impact of culture on the economy through the prism of the European course of the countries’ development

This paper tries to synthesize the history of economic thinking regarding the correlation between culture and the economic development during the last centuries. The use of culture to explain the economic performance has not been popular among social science researchers in recent decades. Most economic models are based on the idea that people are essentially rational beings and make decisions in their own interest. What people choose to do depends on their beliefs. But culture can give rise to a set of rational beliefs. In economic history, some economists have questioned the classic concept of the „rational economic man” mentioning the increasing role of non-economic behavior in modern economies. These two positions can be reconciled if we reduce the social norms that govern entire societies based on the actions of individuals who look out for their own interests. Regardless of which models of economic thinking a historical retrospective is based on, an important conclusion is that throughout history, social and cultural factors have been among the important catalysts of the economic life. In the paper, it is argued that some factors such as European culture and European political traditions, etc., have an essential contribution to the economic success of those countries that follow them.

Взаимодействие власти и населения в вопросах изменения городской среды: трансформация содержания и характера запросов

Interaction at the population-government level today is one of the current areas of scientific discourse. The development of the territory largely depends on the presence of a productive dialogue between authorities and residents. This is due to a change in the nature of interaction, primarily in the increasing role of residents in making management decisions in the territory. City residents are included in the planning stages of territory development projects, and the demand for interaction practices in the city is growing. This article analyzes the historical stages of the formation of the institution of appeals in Russia, describes the main features of the interaction between the authorities and the population inherent in certain historical periods. The conducted research in a historical context allowed us to trace the nature of interaction between the authorities and the population, as well as describe the needs of the population in historical retrospect.

Fish to finance: unraveling the economic threads of Bangladesh's Blue Economy

Bangladesh, with its extensive river network, vast coastlines, and rich maritime heritage, stands at the crossroads of a transformative Blue Economy. This comprehensive review explores the rich tapestry of Bangladesh's maritime journey. Commencing with a historical lens, it traces the nation's roots in fisheries, showcasing its transformation into a diversified and dynamic Blue Economy. The significance of this transition unfolds across the review, underscoring the sector's contributions to GDP, employment, and food security, while candidly addressing challenges such as overfishing and environmental impact. This work not only chronicles historical milestones but distills valuable lessons from both successes and setbacks, offering a nuanced understanding of the economic resilience embedded in Bangladesh's fisheries sector. Beyond a historical retrospective, the review navigates through the contemporary landscape, emphasizing diversification beyond fisheries. It illuminates economic opportunities in maritime trade, explores non-fish marine resources, and delves into the transformative role of aquaculture. The policy framework governing Bangladesh's Blue Economy comes into focus, dissecting government strategies, legal landscapes, and international collaborations. The review also champions environmental sustainability, highlighting the impact of Blue Economy activities on marine ecosystems and advocating for conservation measures, thus positioning Bangladesh as a steward of its rich maritime heritage. Financial mechanisms and investments emerge as pivotal elements, shaping the trajectory of Blue Economy projects, as evidenced by case studies that weave success stories and lessons learned into the narrative. Concluding with a forward-looking perspective, the study identifies emerging trends, growth opportunities, and strategies to tackle challenges, offering a comprehensive roadmap for sustainable development. In weaving together economic vibrancy, environmental stewardship, and future aspirations, this review illuminates Bangladesh's maritime odyssey as a beacon for the global Blue Economy community. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2024, 10(1), 9-41

Specialized Prosecutor’s Office in the field of defense: legal status, role in the system of law enforcement agencies, functions and tasks under martial law

The full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation into the territory of Ukraine has directed the activities of state bodies towards defense and preservation of the integrity and sovereignty of the State. The main role in achieving this goal is played by the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other armed military formations, but due to the growth in the number of defense forces, the number of offenses has increased.
 To combat such offenses, Ukraine established the Specialized Defense Prosecutor’s Office, the legal status, functions and role of which are not sufficiently studied in the scientific environment, since this body in its current form was established only in 2023.
 The article, among other things, examines the retrospective of the formation and development of the military prosecutor’s office in Ukraine, and establishes the fact of continuous reform of the military prosecutor’s office, which over time has led to the leveling and devaluation of the role of military prosecutors in the law enforcement system of Ukraine. The article also substantiates the author’s opinion that the military justice system was unprepared to fulfill its tasks, especially in a full-scale war, and the civilian law enforcement system and civilian courts are not able to fully perform their functions, especially in the combat zone.
 In the course of the work, the author emphasizes the need for a complete restoration of military justice and the difficulties of the work of the specialized prosecutor’s office in modern conditions.
 In general, the article analyzes the issues of transformation of the military prosecution bodies in Ukraine as a component of the military justice system, examines the changes that have occurred in this structure since Ukraine gained independence, and identifies the problematic aspects and prospects for restoring an effective military justice system.
 Based on the results of the article, the author analyzes the legal nature of the body and its formation in historical retrospect, which gave a clear understanding of the legal position of the Specialized Defense Prosecutor’s Office in the system of law enforcement agencies, identifies and studies the functions performed by the body, formulates a list of tasks for which this prosecutor’s office was established, and identifies the shortcomings which require improvement and legal regulation at the legislative level.

To the history of pandemics: statistics and forecast.

The article is devoted to the study of human experience related to fight against a viral disease known as influenza infection. The outbreaks of the disease occurred over several millennia and described in the surviving documentary sources are considered. The main attention is paid to investigations of native epidemiologists on this problem. In particular, an analysis of works published more than 80 years ago is shown. It is emphasized that some elements of the influenza epidemic described in this publication are in many respects similar to the features of the modern coronavirus pandemic. History of studies devoted to mechanism of infection transmission is described. Significant attention is paid to the developments of scientists associated with the problem of identifying the causative agent of the disease. The contribution of native scientists in revealing the features of the pathogenesis of infection diseases is highlighted. It is noted that important factors in the spread of infection nowadays are globalization and migration processes. It is emphasized that the speed of infectious diseases spread is considerably caused by the capabilities of modern transport too. The history of studies related to the prevention of influenza by immunization and vaccination is reviewed. A comparative analysis of the application of these prophylactic arrangements in a historical retrospective is given. The possibility of preventing the spread of a viral infection by taking appropriate measures was emphasized. The important role of the mass media is indicated, which consists in timely and truthful information of the population. The position of leading modern scientists on this issue, in particular, M. Honigsbaum, K. G. Vasiliev, S. V. Komisarenko etc. is cited. It is summarized, that the works of native epidemiologists L. V. Hromashevskyi, N. F. Gamaleya, D. S. Samoilovych and others has not lost its relevance and can be the basis for the searching effective methods to combat influenza infection in future.

Еволюція ролі та функцій комерційних банків в економічній системі: теоретико-історичний підхід

The aim of the article is to deepen and develop the scientific foundations of the evolution of the functions and role of commercial banks in the economic system through the transformation of the essence of banking activities and the emergence of new financial instruments in historical retrospective. The article summarizes scientific approaches to describing the evolution of the functions of commercial banks in historical retrospective; the essence of the transformation of banking activity due to growing risks and competition in financial markets is disclosed; an extended list of functions of commercial banks in today’s conditions is provided; the dynamics of the number of commercial banks in the leading countries of the world and countries with emerging markets is analyzed; tendencies and prospects for the development of banking and functions of commercial banks in the context of globalization of the economy and the introduction of novel digital financial instruments are substantiated. A functional analysis of the role and importance of commercial banks in the economic system for the period from the 16th century AD to the present is carried out. It is emphasized that in modern conditions banks are turning into institutions for servicing speculative flows. At the same time, the main function of commercial banks – lending to the real sector of the economy – begins to fade into the background due to low profitability. The essence of banking activity and features of new functions of banks over the past 25 years are disclosed. It is emphasized that computerization and financial innovations have significantly changed the ways of functioning of commercial banks. These processes made it possible to introduce new forms of service and types of banking products, improve bank management, collect and process large amounts of statistical information, and expand the scope of activities of large banks beyond national borders. It is proved that the timeliness and continuity of saturation of the economy with monetary resources is influenced not only by the number of commercial banks, but also by the mechanism for ensuring solvency and effective redistribution of cash flows between owners of funds and recipients of credit resources – both individual banks and the banking system as a whole. Proposals on the role and importance of commercial banks for the economy, based on their ability to increase the efficiency of the functioning of the economic system, have been substantiated. The essence of the transformation function of banks is that, transforming the space, size, terms, risks, illiquid assets into liquid liabilities, liquidity, purchasing power, information, banks play an important role in the State, as it allows to reduce risks in the economic system and social costs. Prospect for further research in this direction is to determine the impact of transformation of the role and functions of commercial banks on the macro-financial stability of the State and global financial markets.

The educational trajectory of medical psychologist training in historical retrospect

The aim of the work was to analyze the educational trajectory of the training of medical psychologists in historical retrospect, starting in 1995, when the positions of medical psychologists were first introduced in the Russian Federation. The method of historical and perspective analysis was used as the main research method. As a result, on the one hand, educational continuity has been established in the training of medical psychologists, starting from the moment of the introduction of this position in healthcare institutions. On the other hand, some intersections of the work functions of medical psychologists with other specialists, namely, psychotherapists, are recorded. It should also be noted that the requirements for admission to the professional activities of medical psychologists in healthcare institutions, starting in 2020, are identical to those for medical workers and involve the passage of an accreditation procedure (primary specialized or periodic, depending on work experience).

The Evolution of the Concept of “Patriotism” in Historical Retrospect: Cultural and Philosophical Analysis

The article examines the features and stages of the formation of the concept of “patriotism” in the history of Russia. The study analyzes the initial period of the formation of a sense of belonging to the key value elements of the ancient Russian worldview; the stage of formation of the concept of “our state”, reflecting a change in attitude to it at the level of identity; the period of the appearance of the first patriots and “patriotism” in Russian history of the time of Peter I; reflection on the patriotic formula “Orthodoxy — Autocracy — Nationality” by S. S. Uvarova; the pre- and post-revolutionary period in the history of Russia; the Great Patriotic War and its impact on patriotic sentiments in society; the decline of the USSR and the period of ideological turbulence in Russia in the 1990s; as well as the modern stage, which marked the paramount importance of patriotism as a national idea. Having traced the history of the formation of the concept and value content of patriotism in Russia from the ancient Russian period to the present day, despite the change in the form of expression of this feeling, it has a single nature in its content. Just as children and grandchildren differ from their parents, but have a common blood relationship, so the various stages of the formation of patriotic feelings have a single basis. As a result of the cultural and philosophical analysis, the genetic link between identity and patriotism is emphasized. Love for the “father's house”, the father's land, the city, the shrine, the state, the country, the people, as well as a sense of responsibility for the preservation of these values and a willingness to sacrifice for them, constitute the ideological core of patriotism. Separately, the work notes the complexity of the artificial formation or upbringing of patriotic feeling, since the key factors of its occurrence are: a sense of care on the part of the structure uniting people of a particular historical period, joint events, connection with the history of this community, a sense of pride in “their own”, as well as the presence of a connection with a specific location, a sense of the boundaries of “one's own”, “our”.

РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ ВОСПИТЫВАЮЩЕЙ ФУНКЦИИ ОБУЧЕНИЯ НА УРОКАХ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

This article examines the problem of implementing the educational function of teaching in English lessons and describes the author's special course on the study of English-language literature in grades 5-11, designed for students of schools with in-depth study of the English language. The author deals with the issues of the relationship between education and learning, including in historical retrospect, the purpose of education, the importance of the educational function of learning, the educational potential of the subject "Foreign language", reading and its specifics in foreign language lessons, the principles and criteria for selecting a work, forms and methods of working with it, the problems of adapting the text for low levels and the realization of its linguistic potential, the difficulties and opportunities associated with the study of foreign language literature. In particular, a variant of the adaptation of a literary work at different years of study is presented, illustrating the possibility of gradually deepening the penetration into the text – from a short highly adapted retelling to the original. Presenting the program of the special course, the author first gives its general characteristics, and then presents the material of each year of study. This part briefly describes the features of psychological development and the level of knowledge of students in each year of study, on the basis of which a number of works are proposed for study for this academic year and possible methods, techniques and forms of work with these works are outlined.